不同种类颗粒物对切割器性能评价的影响研究

在切割器捕集效率评价过程中,选用不同种类的颗粒物可能会对切割器的评价结果产生不同的影响。通过搭建基于静态箱法的切割器评价系统,可测量并拟合得到切割器的捕集效率曲线。分别使用多分散的亚利桑那尘及不同粒径的单分散聚苯乙烯标准微球对国产及进口的PM_2.5切割器、进口的PM₁切割器进行评价,对比评价结果发现使用亚利桑那尘评价、拟合得到的切割器50%切割粒径与使用单分散聚苯乙烯微球得到的结果存在差异,并且根据空气动力学粒径谱仪的粒径识别原理对产生此结果的原因进行分析。该研究结果对于切割器的性能评价有一定的科学意义,可为环保监测数据准确性的提升提供参考。     

进气流量对PM2.5切割器捕集效率的影响

市面上常见的切割器均规定了固定的工作流量,当进入切割器的气流量不符合其标准工作流量时,就会带来捕集效率的偏差。通过搭建基于静态箱法的切割器捕集效率评价系统,对国产、进口的旋风式PM2.5切割器的捕集效率进行了评价,研究了切割器标准工作流量及该值的70%、80%、120%、130%作为抽气流量时对PM2.5切割器的捕集效率的影响。实验结果表明,PM2.5切割器的Da50会随着进气流量的改变呈现相反的变化趋势,Da50值分布范围为标准工作流量下该值的140%至80%;但捕集效率曲线的几何标准偏差在不同进气流量下几乎不变,对比标准工作流量下的偏移量不超过0.9%。该研究结果对于进一步规范切割器的制造及使用提供参考。     

混合粒径颗粒物对切割器评价结果的影响研究

依据标准选用8个不同粒径的标准聚苯乙烯小球分别进行PM_2.5切割器的评价,检测周期长、流程复杂。采用多种粒径粒子进行混匀后雾化,形成多分散气溶胶再进行检测,可一次性获取切割器在几种粒径下的捕集效率。用两种方法评价比对了国内外两种切割器,结果表明D_a50及几何标准偏差δ_g一致性较好,偏差不超过3%,但混合方法的测量时间较传统方法缩短了80%。研究成果为优化切割器评价流程提供了参考。     

PM2．5检测仪质量控制探讨

本文对PM2.5检测仪的使用和质量控制现状发展进行论述和探讨。根据PM2.5监测仪的原理和构成,质量控制主要集中在气路系统流量准确性和稳定性,捕集系统切割器的性能包括切割粒径Da50值和捕集效率的几何标准偏差σ8以及感应系统的测量准确性和稳定性。     

大气PM_(2.5)颗粒湿法捕集技术研究

在探究用水或者液滴来捕集空气中PM_(2.5)颗粒的湿法捕集新技术的基础上,设计并制造出基于直接水洗和雾化水洗技术的湿法捕集装置。用动态光散射技术对获取的PM_(2.5)样本溶液进行测试,得到样本的平均光子数、PM_(2.5)颗粒粒径等参数,以表征湿法捕集技术的可行性以可靠性。实验结果表明:样品粒径大小均在200～400 nm之间;平均光子数随实验时间增加而增加;湿法捕集技术可行可靠;相对于直接水洗技术,雾化水洗技术能显著提高湿法捕集的效率。     

不同类型颗粒物切割器采样流量与切割粒径关系研究

利用静态箱法可探索美国BGI公司生产的多种旋风式切割器和国产撞击式切割器的采样流量(Q)对50%切割粒径(D₅₀)的影响，结果表明任意一种类型的旋风式切割器，采样流量变化均会导致采集效率曲线平移，流量越大，D₅₀越小。在同一个旋风式切割器中，通过改变流量可实现PM1.0、PM2.5和PM4.0等模式的切换，且采样流量与D₅₀近似成反比，而对于撞击式切割器，D₅₀的平方根与采样流量近似成反比。该研究可作为一种快速评估方法，根据实际流量快速估算其对应的D₅₀,具有一定的应用价值。     

安德森六级撞击采样器采集效率评价方法研究

研究了适用于安德森六级撞击式空气微生物采样器的采集效率评价方法,并搭建了评价系统。将不同粒径的单分散聚苯乙烯微球雾化形成气溶胶,使用空气动力学粒径谱仪分别对采样器上、下游的颗粒物数量浓度进行测量,测量出采样器各级的采集效率,从而计算出采集效率为50%时的空气动力学直径Da50。通过对国产某品牌的6级安德森空气微生物采样器进行评价,测得1~6级的Da50分别为7.2,6.7,4.7,2.9,1.5,0.8μm。     

安德森六级撞击微生物采样器的计量评价及影响因素分析

由于安德森六级撞击微生物采样器目前缺少相应的标准和检测技术规范，提出了基于捕集效率曲线的空气动力学粒径D_a50评价方法，并对D_a50的检测与理论计算及其影响因素进行了分析。通过检测5个国产品牌的安德森采样器，发现不同厂家产品测量结果差异较大，多家产品的一级或多级的捕集效率曲线对应的D_a50在粒径范围之外。研究发现采样器性能差异并非是由孔径加工精度不够引起，相比之下，不同厂家采样器层与层之间撞击距离有差异，特别是有些厂家的培养基高度可选择范围过宽。研究结果表明：培养基越高，得到的D_a50越小；在培养基高度相同情况下，层与层之间距离理想值在10 mm左右。因此，撞击高度是影响安德森六级撞击微生物采样器性能的重要因素。     

基于表征参量的标准测试数据集构建技术研究

几何要素拟合作为测量评价软件中评定误差的关键步骤,不同逼近方法、评价策略的选择及有效数字的取舍等都会对评价结果产生影响,导致不同测量分析软件对同一测量数据生成不同的评价结果。面向几何要素拟合评价算法难以认证的问题,分析和讨论了标准输入测试数据集的生成依据和规则,以及由此确定了不同几何要素的表征参量,实现了基于表征参量的标准输入测试数据集的动态构建。基于标准输入测试数据,通过研究最小二乘双重拟合算法及几何公差评价算法,实现了标准输出测试数据集的生成,最后将评价结果与蔡司测量分析软件CALYPSO进行了比对验证。通过动态构建的标准输出测试数据集与测量评价软件的评价结果进行比对,以完成测量评价软件中不同几何要素基于最小二乘拟合评价算法的认证。     

微粒捕集器系统数值模拟研究

利用模型分析微粒捕集器净化效率、排气阻力和微粒捕集器寿命的变化规律,对微粒捕集器系统进行数值模拟研究。由于微粒捕集器的实际性能受实际道路工况的影响很大,对实测的车辆道路工况试验数据进行整理和统计分析,在此基础上建立整个带微粒捕集器的柴油机排气系统的数学物理模型,并对影响系统寿命的主要参数进行仿真分析,为微粒捕集器与柴油机的匹配和集成奠定一定的基础。     

气旋式生物气溶胶采样器采集物理效率评价方法研究

为了评价气旋式生物气溶胶采样器的采集效率,搭建了颗粒物浓度均匀、稳定的静态箱法评价装置,对国内2款气旋式生物气溶胶采样器的采集物理效率进行了测量,最终拟合得到采集效率曲线。测量结果表明：在品牌一采样器的固定采样流量下,其采集物理效率曲线的D_a50(采集效率为50%时的空气动力学直径)为0.91μm;品牌二采样器具有5种可调的采样流量,在不同流量下D_a50分别为1.60μm、1.36μm、1.19μm、1.06μm和1.05μm。对比了使用初始容量分别为15 mL和7.5 mL的采样液得到的品牌二采样器的采集物理效率,发现采样液初始容量较少时,采集物理效率偏低。为气旋式生物气溶胶采样器性能的评价方法提供了参考。     

基于荧光法生物气溶胶监测仪计数效率评价及方法研究

生物气溶胶监测仪是一类快速、实时监测空气中生物气溶胶的新兴仪器。为系统评价生物气溶胶监测仪的计数效率,开展了荧光法生物气溶胶监测仪总粒子和荧光粒子2个通道的计数效率评价。首先设计搭建了1套生物气溶胶监测仪计数效率评价装置,然后通过表面原子转移自由基聚合反应(SI-ATRP)制备了单分散、荧光性质稳定的荧光聚苯乙烯微球。采用制备的荧光微球雾化法发尘,模拟生物气溶胶环境,开展计数效率的评价,总粒子数和荧光粒子数计数效率分别为98.9%和98.1%,评价结果表明搭建的装置能满足荧光法生物气溶胶监测仪计数效率的评价需求,对生物气溶胶检测具有意义。     

Simulation and experimental study on the stone powder separator of a vertical shaft impact crusher

During the sand-making process, the stone powder produced by means of a vertical shaft impact (VSI) crusher affects the sand quality and pollutes the environment. This paper focuses on experiments and simulations with a stone powder separator (SPS) that is installed in a VSI crusher. Using FLUENT software, a coupling model of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the discrete phase model (DPM) is used to simulate the airflow distribution and particle traces in a VSI crusher. The stone powder separation and large particle retention performance are evaluated considering two important factors: the structure of the SPS and the air volume of the induced draft fan. The simulation results show that the air volume of the induced draft fan intuitively influences the particle traces and the distributions of particles of different sizes in the crushing chamber and the SPS chamber. There are many vortexes in the crushing chamber that cause the aggregate particles to be fully dispersed under the action of turbulence, and the SPS structure with radius decreasing from bottom to top can form an airflow velocity gradient in the SPS chamber and selectively remove particles according to size, thus improving the stone powder separation performance (SPSP). For this structure, when the air volume of the induced draft fan is set to approximately 40% of the maximum value, it can not only avoid large particles being massively removed but also ensure better SPSP of the device. Finally, the simulation results are verified by experiments. The results of this paper provide a reliable numerical model for the calculation of the flow field in a VSI crusher and provide a reference for the structural optimization of the stone powder separation device and for the selection of the best air volume of the induced draft fan.     

Mixing of solids in different mixing devices

Mixing of powders is a common operation in any industry. Most powders are known to be cohesive, many agglomerate spontaneously when exposed to humid atmosphere or elevated storage temperature. Agitation of the powder (especially powders with different bulk densities) may result in migration of smaller particles downwards and of larger ones upwards. Another problem is segregation whose main cause is the difference in particle size, density shape and resilience. There are standard mixing devices, such as drum tumblers or Turbula mixers. Alternate device type used is the static mixer of Kenics type. Static mixers save energy, disable segregation and effect particle migration. In this paper, static mixers, as devices for powder mixing, are tested as well as Turbula and V-shaped drum mixer, since those devices are commonly used for powder blending in industry. Mixtures that were blended by means of those three devices were made out of the model material, quartz sand, in different component ratios (20:80 and 30:70). The results were statistically calculated and graphically presented. Cohesion indexes were measured with Powder Flow Analyser to see the effect of material flow on the mixture quality. The results obtained by those three devices, the particle size effect and cohesion indexes, bring us to the conclusion that static mixers could be used for mixing of powders, but their shape, number of mixing elements and the mixer length should be adapted for each mixture separately, experimentally and mathematically, through modelling of the system.     

基于空气动力学的浮游菌采样器采集物理效率检测方法的研究

基于空气动力学原理,提出了一种针对浮游菌采样器采集物理效率的新型检测方法,并搭建了检测装置,可以得到连续的采样效率曲线,直观获取不同动力学粒径对应的采集物理效率。分别评价了2款国产及1款进口的浮游菌采样器采集物理效率,结果发现国产采样器采样效率不及进口品牌,质量还有待提升。研究了多分散的亚利桑那超细试验粉尘与单分散颗粒物标物检测结果的差异,发现国产采样器的差异大于进口采样器。所提检测方法有助于提高浮游菌采样器采集物理效率检测的准确性、科学性及检测效率。     

导叶式旋风管入口颗粒粒度分布对分离效率的影响

为深入研究导叶式旋风管的分离机理,用不同粒度分布的SiO2颗粒对分离总效率与粒级效率进行了对比研究。实验结果表明:入口颗粒的粒度分布不但对旋风管的分离总效率有影响,而且对粒级效率也有较大影响;不同粒径大小的颗粒在旋风管中的分离机理不同。     

Triboelectrostatic separation of granular plastics mixtures from waste electric and electronic equipment

The efficiency of the electrostatic separation of insulating granular mixtures depends on the electric charge carried by the particles. The first objective of this work was to characterize the tribocharging properties of various plastic materials in the composition of waste electric and electronic equipment: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), “high-impact” polystyrene (HIPS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), “high-density” polyethylene (HDPE), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA). Thus, in a first series of experiments, 15 samples composed of binary mixtures of above plastics were initially charged in a fluidized bed device, then separated using a free-fall electrostatic separator. The six plastics could be ordered in a specific triboelectric series: PVC, HIPS, ABS, PEHD, PC, PA. The second objective was to evaluate the efficiency of three tribocharging devices: a static charger, a fluidized bed, and a fan-type device. The triboelectrostatic separation experiments performed with four different binary mixtures (PVC/PA, PC/PA, HIPS/PA, and HIPS/ABS) showed that the fluidized bed is the most effective.     

A new passive radon-thoron discriminative measurement system

A new passive radon-thoron discriminative measurement system has been developed for monitoring radon and thoron individually. It consists of a 'couple' of passive integrating devices with a CR39 nuclear track detector (NTD). The experimental prototype is based on the application of a new concept of NTD instrument developed at ENEA, named Alpha-PREM, acronym of piston radon exposure meter, which allows controlling the detector exposure with a patented sampling technique (Int. Eu. Pat. and US Pat.). The 'twin diffusion chambers system' was based on two A-PREM devices consisting of the standard device, named NTD-Rn, and a modified version, named NTD-Rn/Tn, which was set up to improve thoron sampling efficiency of the diffusion chamber, without changing the geometry and the start/stop function of the NTD-Rn device. Coupling devices fitted on each device allowed getting a system, which works as a double-chamber structure when deployed at the monitoring position. In this paper both technical and physical aspects are considered.     

Experimental study on gas-solid flow characteristics in an internally circulating fluidized bed cold test apparatus

A self-designed internally circulating fluidized bed cold test apparatus was built to investigate the gas-solid flow characteristics in a new kind of internally circulating fluidized bed furnace. The test material was circulating ash from a power plant CFB boiler. Optical fiber probes and differential pressure transmitters were employed for the measurements. The particle internal circulation rate and the solids holdup in the upper space of the furnace were studied by changing the fluidization air velocity in the main chamber, the height of partition wall and the initial static bed height. The results showed that with the increase of fluidization air velocity in the main chamber, the particle internal circulation rate increased at first then decreased. Meanwhile, the particle internal circulation rate decreased with the increase of the partition wall height and increased with the increase of initial static bed height in the main chamber. The solids holdup in the upper space of the internally CFB cold test apparatus was 1–4% of that in the normal CFB cold test apparatus. The proportion of particle external circulation rate was relatively low in the circulating system.