气液喷射式磺化反应器的应用研究

用喷射式磺化反应器分别对脂肪酸甲酯、烷基苯、重烷基苯、脂肪醇、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚和α 烯烃等原料进行了SO3气相磺化/硫酸化反应,研究了反应器主要结构参数对产品质量的影响,并与膜式反应器作了比较。结果表明:喷射磺化反应器制备的烷基苯磺酸、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸的产品质量与膜式磺化反应器相当,制备的重烷基苯磺酸盐产品质量稳定,降低原油/水界面张力的能力优于膜式磺化器制备的产品,但在磺化α 烯烃、硫酸化脂肪醇和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚时转化率低于90%,产品质量明显不及膜式反应器。从两种反应器的传质、传热机理及效率,不同有机原料的SO3磺化机理及反应速度等方面对以上现象进行了分析和讨论,认为喷射式磺化反应器适用于脂肪酸甲酯、烷基苯、重烷基苯的磺化,目前的结构参数不适用于α 烯烃、脂肪醇和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚的磺化/硫酸化反应,需要进一步调整,改善传质效率。     

Gemini表面活性剂降低油水界面张力性能的研究

本研究以重烷基苯和十二烷基苯为原料合成磺酸盐型阴离子Gemini表面活性剂,并用其盐水溶液对原油进行界面张力测试,研究了不同条件下台成出的Gemini表面活性剂及其浓度对原油界面张力的影响。测试结果发现以十二烷基苯及十二烷基苯和重烷基苯复配合成的Gemini表面活性剂对孤岛13XN712油样的界面张力可降低至10^-4mNm^-1。同时发现磺化试剂用量增加会使界面张力上升,表面活性剂加入量也不宜少于0．3％。     

重质磺酸盐的应用对磺化技术的挑战

介绍了国内烷基苯的生产技术和生产能力以及重烷基苯的组成,重烷基苯磺酸盐、其他种类的重烷基苯磺酸盐和石油磺酸盐等在洗涤剂、润滑油添加剂、油田三次采油和稠油开采技术中的应用。叙述了国内三氧化硫磺化技术的发展、磺化反应器的各种形式以及重烷基苯和石油馏分的磺化。对开发和改进磺化技术及磺化反应器提出了建议。     

重烷基苯磺酸盐的合成

研究了用ＳＯ３／干空气混合物磺化重烷基苯－十二烷基苯生产中的副产物,制取驱油用表面活性剂重烷基苯磺酸盐的降膜式连续磺化工艺。产品经提纯后分别用两相滴定法和降膜式连续磺化工艺,产品经提纯后分别用两相滴定法和ＥＳＩ质谱法测定了平均摩尔比,ＳＯ３平均气浓,反应温度等因素对磺化率有明显的影响;在优化反应条件下,视重烷基苯的馏程,磺化率分别可达７０％￣９０％,所得重烷基苯磺酸盐提纯物平均摩尔质量为３７０￣４     

微通道反应器中工业混合直链烷基苯磺酸盐的连续合成工艺研究

直链烷基苯磺酸是一种重要的阴离子表面活性剂,由其合成的直链烷基苯磺酸盐是价格低廉的表面活性剂之一,广泛应用于洗涤和三次采油等领域。以某煤制油企业的工业混合烯烃生产的直链烷基苯为原料,在微通道反应器中连续合成直链烷基苯磺酸,考察磺化温度、原料摩尔比以及磺化剂浓度等工艺条件对磺酸产物的影响规律,并与纯十六烷基苯磺化规律进行对比。研究发现混合直链烷基苯磺化过程中各个工艺条件对产品收率的影响较大。在反应温度为50℃,SO₃与LAB摩尔比为1.0∶1,停留时间为5.09 s条件下,最终产品中活性物含量可达到94.5%(质量)。同时,设计并搭建了微反应器小试平台,实现连续合成混合烷基苯磺酸盐,磺酸盐产品收率在90%以上,可为该工艺的工业应用提供技术支持。     

气相SO_3磺化制备石油磺酸盐的研究进展

石油磺酸盐是目前应用最多的一种三次采油用表面活性剂。本文综述了常用的磺化剂类型及其特点,分析了气相SO3制备石油磺酸盐的反应机理,介绍了气相SO3磺化所用反应器的性能及现状,并展望了石油磺酸盐的研究前景。     

一种耐高温重烷基苯磺酸盐体系及其制备方法

<正>申请号:201610229535.5申请日:2016-04-14申请人:中国石油化工股份有限公司;南化集团研究院本发明涉及了一种耐高温重烷基苯磺酸盐体系及其制备方法分为以下两步:(1)在反应器中加入经切割后的重烷基苯及1,2-二氯乙烷,升温,开动搅拌,用气态SO_3进行磺化,磺酸老化0.5~1 h,氢氧化钠溶液中和,脱除溶剂,得到重烷基苯磺酸钠;(2)在反应器中加入重烷基苯磺酸盐、椰子油脂肪酸二乙醇酰胺、十二烷基甜菜碱,再加入水,升温搅拌0.5 h,既得耐高温重烷基苯磺酸盐体系。本发明的三次采     

改性重烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成及性能

对重烷基苯进行了酰基化改性,然后以氯磺酸为磺化剂进行磺化,合成一种改性重烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂。对所合成的改性重烷基苯磺酸盐进行了性能评价,结果表明,其临界胶束浓度约3.0×10-5 mol·L-1(约为20mg·L-1);当Na2CO3浓度为1.2%时,表面活性剂浓度在0.005%~0.05%范围均可获得10-3m N·m-1的超低界面张力。表面活性剂浓度为0.01%时,Na2CO3浓度在0.8%以上时体系油水界面张可以达到超低。与重烷基苯磺酸盐相比,所合成的表面活性剂活性高,使用浓度低。     

对甲苯磺酸合成工艺的研究进展

从液-液和气-液反应两方面综述了甲苯磺化合成对甲苯磺酸的磺化工艺,介绍了过量硫酸、氯磺酸、液相三氧化硫(SO3)、气相甲苯和气相SO3等磺化工艺,并探讨了气相SO3磺化工艺中釜式反应器、降膜反应器和喷射环流反应器的优缺点。最后就甲苯磺化合成对甲苯磺酸的磺化工艺进行了展望。     

微反应器中甲苯液相SO3磺化工艺研究

以具有快速强放热特性的甲苯液相SO3磺化为目标反应,利用微反应器热、质传递能力强的优点,以提高反应性能和过程可控性。针对微反应器内的甲苯液相SO3磺化工艺进行了研究,考察了反应温度、SO3质量分数、SO3与甲苯物质的量之比、空速(LHSV)、产物放置时间、溶剂极性和母液循环次数对产物选择性的影响。结果表明,在温度为28℃、LHSV为13 000 h-1、1,2-二氯乙烷为溶剂的条件下,通过母液多次循环,磺酸异构体产物中对甲苯磺酸的选择性高达96.54%,间甲苯磺酸选择性则降低至0.33%。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.