大孔孔径对含CO2-3的双相HA/β-TCP多孔陶瓷表面类骨磷灰石形成的影响

钙磷陶瓷植入生物体内后其表面首先形成一层含CO2-3的类骨磷灰石层.它对钙磷陶瓷诱导新骨的生成起非常重要的作用.本文以模拟体液SBF9#为介质,利用体外模拟装置首次研究了以新工艺制备的含CO2-3的双相HA/β-TCP多孔陶瓷其大孔孔径对表面类骨磷灰石形成的影响.结果表明该陶瓷因CO2-3的掺入导致类骨磷灰石晶体的形成时间大大缩短(从14d缩短至6d),且以300～400μm的大孔孔径最有利于类骨磷灰石晶体的形成.此外还有缺钙羟基磷灰石晶体的生成.而最不利于类骨磷灰石晶体形成的大孔孔径为400～500μm.大孔孔径的优化有利于该陶瓷材料骨诱导性的提高,进而有利于骨缺损的快速修复.     

液相法合成针状镁铝水滑石纳米晶的研究

研究了合成条件(原料种类、加料次序、NaOH浓度和合成温度)对液相法制备镁铝水滑石试样的相组成的影响.以MgCl₂为镁源、NaAlO₂为铝源、NaCO₃和NaOH为沉淀剂,在常压下采用液相法制备了长度约100nm、直径约10nm的Mg₆Al₂(OH)₁₆CO₃-4H₂O针状纳米晶体.并且发现:可溶性原料的选取、最后加入MgC_l2的加料次序、>45℃的合成温度和保证反应溶液的pH>12,是瞬间生成镁铝水滑石纳米晶的充分必要条件.提出镁铝水滑石纳米晶核形成的过程是:均匀分布于溶液中的Al₁₃(OH)₃₂⁷⁺迅速吸附于带羟基OH-的无定型态的Mg(OH)₂表面,并进行Al³⁺扩散,为平衡电价,CO₃^2-也扩散进入Mg(OH)₂,从而在瞬间完成镁铝水滑石晶核的形成.     

大孔孔径对含CO3^2-的双相HA／β-TCP多孔陶瓷表面类骨磷灰石形成的影响

钙磷陶瓷植入生物体内后其表面首先形成一层含CO3^2-的类骨磷灰石层。它对钙磷陶瓷诱导新骨的生成起非常重要的作用。本文以模拟体液SBF9^#为介质。利用体外模拟装置首次研究了以新工艺制备的含CO3^2-的双相HA／β-TCP多孔陶瓷其大孔孔径对表面类骨磷灰石形成的影响。结果表明该陶瓷因CO3^2-的掺入导致类骨磷灰石晶体的形成时间大大缩短(从14d缩短至6d)。且以300～400μm的大孔孔径最有利于类骨磷灰石晶体的形成。此外还有缺钙羟基磷灰石晶体的生成。而最不利于类骨磷灰石晶体形成的大孔孔径为400～500μm。大孔孔径的优化有利于该陶瓷材料骨诱导性的提高，进而有利于骨缺损的快速修复。     

高阻In掺杂CdZnTe晶体缺陷能级的研究

利用低压垂直布里奇曼法制备了不同In掺杂量的CdZnTe晶体样品, 采用低温光致发光谱(PL)、深能级瞬态谱(DLTS)以及霍尔测试等手段研究了In掺杂CdZnTe晶体中的主要缺陷能级及其可能存在的补偿机制. PL测试结果表明, 在In掺杂样品中, In原子占据了晶体中原有的Cd空位, 形成了能级位于E_c-18meV的替代浅施主缺陷[In_Cd^+], 同时 [In_Cd⁺]还与[V_Cd^2-]形成了能级位于E_v+163meV的复合缺陷[(In_Cd⁺-V_Cd^2-)^-]. DLTS分析表明, 掺In样品中存在导带以下约0.74eV的深能级电子陷阱能级, 这个能级很可能是Te反位[Te_Cd]施主缺陷造成的. 由此, In掺杂CdZnTe晶体的电学性质是In掺杂施主缺陷、Te反位深能级施主缺陷与本征受主缺陷Cd空位和残余受主杂质缺陷补偿的综合结果.     

阴离子掺杂对KDP晶体光散射的影响

选用硫酸钾、硝酸钾和氯化钾作为掺杂剂, 采用传统降温法和“点籽晶”快速法生长了磷酸二氢钾(KDP)晶体, 利用超显微法对KDP晶体中的散射颗粒进行了观察, 研究了SO₄^2- 、NO ₃^- 和Cl ^- 三种阴离子掺杂对晶体中光散射的影响. 结果表明, 掺杂后SO₄^2-造成晶体光散射的轻度增加; 而NO ₃ ^-和Cl ^- 离子掺杂后, 对于传统降温法所得晶体, 散射明显加重, 对于“点籽晶”快速法所得晶体的散射影响不大.     

化学组成对EMD电化学行为的影响

为了了解化学组成对电解二氧化锰(EMD)电化学行为的影响,分析了三种商品 EMD的组成,它们分别为Mn_0.881⁴⁺Mn_0.044³⁺O_1.655^2-(OH)_0.345^-、Mn_0.880⁴⁺Mn_0.048³⁺O_1.666^2-(OH)_0.334^-和 Mn_0.879⁴⁺Mn_0.054³⁺O_1.677^2-(OH)_0.322^-, X射线衍射表明晶型为γ-MnO₂.通过循环伏安、恒流放电、 电位-时间关系等实验研究其电化学行为,结果表明,EMD中结合水含量(即阳离子空位数) 增加时,样品开路电压升高、放电容量增大、第1电子还原的峰电位正移.     

致密磷酸钙陶瓷在动态SBF中类骨磷灰石层形成研究

磷酸钙陶瓷植入体内后其表面类骨磷灰石层的形成是诱导成骨的先决条件．本实验在模拟体液(ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄ ｂｏｄｙ ｆｌｕｉｄ,ＳＢＦ)以人体骨骼肌组织内体液的正常生理流率(２ｍＬ/１００ｍＬ·ｍｉｎ)和偏离正常生理流率流动的动态条件下,研究在动态ＳＢＦ中影响致密磷酸钙陶瓷表面类骨磷灰石层形成的因素．结果表明:在生理流率条件下,材料的粗糙表面有利于类骨磷灰石的形成,加大ＳＢＦ中Ｃａ^２＋、ＨＰＯ_４^２－离子浓度,类骨磷灰石层的形成速度加快．比起通常使用的静态浸泡试验,ＳＢＦ以生理流率流动的动态试验能够更好地模拟类骨磷灰石生长的体内环境．动态ＳＢＦ对了解类骨磷灰石形成,进而了解磷酸钙陶瓷在体内诱导成骨机理是十分有用的．     

(Zr0.7Sn0.3)TiO4陶瓷介电性能与工艺参数关系的回归分析

用回归分析方法得到了(Zr_0.7Sn_0.3)TiO₄陶瓷的介电性能ε和δ与其工艺参数(CuO、ZnO)和玻璃的添加量(分别为x₁、x₂、x₃ wt％)及预烧和烧结温度(分别为x₄×10³和x₅×10³℃)之间的定量关系:ε=10.9731-1.4559 x₁+9.9154 x₂+1.9776x₃-3.3160x₂²-0.2286x₃²-200.1697x₄²-161.9102x₅²+375.1160x₄x₅;1g(tanδ)=-38.5876-0.6452x₂+0.1235x₃+31.2221x₄+30.3861x₅+0.1100x₁²+0.2077x₂²-0.0106x₃²-27.4317x₄x₅。能对给定工艺参数下的介电性能进行预测,并能确定满足特定介电性能的工艺参数,有助于加快电子陶瓷材料的研究。     

微孔二氧化硅膜的制备、氢气分离以及水热稳定性研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法在Υ-Al₂O₃/α-Al₂O₃多孔支撑体上合成了微孔二氧化硅膜,并用IR、TG、FESEM、N₂吸附以及气体渗透等手段对二氧化硅膜进行了研究.结果表明,200℃时H₂的渗透率达到2.3×10^-7mol·m^-2·Pa^-1·s^-1,H₂/CO₂的分离系数为8.0,然而当二氧化硅膜长期暴露于潮湿环境时,由于水气与孔表面羟基相互作用引起二氧化硅膜孔结构的崩溃,最终导致H₂渗透率和H₂/CO₂分离系数剧烈下降.     

磷灰石包覆金红石型TiO2纳米粉体的制备及表征

将金红石型TiO₂纳米粉体浸泡在模拟体液中, 于37℃经过不同时间, 制备出磷灰石包覆金红石型TiO₂纳米粉体. 用XRD、SEM、TEM、EDX、FTIR、ICP AES和BET方法对复合粉体进行了表征, XRD结果表明,磷灰石的含量可随着金红石型TiO2在模拟体液中浸泡时间的延长而增加. FTIR结果中显示了磷灰石的O-H和PO₄^3-吸收峰, 说明复合粉体中有磷灰石存在. ICP-AES结果表明溶液中Ca和P浓度随浸泡时间延长而下降, 表明时间延长后更多的Ca和P被消耗. TEM和EDX结果证明了金红石型TiO₂表面有磷灰石存在, HRTEM结果显示磷灰石（211）面的晶格间距为0.27nm, 晶粒尺寸约为40nm.     

Effects of MgO addition on sintering of calcium phosphate ceramics and composites

Bioactive ceramics attracts much attention as materials for bone implants, because of their high biocompatibility. For example, hydroxyapatite (HA) has bone-bonding ability through a bone-like apatite layer in body environment and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) has a high bioresorbability in body environment. In addition, HA/β-TCP composites has the characteristics of both HA and TCP. However, it is difficult to sinter the composite, so that MgO has been used as a sintering agent. In the present study, effects of MgO addition on sintering calcium phosphate ceramics and composites were investigated. In order to evaluate the effect of MgO on the composites, HA, HA/β-TCP(30wt%), and HA/β-TCP(50wt%) with 1wt% MgO were prepared and characterized. To clarify the role of MgO on sintering of calcium phosphate ceramics, HA, β-TCP, and α-TCP with different TCP content (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%) were also prepared. The results suggest that MgO addition densified HA/β-TCP composites and gave higher strength composites. The results of monolithic calcium phosphate ceramics indicated MgO addition was effective on β-TCP and α-TCP, not on HA. The maximum content of Ca atom in β-TCP displaced with Mg atoms in MgO might be 24 atm%.     

Regulation of bone-related genes expression by bone-like apatite in MC3T3-E1 cells

Bone-like apatite on HA/TCP ceramics sintered at 1,100 °C (HT1) and 1,200 °C (HT2) could be obtained via immersing substrates into simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3 days. When MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells cultured on the surface of the bone-like apatite for 3 days, SEM observations revealed cell membrane features with secreted crystals very similar to in vivo bone formation during intramembranous ossification with a direct bone apposition on the ceramics. According to semi-quantitative RT-PCR method, mRNA expressions of osteocalcin (marker of late-stage differentiation) and type 1 collagen were increased in cultures with HT1S and HT2S when compared to HT1 and HT2 after cultured for 6 days. The results indicated that bone-like apatite had the ability to support the growth of osteoblast-like cells in vitro and to promote osteoblast differentiation by stimulating the expression of major phenotypic markers. Taken together, our findings will be helpful in understanding the mechanism of osteoinductivity of calcium phosphate ceramics and in constructing more appropriate biomimetic substrate.     

磷酸钙陶瓷在不同动物的模拟体液中类骨磷灰石的形成研究

根据人、狗、猪、猴和兔五种动物体液的钙离子浓度和pH值的差异,配制了不同组分的模拟体液,将孔壁致密和有微孔的多孔磷酸钙陶瓷分别浸泡在这些模拟体液中,研究陶瓷孔隙表面类骨磷灰石的形成情况.结果表明:在模拟体液中浸泡14天后,孔壁致密的材料未见有类骨磷灰石层形成;有微孔的多孔磷酸钙陶瓷,材料孔壁表面(包括陶瓷表面较深孔隙)有类骨磷灰石层的形成,这与体内植入实验观察到的类骨磷灰石层形成和诱导成骨情况相似,可以推论类骨磷灰石层的形成的确是骨诱导的先决条件.随着钙离子浓度的增加,其孔壁表面类骨磷灰石层的形成也更为均匀,但类骨磷灰石生长快慢顺序与动物组织学观察到的骨诱导性高低的次序不完全一致.     

Dynamic study of calcium phosphate formation on porous HA/TCP ceramics

Bone-like apatite formation on porous calcium phosphate ceramics was investigated in static simulated body fluid (SBF) and dynamic SBF at different flowing rates. The results of a 14-day immersion in static SBF showed that the formation of bone-like apatite occurred both on the surface and in the pores of the samples. When SBF flow at the physiological flow rate in muscle (2 ml/100 ml min1), bone-like apatite could be detected only in internal surface of the pores of samples. The result that bone-like apatite formation could only be found in the pores when SBF flown at physiological flow rate was consistent with that of porous calcium phosphate ceramics implanted in vivo: osteoinduction was only detected inside the pores of the porous calcium phosphate ceramics. This result implicates that the bone-like apatite may play an important role in the osteoinduction of Ca-P materials. The dynamic model used in this study may be better than usually used static immersion model in imitating the physiological condition of bone-like apatite formation. Dynamic SBF method is very useful to understand bone-like apatite formation in vivo and the mechanism of ectopic bone formation in calcium phosphate ceramics.     

Dynamic study of calcium phosphate formation on porous HA/TCP ceramics

Bone-like apatite formation on porous calcium phosphate ceramics was investigated in static simulated body fluid (SBF) and dynamic SBF at different flowing rates. The results of a 14-day immersion in static SBF showed that the formation of bone-like apatite occurred both on the surface and in the pores of the samples. When SBF flowed at the physiological flow rate in muscle (2 ml/100 ml⋅min), bone-like apatite could be detected only in internal surface of the pores of samples. The result that bone-like apatite formation could only be found in the pores when SBF flowed at physiological flow rate was consistent with that of porous calcium phosphate ceramics implanted in vivo: osteoinduction was only detected inside the pores of the porous calcium phosphate ceramics. This result implicates that the bone-like apatite may play an important role in the osteoinduction of Ca-P materials. The dynamic model used in this study may be better than usually used static immersion model in imitating the physiological condition of bone-like apatite formation. Dynamic SBF method is very useful to understand bone-like apatite formation in vivo and the mechanism of ectopic bone formation in calcium phosphate ceramics.     

微振动应力环境影响羟基磷灰石陶瓷生物活性及力学稳定性的体外评价

本研究考察微振动应力环境(MVS)下羟基磷灰石(HA)陶瓷的生物活性及力学稳定性, 探讨体内生理应力环境对HA陶瓷骨诱导性的影响。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和钙离子释放结果均显示, MVS有利于具有较高微孔隙率((29±1.2)%, (26.4±0.3)%)HA材料的钙离子再沉积和类骨磷灰石层形成, 而对于微孔隙率较低((10.6±0.8)%)的HA材料则促进其钙离子释放。蛋白吸附结果显示40 Hz的MVS促进了HA的蛋白吸附, 60 Hz的MVS则显著抑制HA的蛋白吸附行为。抗压试验表明MVS应力环境并未影响HA多孔支架的力学稳定性。研究表明应力环境是影响HA陶瓷生物活性和骨诱导性的重要因素。     

Calcite as a bone substitute. Comparison with hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate with regard to the osteoblastic activity

Close to the bone mineral phase, the calcic bioceramics, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), are commonly used as substitutes or filling materials in bone surgery. Besides, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is also used for their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. However, the problem with the animal-origin aragonite demands the new technique to synthesize pure calcite capable of forming 3D bone implant. This study aims to manufacture and evaluate a highly-pure synthetic crystalline calcite with good cytocompatibility regarding to the osteoblasts, comparing to that of HA and β-TCP. After the manufacture of macroporous bioceramic scaffolds with the identical internal architecture, their cytocompatibility is studied through MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts with the tests of cell viability, proliferation, vitality, etc. The results confirmed that the studied process is able to form a macroporous material with a controlled internal architecture, and this synthesized calcite is non-cytotoxic and facilitate the cell proliferation. Indeed requiring further improvement, the studied calcite is definitely an interesting alternative not only to coralline aragonite but also to calcium phosphate ceramics, particularly in bone sites with the large bone remodelling.     

Ultrastructural Analysis on the Osteogenesis and Transformation of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics in Vivo

To study the osteogenesis and transformation process of calcium phosphate bioceramic in vivo, biodegradable porous β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics (β-TCP, φ5×8 mm) were implanted in the tibia of rabbits. β-TCP ceramics with surrounding bone tissue were retrieved and observed by SEM, TEM and EPMA every month after implantation.The results showed that osteogenesis was active and β-TCP ceramics bonded to bones directly. The new bones were forming and maturing as materials were continuously degrading, and materials were finally replaced by new bone. Parts of the materials were degraded, absorbed and recrystallized, while the rest were dispersed to the spongy bone and the Haversian lamella in an irregular arrangement, becoming incorporated into bone formation directly by remodeling the structure. Some β-TCP crystals cleaved along its (001) rhombohedral plane and formed lath-like crystals in vivo.     

微波等离子体烧结多孔HA/β-TCP双相生物陶瓷的研究

针对常规马弗炉烧结钙磷生物陶瓷温度高、烧结时间长,制品晶粒粗、强度和生物学活性难于同时提高的问题,采用微波等离子体新技术烧结了多孔HA/β-TCP双相生物陶瓷。实验结果显示,和常规马弗炉烧结法相比,微波等离子体烧结可在极短的加热时间内,制得线收缩率较大,晶粒尺寸小,抗压强度更大的多孔HA/β-TCP双相生物陶瓷。通过模拟体液的浸泡实验发现,其类骨磷灰石形成量也明显多于常规马弗炉烧结。这预示微波等离子体烧结是一种既能提高钙磷材料的力学强度,同时又可能增加其生物学活性的新烧结方法。