经鼻内镜行鼻内翻性乳头状瘤切除术

目的 探讨用鼻内镜手术替代部分鼻外径路手术治疗鼻内翻性乳头瘤的效果。方法 本文12例均在鼻内镜下进行手术，术后局部创面用Nd－YAG激光烧灼。结果 随访10－42个月，10例未见复发；2例术后发现有残余肿瘤组织，经再次手术及激光治疗后，再未见复发。结论 经鼻内镜手术具有视野清楚、手术创伤小、切除彻底、术后复发率低等优点。     

鼻内镜下Nd:YAG激光治疗放射治疗性后鼻孔闭锁

鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)放射治疗后引起后鼻孔闭锁并不罕见。1995年1月至2002年6月,我们在鼻内镜下应用Nd:YAG激光手术治疗:NPC放疗后后鼻孔闭锁23例(40侧),获得满意疗效,报告如下。     

鼻内镜下Nd：YAG激光治疗放射治疗性后鼻孔闭锁

鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma，NPC)放射治疗后引起后鼻孔闭锁并不罕见。1995年1月至2002年6月，我们在鼻内镜下应用Nd：YAG激光手术治疗NPC放疗后后鼻孔闭锁23例(40侧)，获得满意疗效，报告如下。     

鼻咽癌放射治疗失败后的手术治疗

目的 为探索鼻咽癌放射治疗失败后的挽求治疗，回顾分析了我科手术治疗的鼻咽癌放射治疗未控或放射治疗后复发者１２１例（鼻咽病变４１例，颈部病变８０例）。术前接受放射治疗量为６０－１４５Ｇｙ，方法 手术方案：（１）鼻咽原发灶手术根据病变部位及侵及范围不同而选择不术式，包括经硬腭入路病灶切除、鼻侧切开病灶切除、颈侧入路下颌骨升支切除＋翼板切除病灶切除、经口腔入路下颌骨部分切除＋病灶切除＋胸大肌肌皮瓣修复。     

鼻咽癌放射治疗失败后的手术治疗

目的为探索鼻咽癌放射治疗失败后的挽救治疗，回顾分析了我科手术治疗的鼻咽癌放射治疗未控或放射治疗后复发者１２１例（鼻咽病变４１例，颈部病变８０例）。术前接受放射治疗量为６０～１４５Ｇｙ。方法手术方案：①鼻咽原发灶手术，根据病变部位及侵及范围不同而选择不同术式，包括经硬腭入路病灶切除、鼻侧切开病灶切除、颈侧入路下颌骨升支切除＋翼板切除＋病灶切除、经口腔入路下颌骨部分切除＋病灶切除＋胸大肌肌皮瓣修复。②颈部手术，单个淋巴结转移行局部淋巴结切除术；多个淋巴结转移行颈淋巴结根治性切除术。术后放射治疗２０～８０Ｇｙ不等。结果手术并发症发生率为１０％（１２例）。随诊死亡６２例中，远处转移３０例（占４８％）。术后３年、５年生存率分别为４９％、３８％。结论①鼻咽癌首选放射治疗，首次放射治疗失败实施手术解救，术后是否再需放射治疗，视具体情况决定。②足量放射治疗对伤口愈合有影响，但只要充分作好术前准备，术中注意消灭死腔，术后加强护理，及合理应用抗生素，可以减少并发症发生。③该组死亡病例中远处转移率较高，故在今后治疗中应考虑术后化学治疗或免疫治疗以期控制远处转移。     

面中部横切口鼻锥体翻转进路在鼻咽癌复发挽救手术中的应用

目的探讨鼻咽癌复发挽救手术的途径。 方法4例鼻咽癌患者于1988年5月-1995年8月接受根治量放疗。治疗后2年-9年,出现局部复发。复发病灶累犯的部位:鼻咽部项壁、鼻腔、上颌窦、蝶窦、筛窦、鼻中隔和眼眶纸样板等部位。应用鼻侧切加横跨面中部切口鼻锥体翻转进路摘除肿瘤,术后给予60 Gy放疗。结果手术并发症少,4例患者生存满2年的1例,3年2例,5年1例。结论应用这一手术径路,术野暴露充分,可完整切除肿瘤。鼻咽癌复发挽救手术应用得当,部分病例仍可获得根治效果。     

面中部横切口鼻锥体翻转进路在鼻咽癌复发挽救手术中的应用

目的 探讨鼻咽癌复发挽救手术的途径。方法 4例鼻咽癌患者于1988年5月～1995年8月接受根治量放疗。治疗后2年～9年，出现局部复发。复发病灶累犯的部位：鼻咽部顶壁、鼻腔、上颌窦、蝶寞、筛窦、鼻中隔和眼眶纸样板等部位。应用鼻侧切加横跨面中部切口鼻锥体翻转进路摘除肿瘤，术后给予60Gy放疗。结果 手术并发症少，4例患者生存满2年的l例，3年2例，5年l例。结论 应用这一手术径路，术野暴露充分，可完整切除肿瘤。鼻咽癌复发挽救手术应用得当，部分病例仍可获得根治效果。     

鼻内窥镜下Nd:YAG激光治疗鼻后部出血33例临床观察

鼻后部出血33例,男26例,女7例,40～68岁,均排除血管瘤,恶性肿瘤所致鼻出血.治疗前均行鼻腔鼻窦CT检查,副鼻窦均无异常.血常规检查在正常范围.患者取仰卧位,用1%丁卡因+适量副肾素表面麻醉双侧鼻腔嗅裂,中鼻道、总鼻道、下鼻道,5min1次,共2次,此时鼻出血一般停止,取出棉片后,患侧鼻腔导入30度Storz内窥镜仔细检查嗅裂,中鼻道、下鼻道外侧壁及鼻咽部等,并用吸引器吸除表面渗血及积血,发现下鼻道外侧壁后方的鼻咽静脉丛血管扩张活动性渗血,退出内窥镜导入健侧直达鼻咽部暴露患侧活动渗血部位,患侧鼻腔导入Nd:YAG激光,在光纤明视下烧灼出血部位,局部结痂,出血停止,导入卷棉子,局部涂素高捷疗眼膏,退出内窥镜及Nd:YAG激光光纤,术毕不需堵塞油纱条.33例一次治疗并随访1年无复发27例(81.8%),二次治疗并随访1年无复发6例(18.2%).     

鼻咽癌复发及鼻内镜外科手术的应用

鼻咽癌传统治疗方式为放射治疗，虽然5年生存率有了较大提高，但依然有不少鼻咽癌复发或残留。复发或残留病灶的处理原则包括再程放疗、化疗和手术治疗。根治性放疗和再程放疗后出现的并发症严重影响了患者生活质量。目前的手术治疗方式有开放式手术和内镜下微创手术，开放式手术可以提供一个足够开放的操作视野，但损伤也较大。内镜下鼻咽癌切除术开展较晚，需要严格的手术适应证、娴熟的内镜颅底外科技术支撑，需要长期的随访观察。     

鼻内镜下鼻咽纤维血管瘤切除术

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻咽纤维血管瘤切除的可行性及手术方法.方法报告鼻咽纤维血管瘤1例,采用鼻内镜经鼻腔完整切除肿瘤,总结治疗此例的经验.结果用鼻内镜顺利切除了鼻咽纤维血管瘤,术后5个月随访肿瘤无复发.结论经选择的鼻咽纤维血管瘤病例,采用鼻内镜进行切除是一种安全微创的手术方法.     

颈颌腭入路-下颌骨外旋在鼻咽癌挽救性手术中的应用

目的探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗后复发肿瘤的挽救性手术方法.方法回顾性分析应用颈颌腭-下颌骨外旋入路,手术治疗鼻咽癌放射治疗未控患者2例、鼻咽部复发病变8例;二程放射治疗后病变复发2例,共1 2例（rT1 4例、rT2 7例、rT3 1例）患者的临床资料、手术方法及随访结果.结果 12例患者通过颈颌腭（下颌骨外旋）入路切除肿瘤,10例术中用带蒂颌下组织瓣Ⅰ期修复鼻咽部缺损;2例用游离下鼻甲修复鼻咽顶部缺损,7例患者无瘤生存、1例带瘤生存、3例患者死于局部复发、1例死于远处转移;患者2年总生存率为75%（9/12）.结论颈颌腭-下颌骨外旋入路切除鼻咽部肿瘤手术视野显露良好;可在直视下切除鼻咽及咽旁肿瘤处理颈内动脉,肿瘤切除后用带蒂颌下组织瓣Ⅰ期修复鼻咽部缺损手术及术后并发症少,是鼻咽癌放射治疗后复发肿瘤挽救性手术的一种理想的手术入路.     

Nasopharyngectomy and surgical margin status: a survival analysis

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the margin status at surgical salvage nasopharyngectomy for local residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma affects patient survival. DESIGN: Retrospective case series review. SETTING: Academic tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Seventy-nine consecutive patients with operable local residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after failure of primary treatment with radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy underwent surgical salvage nasopharyngectomy with curative intent between November 28, 1987, and November 17, 2003. Sixty-one patients were men and 18 were women. Their mean age was 48 years (age range, 26-70 years). INTERVENTION: Surgical salvage nasopharyngectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The status of the closest margin at surgery was assessed as clear, close, or positive. Survival time was measured from the date of surgery to the date of the last follow-up, to the date of an event occurrence, or to the date of death. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the probability of local progression-free survival and overall survival at 5 years. Differences in survival rates between surgical margin statuses were assessed using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Five-year overall survival for patients with clear margins was 77%, for patients with close margins was 46% (P = .05), and for patients with positive margins was 23% (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Clear surgical margins at the time of surgical salvage nasopharyngectomy for residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma positively affect patient survival.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在鼻咽癌放疗后颈部挽救性手术中的应用

目的总结胸大肌肌皮瓣在修复鼻咽癌放疗后颈部转移灶残留或复发根治术后缺损中的应用。方法回顾性分析27例鼻咽癌颈部转移灶残留或复发的病人,行根治性颈清扫术,对颈部皮肤缺损用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复。结果1例病人术后3 h死亡,26例病人均一期修复成功。1例术后发生乳糜漏,3例远端吻合口处有感染,5例肌皮瓣远端部分坏死,8例延迟愈合。3年生存率为52.4%。结论鼻咽癌放疗后颈部转移灶残留或复发的挽救性手术应选择根治性颈清扫术;胸大肌肌皮瓣血供丰富,易成活,可取瓣面积大,能满足修复术后缺损的需要。     

Transpalatal endoscopic resection of residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma after sequential chemoradiotherapy

Residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is usually managed by re-irradiation or salvage surgery. This case presented a residual NPC with limited extent and an accessible location in the nasopharynx after completion of sequential chemoradiotherapy. The lesion was completely resected via the transpalatal route under endoscopic visualization with no significant post-operative morbidity. This is the first report of NPC successfully treated by this type of surgery.     

Salvage surgery for nasopharyngeal carcinoma after irradiation failure]

OBJECTIVE: To study the salvage surgery for nasopharyngeal carcinoma after irradiation failure. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-one full-dose-irradiation-uncontrolled cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma had undergone salvage surgery since 1965 till 1992, in which 41 had primary lesion and 80 neck lesion. All patients received radiation before surgery with the dose of 60Gy-145Gy. The patient selection for this report limited to those with recurrent tumors at the primary sites with no apparent bony involvement and no cranial nerve palsy, or cases with resectable neck recurrences. RESULTS: It showed that palatal fenestration was the best choice of approach for recurrent tumors located at the vault of the nasopharyngeal cavity. When the tumor invaded the parapharyngeal space or, owing to the after-effect of radiotherapy, the patient presented with severe occlusion of the mandible, we preferred the lateral approach through partial mandi-bulectomy. The lateral rhinotomy was only indicated for cases with tumor remnant at the posterior nares. Lymph node excision was performed for cases with single movable node on the neck, and RND for the cases with multiple nodes. The complication rate of after surgery was low (10%), considering the heavy dose of irradiation. The three- and five-year survival rate were 49% (59/121) and 38% (38/100) respectively. CONCLUSION: It suggests that the surgery should be considered as a salvage procedure for cases of nasopharyngeal cancer after irradiation failure. Because of high rate of distant metastasis (62 cases or 45% died after surgery), chemotherapy or other measures should be adopted after local treatment.     

Factors affecting the overall survival after salvage surgery in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the primary site: experience with 60 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors affecting overall survival after salvage surgery in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the primary site after a full course of radiotherapy. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 60 consecutive patients treated by surgical resection of the recurrent tumors, with a mean follow-up of 43.1 months (range, 19-96 months). SETTING: Academic tertiary referral center. RESULTS: The overall survival and locoregional relapse-free survival were 56% and 60% at 2 years, respectively, and 30% and 40% at 5 years. Twenty-nine (81%) of 36 patients died with uncontrolled local disease. The T stage of the recurrent tumors appeared to be an important prognostic factor. Age, sex, pathologic findings, and disease-free interval (time between previous radiotherapy and local recurrence) were not significant prognosis-affecting factors by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with recurrent tumors of undifferentiated carcinoma, sarcoma, or small cell carcinoma had unfavorable prognoses. Uncontrolled local disease and the emergence of distant metastasis predicted grave results as well. Postoperative irradiation showed some benefit to patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The T stage of the recurrence was the prominent prognosis-affecting factor in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma who received salvage surgery. Patients with local recurrence should be carefully selected for the salvage surgery. We recommend this surgery for patients with rT1, rT2, or limited rT3 lesions. The results of surgical resection in terms of local control and overall survival were slightly better than those of high-dose reirradiation, with fewer late complications.     

鼻咽癌激光手术后放射治疗和单纯放射治疗的疗效比较

为研究鼻咽癌新的治疗手段，采用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光对６７例鼻咽喉癌者进行激光手术及颈淋巴结清扫术再用直线加速器放射治疗（放疗），并与４２例鼻咽癌单纯放疗者作比较，观察５年存活率，发现Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光手术后放疗组５年生存率达７６．１％，而单纯疗效为４２．９％，认为：Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光手术治疗不失为鼻咽癌治疗的一种新手段。     

Salvage surgery for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of salvage surgery for patients with primary recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Academic tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Eighteen consecutive patients with primary recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiation failure underwent nasopharyngectomy for cure via a facial translocation approach from July 1, 1993, to December 31, 1999. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 71 months. Five patients with skull base invasion required a combined neurosurgical approach to treatment. Seven patients had additional postoperative radiotherapy. RESULTS: The actuarial 3-year survival was 57%, while the local control was 78%. Four of 5 patients who had skull base invasion achieved local control. There was no surgical mortality, and the morbidity was 22%. CONCLUSION: Advances in skull base surgery make possible the effective control of primary recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with acceptable mortality and morbidity.     

鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽颅底肉瘤5例

目的探讨鼻内镜下手术治疗鼻咽癌放疗后诱发鼻咽颅底肉瘤的可行性，并分析其临床疗效。方法回顾性分析鼻内镜下手术治疗的鼻咽癌放疗后诱发鼻咽颅底肉瘤5例患者临床资料。结果5例患者均于气管插管全麻下行经鼻内镜下鼻咽颅底肿瘤切除术，所有患者术后相关症状均有不同程度改善，未出现并发症。其中2例术后影像学检查示肿瘤残留，1例海绵窦区肿瘤残留者，术后3个月脑侵犯死亡；另外1例存活16个月后死于肿瘤复发压迫脑干呼吸衰竭。3例术后影像学检查未见肿瘤残留，其中1例拒绝放化疗，先后4次内镜手术，9个月后死于全身重要器官衰竭；1例术后行放化疗，20个月后死于颅内侵犯；另外1例行根治量放疗，存活20个月，最后因严重放射性脑病致无法进食，呼吸困难，全身重要器官衰竭死亡。结论鼻咽癌放疗后诱发肉瘤恶性程度高，预后差，如具备手术指征，应首选外科手术治疗，内镜手术联合术后放化疗有可能改善预后。