耐药结核病

世界卫生组织(WHO)于1993年史无前例地宣布：全球结核病紧急状态。随着全球结核病流行的加剧，1998年又重申：遏制结核病毒行动刻不容缓。中国是全球22个结核病高负担国家之一，结核病人数位居世界第二，仅次于印度。耐多药结核病的增加，是结核病疫情上升的主要原因及新世纪结核病控制面临的严峻挑战之一。我国属结核病高耐药国家，其中耐多药结核病的情况更为严重。耐多药结核病的形     

健康教育在门诊肺结核患者治疗管理中的作用

<正>结核病是长期严重危害人类健康的慢性传染病。1993年世界卫生组织(WHO)宣布"全球结核病处于紧急状态",把结核病列为重点控制的传染病之一。我国是全球结核病的高负担国家之一,2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查显示,我国结核病疫情具有高感染率、高耐药率、高病死率,农村疫情高于城市的特点,鉴     

儿童耐药结核诊治进展

2008年<全球结核耐药性控制>的报告显示,全球耐多药结核(MDR-TB)的发病率创下了有史以来的最高纪录.我国是全球结核病高负担国家之一,WHO的2008全球结核病控制报告将中国列为22个高负担结核的第二位,耐多药的平均比例为9.3%,而从全球来讲,耐多药平均比例仅为4.8%,中国耐多药结核病比例几乎是世界平均水平的2倍.2006年我国有13万新发耐药结核病,占全球新发耐药结核的28%,复治率为20%,而国际上平均复治率为11%.     

结核病疫苗的研究进展

结核病(tuberculosis,TB)是由结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)感染引起的一种慢性传染性疾病,属于严重危害全球人类生命健康的重大传染病之一。结核病的发现时间很早,由1904年出土的新石器时代人的颈椎骨化石中发现[1]。而近年来,结核病的发病率、病死率均逐年升高。根据2017年世界卫生组织(WHO)报道,2016年全球新增1040万例结核病,约170万人死于结核病[2]。中国是结核病高负担国家之一,居于全球第3位,仅次于印度及印度尼西亚,每年约90万例结核病新发病例[3]。随着耐药结核(drugresistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)、HIV感染患者和新发病例的不断增多,结核病的防治形势越来越严峻。     

耐多药脊柱结核治疗进展

<正>据世界卫生组织(WHO)报告,我国是结核病负担第二高的国家,我国每年新增结核病患者约130万[1]。其中耐多药结核病例11.2万例约占全球结核病数20%[2]。耐多药结核病(multiple drug resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)是指结核分枝杆菌至少同时对异烟肼、利福平耐药的结核病[3]。MTB的出现绝非偶然,它形成原因的多样化,治疗效果差,传染性强的特点向全球的结核病防治工作施加了巨大的压     

山西省结核病防治规划(2011—2015年)实施效果评价

<正>我国是全球22个结核病高负担国家之一。据2015年世界卫生组织(WHO)报告,结核病发病人数93万,发病人数位于高负担国家的第三位[1]。"十二五"规划的实施,有力促进了结核病防治各项防控措施的落实,各地结核病防治工作取得了很大突破和进展。根据《山西省卫生和计划生育委员会关于开展山西省结核病防治规划(2011—2015年)终期评估的通知》开展了终期评估工作,现对评估     

耐多药肺结核规范化治疗的临床疗效分析

结核病是严重危及全球的公共卫生问题之一,据WHO统计目前全球约有20亿例受结核分支杆菌感染,其中5000万例感染了耐药结核分支杆菌,使耐药结核病例数明显增多,结核病患者又有发生自然耐药的危险。因此全球的结病耐药趋势严峻,目前耐药、流动人口和人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染已经成为当今结核病控制所面临的三大难题,其中耐药性是我国结核病控制起主要限制性作用的因素。耐药性的泛滥将会使结核病控制返回无化疗时代。我国结核病耐药情况严重,抗结核治疗不规范及患者依从性差是影响耐药性产生的主要因素。耐药结核病已经成为我国结核病控制的一大难题,若不能有效遏制耐药结核分枝     

耐药肺结核患者耐药分析

我国目前约有耐药肺结核患者54万人，其中耐多药肺结核（MDR—TB）患者约20万人。耐药结核病、特别是耐多药结核病的增多对全球结核病控制造成了严重威胁。加强耐药性结核病的研究已刻不容缓。为了解肺结核患者耐药相关情况，进行调查，现报告如下：     

肺结核疫情上升原因分析

肺结核是一种慢性传染性疾病.据世界卫生组织(WHO)“2008年全球结核病控制报告”估计,2006年我国结核病发病例数约为131万,占全球的14.3％,位居全球第2位,是全球22个结核病高负担国家之一[1].给社会、家庭造成严重的经济负担,80％的肺结核患者在农村,成为农村因病致贫、因病返贫的重要原因;有45％的患者因经济困难间断或中断治疗,在医院门诊就诊的患者大多没有接受过正规的现代结核病控制策略疗法,造成结核病耐药情况十分严重.对2001～2006年江苏省昆山市登记活动性肺结核病例进行分析,了解肺结核疫情在我国流行趋势,对肺结核防治意识、流动人口、耐药性、艾滋病并发肺结核原因进行分析,结合实际原因,更好实施现代结核病控制策略而控制疫情.     

人型结核分枝杆菌235例耐药分析

<正>近年来结核病高耐药率和多耐药菌株的不断扩散,成为全球结核病控制中的一个重大问题。耐药结核病,尤其是耐药菌结核分枝杆菌(MDR-TB)的出现更是给全球结核病控制带来了严重的挑战,也是导致结核病疫情回升的众多原因之一。为此我们对235例肺结核病患者进行不同药物浓度的药敏分析,旨在为本地区防治耐多药结核病提供依据。     

结核菌耐药的基因及治疗

近年来．随着化疗药物的广泛应用。耐药结核病,尤其是耐多药结核病（MDR-TB）对全球结核病控制造成严重威协。高耐药率和耐多药菌株以及广泛耐药结核病的不断扩散,正日益成为全球结核病控制中的一个重大问题。而我国多耐药结核病疫情属全世界22个高负担国家之一。     

Emerging technologies for monitoring drug-resistant tuberculosis at the point-of-care

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Among them, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major threat to public health, exacerbated by the emergence of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). MDR-Mtb strains are resistant to first-line anti-TB drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin; whereas XDR-Mtb strains are resistant to additional drugs including at least to any fluoroquinolone and one of the second-line anti-TB injectable drugs such as kanamycin, capreomycin, or amikacin. Clinically, these strains have significantly impacted the management of TB in high-incidence developing countries, where systemic surveillance of TB drug resistance is lacking. For effective management of TB on-site, early detection of drug resistance is critical to initiate treatment, to reduce mortality, and to thwart drug-resistant TB transmission. In this review, we discuss the diagnostic challenges to detect drug-resistant TB at the point-of-care (POC). Moreover, we present the latest advances in nano/microscale technologies that can potentially detect TB drug resistance to improve on-site patient care.     

Drug-resistant tuberculosis: an insurmountable epidemic?

Drug-resistant tuberculosis has brought back the spectre of pre-antibiotic days. WHO surveillance data from 2007 showed multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)—tubercle bacillus resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin accounting for 4.8% of all new and subsequent cases of tuberculosis. India and China—the two most populated countries of the world, house the maximum number of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases. In eastern European and central Asian countries, more than 6% of new TB cases are MDR-TB, whereas the number is <3% in the countries of the western world. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has emerged with the prospect of tuberculosis becoming an incurable disease. A surveillance spreading over the six continents showed 10% of MDR-TB cases were also XDR-TB. The fact that tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection among HIV-infected patients in developing countries makes the challenge almost insurmountable. The mortality of HIV and MDR-TB co-infected patients is exceedingly high. The absence of guidelines for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis and of infrastructure for delivery of DOT program and rapid laboratory diagnostic facilities, including drug susceptibility testing for both first and second-line drugs, and lack of trained human resource in most of the developing world account for the emergence and perpetuation of this menacing problem. WHO along with partnership with Green Light Committee and individual national governments has started DOT plus program to control this global epidemic.     

深圳市2005年、2009年结核菌耐药监测结果

目的了解深圳市结核分枝杆菌耐药情况,为深圳市结核病控制提供科学依据。方法依据（WHO／IUALD）结核病耐药指南,将深圳市2005年和2009年每年3月至8月间所有新涂阳和新登记的复治涂阳的肺结核作为监测对象,对2005年802例、2009年1054例成功分离的结核分枝杆菌菌株,用比例法进行药物敏感实验。结果2005年总耐药率18．3％,初始耐药率17．2％,获得性耐药率31．3％;总耐多药率4．7％,初始和获得性耐多药率分别为3．25％和21．9％;2009年总耐药率17．4％,初始耐药率16％,获得性耐药率39．3％;总耐多药率3．8％,初始和获得性耐多药率分别为3．02％和16．4％。2009年以上各耐药率、各耐多药率与2005年比较,差异元统计学意义,2005年、2009年的获得性耐药率、获得性耐多药率均显著高于初始耐药率、初始耐多药率。结论深圳市耐药结核病的发生率处于较高水平,应该引起高度重视。     

武冈市158株结核杆菌耐药性分析

目的：了解武冈市结核病患者结核杆菌的耐药状况,为结核病的防治提供实验依据。方法：连续收集我院2009年2月～2010年3月肺结核患者的结核杆菌158株,采用WHO/IUATLD推荐的比例法,对异烟肼、利福平、链霉素和乙胺丁醇4种抗结核药物进行药敏试验。结果：158株结核分枝杆菌中,91例对4种抗结核药物全部敏感,占57.59%;67例耐药,耐药率为42.41%,以耐链霉素为最高,占34.18%。结论：武冈市结核病患者结核杆菌耐药严重,必须进一步加强对耐药结核杆菌的监控。     

县级医院对肺结核的预防与策略指导

结核病是一种常见的慢呼吸道传染病,在我国有庞大的病患人群,是国家重点预防及控制的传染病类型之一。县级医院是基础的卫生医疗机构,在对肺结核的防治工作中处于重要地位,本研究从分析结核病在我国的现状出发,提出了药物预防、深入基层做好结核防治管理工作等策略,探究在耐药结核以及耐多药结核患者严重的冲击形势下,如何更好地开展工作、做好肺结核的预防。     

我国结核病耐药状况及其变化趋势分析

目的:了解结核病总体耐药、初始耐药和获得性耐药状况及其变化趋势,为改进结核病防治措施提供参考。方法:对国内1995～2005年结核病耐药监测结果进行综合评价,应用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果:1995～2005年我国人群结核耐药趋势总体呈下降趋势,总耐药率为24．8％。在耐药病例中,初始耐药率为20．6％,获得性耐药率为44．3％,获得性耐药率显著高于初始耐药率。不同抗结核药物的耐药顺序为:初始耐药异烟肼(15．3％)>链霉素(10．6％)>利福平(8．1％)>乙胺丁醇(4．2％);获得性耐药异烟肼(35．1％)>利福平(26．1％)>链霉素(23．3％)>乙胺丁醇(11．3％)。耐多药率中,1～4种耐药率按年份均呈缓慢下降趋势。耐药率排序为:单药>2药>3药>4药,耐多药率显著高于耐单药率。结论:我国人群结核耐药趋势总体呈缓慢下降趋势,但与发达国家相比,仍属高耐药水平,面临的形势依然十分严峻。     

陕西省秦巴项目地区结核菌耐药监测分析

目的：了解陕西秦巴地区结核菌耐药情况,为结核病控制提供科学依据、今后耐药监测提供经验。方法：采用《结核菌耐药性监测方案》规定的方法进行监测,对2005年10个项目县新登记的初、复治涂阳肺结核病例的痰标本进行分离培养和药敏试验。结果：共入选360例,培养阳性283例,其中结核分枝杆菌复合群273例,非结核分枝杆菌10例。总耐药率为28．9％,初始耐药率为24．6％,获得性耐药率为39．0％;耐多药率（MDR）为2．6％。结论：初始耐药率高于2000年全国流行病学调查结果,获得性耐药率低于2000年全国流行病学调查结果。提示应进一步扩大监测范围,加强病人的用药指导与治疗管理。     

Evaluation of the drug treatment regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis and their cost-effectiveness

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1995 up to one-third of the total global population were estimated to be infected with the tubercle bacilli with nearly 90% of cases occurring in the developing countries. In addition, the 1999 WHO report on tuberculosis (TB) estimated the total number of new sputum-positive cases to have been just over 3.5 m globally in 1997. The incorrect usage of the available drugs has lead to drug-resistant forms of the bacteria which has further complicated the treatment needs and the costs imposed on healthcare services. Faced with this scenario it is important that a comprehensive policy is adopted to make best use of the existing drugs and to do so in a cost-effective way. This article considers the studies conducted on drug treatment regimens for pulmonary TB and their cost-effectiveness in the developing world.     

Newly developed drugs invented to treat tuberculosis in clinical trial

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in more than one-third of the world population. Its impact on global health is a result of decades of neglect for such an important infectious disease, lack of resources for national TB control programs, poor case detection, and inadequate/inappropriate therapy in high-burden countries. The worldwide dissemination of multidrug (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis poses a serious threat to human health due to inadequacy of long and cumbersome tuberculosis (TB) therapy. Treatment regimens consist of at least four drugs with different mechanisms of action. Several new molecules in clinical development hasencouraged the scientific community to discover new drug targets and new drug candidates. Therefore, new drugs are urgently needed to shorten and improve the treatment course in drug resistant TB, and to minimize the occurrence of new infections and death. Nowadays, various new investigational drugs, such as bedaquine (TMC207), nitroimidazoles (PA-824, OPC-67683), diamines (SQ109), oxazolidinones (Linezolid, PNU-100480 (Sutezolid), ADZ5847), pyrroles (LL3858) and fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin), have entered clinical trials and are in progress to be developed for the treatment of MDR-TB. In this perspectivearticle, an overview of the new anti-TB drugs with different structures that are either being clinically used or in advanced stages clinical stages as well as of preclinical development are presented. This review provides snapshots of the efforts that are being made in the development of new drugs as lead anti-TB agents. Finally, it is crucial to improve the connection between research and development institutes, industries, drug control authorities, and international policy-making bodies to deliver efficacious therapies for patients who are suffering from TB.