齐墩果酸抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞炎症因子表达及其机制研究

探讨齐墩果酸(Oleanolic acid,OA)对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)诱导成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞的炎症因子表达的影响及其机制。首先复苏培养人成纤维细胞样滑膜细胞(FLS),通过RT-PCR检测细胞IL-6及IL-1βmRNA表达,采用Western blot方法检测p38MAPK及NF-κB蛋白表达变化,通过ELISA法检测细胞上清液中IL-6及IL-1β浓度。与对照组比较,TNF-α明显诱导FLS细胞IL-6及IL-1βmRNA的表达及上清液中IL-6及IL-1β的分泌(P0.05),同时磷酸化p38蛋白和核NF-κB明显增加(P0.05),且p38MAPK阻断剂SB203580能抑制TNF-α诱导的核NF-κB增加。OA呈浓度依赖性抑制TNF-α诱导的FLS细胞p38蛋白磷酸化和核NF-κB增加(P0.05)。且OA、p38MAPK通路抑制剂SB203580或NF-κB阻断剂BAY 11-7082均能抑制TNF-α诱导的IL-6及IL-1β分泌增加(P0.05)。综上所述,OA能抑制TNF-α诱导的FLS细胞炎症因子IL-6及IL-1β的产生,其机制可能与抑制p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

p38 MAPK介导高糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变

本文旨在观察p38MAPK与高糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变之间的关系。将雄性Sprague—Dawley（SD）大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病组、胰岛素治疗组,用免疫组织化学、Western blot检测p38MAPK和磷酸化p38MAPK（P—p38MAPK）蛋白表达。采用机械分离和酶消化获取SD大鼠肾小管节段,进行肾小管上皮细胞培养,将肾小管上皮细胞分为对照组、高渗组（20mmol／L D—mannitol）、高糖组（20mmol／L D—glucose）和SB202190（p38MAPK特异性抑制剂）＋高糖组,处理72h后收集细胞,用免疫细胞化学检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α—smooth muscleactin,α-SMA）、p-p38MAPK和Snaill蛋白表达,Western blot检测p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK、Snaill、转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor—β1,TGF-β1）、α-SMA和E-cadherin的表达,RT-PCR检测α-SMA和E-cadherin mRNA的表达。体内和体外结果均显示,高糖状态激活了p38MAPK,这种活化作用在体内可因胰岛素控制血糖而被消除,在体外可被p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB202190显著抑制;高糖组α-SMA蛋白和mRNA在原代培养肾小管上皮细胞的表达较对照组分别增加12倍和8倍（P〈0．01）,SB202190处理组其表达则较高糖组分别减少67％和50％（P〈0．01）。SB202190不影响TGF—β1蛋白表达,但下调Snaill蛋白表达,并部分恢复高糖组E—cadherin蛋白和mRNA的表达。上述结果提示,p38MAPK可能通过转录因子Snaill介导高糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转变。     

聚合度7-15的壳寡糖抑制脂多糖刺激的单核细胞产生TNF-α和IL-8的作用研究

本文通过建立脂多糖刺激的单核细胞炎症损伤模型,观察聚合度7-15的壳寡糖对炎性单核细胞白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响,及对p38丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases,p38MAPK)信号通路磷酸化的影响。采用p38信号通路抑制剂(SB203580)验证抑制p38信号通路对脂多糖诱导的单核细胞表达IL-8和TNF-α的作用,从而探索壳寡糖抑制单核细胞炎性损伤的分子机制。结果表明壳寡糖可抑制脂多糖诱导的单核细胞表达IL-8和TNF-α,并且抑制p38信号蛋白的磷酸化水平。因此,初步认为壳寡糖可能通过抑制炎性U937细胞中p38MAPK信号通路抑制IL-8和TNF-α的表达。     

大黄素对TGF-β1诱导的肾小管上皮细胞间质转分化的影响

目的:探讨大黄素对TGF-β1诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)间质转分化的影响。方法:不同浓度大黄素分别作用于TGF-β1诱导HK-2细胞24 h和48 h,通过细胞增殖实验确定最佳大黄素最佳给药浓度。TGF-β1诱导HK-2细胞24 h后收集细胞用于免疫印迹Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)分析。Western印迹法分别检测纤维化相关蛋白Collagen IV的表达,和肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转分化关键蛋白α-SMA和E-Cadherin的表达;RT-PCR法检测肾小管上皮细胞向间充质细胞转分化关键蛋白α-SMA的表达。结果:由细胞增殖实验结果表明40μM大黄素是最佳给药浓度。Western结果表明,与模型组相比,大黄素组下调纤维化相关蛋白Collagen IV的表达,大黄素组与模型组蛋白差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与模型组相比,大黄素组下调α-SMA蛋白表达水平,而上调E-Cadherin蛋白表达,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。RT-PCR结果表明,与模型组相比,大黄素组降低α-SMA mRNA的含量,大黄素组与模型组α-SMA mRNA含量差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:大黄素可通过抑制TGF-β1诱导的HK-2细胞间质转分化,从而发挥延缓肾间质纤维化的过程。     

高糖诱导肾小球系膜细胞表达TNFα-的机制探讨

目的:初步探讨高糖诱导肾小球系膜细胞表达肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα-)的机制。方法:分别用p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)特异性抑制剂SB203580、核因子-κB(NFκ-B)特异性抑制剂PDTC预刺激肾小球系膜细胞30 min,再以高糖(20 mmol/L)干预48 h后,分别采用RT-PCR法检测系膜细胞内TNFα-mRNA水平,Western blot法检测系膜细胞内磷酸化p38MAPK蛋白水平、细胞核及细胞浆NFκ-B p65蛋白水平。结果:与低糖对照组相比,高糖可促进肾小球系膜细胞内TNFα-mRNA表达,以及p38MAPK、NFκ-B蛋白活化;SB203580(10 mmol/L)、PDTC(10 mmol/L)预刺激肾小球系膜细胞均可抑制高糖诱导肾小球系膜细胞表达TNFα-,且SB203580可抑制高糖诱导系膜细胞内NFκ-B蛋白活化。结论:p38MAPK-NFκ-B信号途径参与介导高糖诱导肾小球系膜细胞表达TNFα-。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶在大鼠油酸型急性肺损伤中的作用

目的:研究p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)通路抑制剂SB203580对油酸性急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠炎症反应及肺水清除的影响,探讨油酸性急性肺损伤中p38MAPK的作用机制,为p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580干预脂肪栓塞综合征诱导肺损伤提供新途径。方法:24只SD雄性成年大鼠随机分为对照组(8只)、油酸模型组(8只)和SB203580干预组(8只)。油酸模型组大鼠经右颈静脉注射油酸0.20 ml/kg,造成急性肺损伤模型;SB203580组大鼠在油酸造模前30 min静脉注射SB203580;建模4 h后处死动物,检测血气分析、右下肺湿干重比(W/D)、肺系数(LI)、肺通透指数(PPI),ELISA法检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNF-α含量,免疫组化和Western blot法检测肺组织p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK蛋白表达水平,检测肺组织病理变化。结果:与对照组相比,油酸模型组大鼠Pa O2及Pa O2/Fi O2明显降低,右下肺湿干重、肺系数和肺通透指数、BALF中炎症因子TNF-α的含量以及pp38MAPK蛋白表达均明显增加(P0.01),肺组织病理学显示明显的急性肺损伤;与油酸模型组相比,以上指标在SB203580干预组则明显改善(P0.01)。结论:p38MAPK信号通路介导的炎性反应在油酸性肺损伤的发病机制中具有重要作用,p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580显著抑制炎症因子的表达,减轻肺水肿,对油酸性肺损伤具有明显的肺保护作用,意味着对p38MAPK的抑制可望为临床上伴有脂肪栓塞综合征(FES)的ALI的防治提供新途径。     

绿脓菌素激活MAPKs、NF-KB信号通路诱导呼吸道上皮细胞IL-8表达

采用绿脓杆菌培养上清及绿脓菌素刺激人呼吸道上皮细胞株A549和SPC-A-1,用ELISA方法检测细胞IL-8分泌水平,并使用免疫印迹(Western blot)方法观察绿脓菌素对细胞内重要的炎症信号传导途径NF—κB及丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPKs)的激活作用。实验发现,绿脓杆菌培养上清及绿脓菌素可诱导呼吸道上皮细胞株IL-8分泌增加,且具有剂量依赖效应。绿脓菌素刺激细胞可使细胞内IκB—α发生降解,同时使MAPK家族蛋白分子(ERK1／2、p38、JNK)发生磷酸化。MEK1／2(ERK1／2激酶)抑制剂U0126(10μmol／L)和p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580(10μmol／L)可降低绿脓菌素诱导A549细胞IL-8的合成。以上结果显示绿脓菌素通过MAPK信号传导通路增强呼吸道上皮细胞IL-8的表达;NF-κB通路也参与了绿脓菌素调控细胞IL-8表达的过程。     

白介素-1β对高糖刺激的人肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响

目的探讨炎症细胞因子白介素-1β（interleukin-1βIL-1β）对高糖刺激的人肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响。-方法体外培养人肾近曲小管上皮细胞株（HKCs）,随机分为正常对照组（5.5 mmol/L normal glucose）;高糖组（30 mmol/L high glucose）;高糖＋IL-1β（5ng/ml）组。分别于处理后24h、48h、72h收集细胞,采用免疫细胞化学染色和Western蛋白印迹法检测细胞角蛋白-18（cytokeratin-18 CK-18）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actinα-SMA）水平。结果高糖能够诱导肾小管上皮细胞α-SMA蛋白的合成增加,而肾小管上皮细胞的标志物CK-18的表达逐渐减少;IL-1β与高糖同时刺激可使肾小管上皮细胞α-SMA蛋白表达进一步增多,而其自身标志物CK-18的表达则明显下降。结论炎症因子IL-1β能增强高糖对肾小管上皮细胞转分化的作用。     

CREB 和NF-κB在p38MAPK所致脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中的作用

目的:探讨CREB和NF-κB在p38MAPK所致脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中的作用,明确脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中p38MAPK细胞信号转导途径的作用。方法:分离培养SPF大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞,设正常组、SP刺激组(SP组,10-7mol/L)、SP刺激+SB203580(10μmol/L)阻断p38MAPK组(SP+SB组)、SP刺激+PD98059(10μmol/L)阻断CREB组(SP+PD组)、SP刺激+SN50(10μmol/L)阻断NF-κB(SP+SN组)。WB法、免疫荧光法、ELISA法检测12 h和24 h时p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65水平及GFAP、TNF-、IL-1β水平变化。结果:SP组脊髓星形胶质细胞p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65显著升高,GFAP水平显著增高,同时TNF-和IL-1β水平显著增高。与SP组比较,用SB203580阻断p38MAPK通路后,SP+SB组p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65显著降低,GFAP、TNF-和IL-1β水平显著降低。用PD98059阻断CREB通路后,SP+PD组p-p38、NF-κBp65无显著变化,p-CREB显著降...     

间充质干细胞来源的外泌体通过TGF-β1/Smad2/3信号通路抑制高糖诱导的成纤维细胞转分化

心脏纤维化是糖尿病患者心肌功能障碍的主要原因。成纤维细胞转分化为成肌纤维细胞是心脏纤维化过程中的一个关键性事件。该研究的目的是探究高糖诱导成纤维细胞转分化的分子机制,并找寻抑制成纤维细胞转分化的方法。结果显示,经高糖处理的BJ细胞(人皮肤成纤维细胞系)与正常BJ细胞相比,α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)的表达明显上调。通过使用SB525334或转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)si RNA抑制TGF-β1/Smad2/3信号通路的活化,发现α-SMA和胶原I的蛋白质水平及Smad2/3的磷酸化水平均降低。同时,SB525334也抑制了高糖诱导的BJ细胞增殖。大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞来源的外泌体(mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome,MSC-Exo)通过降低Smad2/3磷酸化水平,抑制高糖诱导的α-SMA表达。综上所述,高糖通过激活TGF-β1信号通路导致BJ细胞的转分化,而MSC-Exo通过抑制该通路防止BJ细胞的转分化。     

CREB和NF-κB在p38MAPK所致脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中的作用（英文）

目的：探讨CREB和NF-κB在p38MAPK所致脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中的作用,明确脊髓星形胶质细胞活化中p38MAPK细胞信号转导途径的作用。方法：分离培养SPF大鼠脊髓星形胶质细胞,设正常组、SP刺激组（SP组,10-7mol/L）、SP刺激＋SB203580（10μmol/L）阻断p38MAPK组（SP＋SB组）、SP刺激＋PD98059（10μmol/L）阻断CREB组（SP＋PD组）、SP刺激＋SN50（10μmol/L）阻断NF-κB（SP＋SN组）。WB法、免疫荧光法、ELISA法检测12 h和24 h时p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65水平及GFAP、TNF-、IL-1β水平变化。结果：SP组脊髓星形胶质细胞p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65显著升高,GFAP水平显著增高,同时TNF-和IL-1β水平显著增高。与SP组比较,用SB203580阻断p38MAPK通路后,SP＋SB组p-p38、p-CREB、NF-κBp65显著降低,GFAP、TNF-和IL-1β水平显著降低。用PD98059阻断CREB通路后,SP＋PD组p-p38、NF-κBp65无显著变化,p-CREB显著降低,GFAP水平降低,同时TNF-和IL-1β水平降低。用SN50阻断NF-κB通路后,SP＋SN组p-p38、p-CREB无显著变化,NF-κBp65显著降低,GFAP水平降低,同时TNF-和IL-1β水平降低。结论：体外培养中,SP刺激后脊髓星形胶质细胞显著活化,p38MAPK活化后通过CREB及NF-κB信号途径导致胶质细胞炎性因子水平显著升高。     

Antiproliferative effect of IL-1 is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in human melanoma cell A375.

The role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in IL-1-induced growth inhibition was investigated using IL-1-sensitive human melanoma A375-C2-1 cells and IL-1-resistant A375-R8 cells. In both cells, p38 MAPK was activated by IL-1. A selective inhibitor for p38 MAPK, SB203580, almost completely recovered the IL-1-induced growth inhibition in A375-C2-1 cells. IL-1-induced IL-6 production was also suppressed by SB203580. However, the reversal effect of SB203580 was not due to the suppression of IL-6 production because the SB203580 effect was still observed in the presence of exogenous IL-6. Down-regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity as well as its protein level has been shown to be essential for IL-1-induced growth inhibition. SB203580 also reversed the IL-1-induced down-regulation of ODC activity and intracellular polyamine levels without affecting ODC mRNA levels in A375-C2-1 cells. In IL-1-resistant R8 cells, however, IL-1 only slightly suppressed ODC activity. In A375-C2-1 cells, the mRNA expression level of antizyme (AZ), a regulatory factor of ODC activity, has been shown to be up-regulated by IL-1. IL-1-induced up-regulation of AZ mRNA level was not affected by SB203580. These findings demonstrate that p38 MAPK plays an important role in IL-1-induced growth inhibition in A375 cells through down-regulating ODC activity without affecting the level of ODC mRNA and AZ mRNA. In IL-1-resistant A375-R8 cells, IL-1 signaling pathway is deficient between p38 MAPK activation and down-regulation of ODC activity.     

Epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation of renal tubular epithelial cells induced by urinary proteins requires the activation of PKC-α and βI isozymes

Proteinuria is a common feature for almost all glomerular diseases and reflects the severity of the glomerular lesion. The presence of a large amount of proteins in tubular fluid, however, may also contribute to the development of RIF (renal interstitial fibrosis). Endocytosis of albumin in proximal tubular cells triggers PKC (protein kinase C)-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species and secretion of chemokines. As a family including 12 isozymes, which PKC isozymes participate in RIF is still unclear. EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation) of RTECs (renal tubular epithelial cells) plays a crucial role in the progress of RIF induced by proteinuria. In the present study, we investigated the role of classical PKC isozymes in the proteinuria-induced EMT of RTECs. Employing immunochemical staining, we found that PKC-α, -βI and -βII were expressed in glomerulus and in RTECs in both normal and diseased renal tissues, while PKC-γ was only expressed in podocytes in the glomerulus. Treatment of HK-2 cells with extracted urinary proteins resulted in EMT, as evidenced by morphological changes, decreased E-cadherin expression, increased α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) expression, as well as production of type I collagen and fibronectin. Western blot analysis of PKC isozymes in the cytosolic compared with membrane fraction revealed translocation of PKC-α and -βI, but not PKC-βII, in HK-2 cells undergoing EMT. Pretreatment with selective PKC-α inhibitor G-6976 or PKC-β inhibitor significantly attenuated EMT induced by urinary proteins. In summary, the present study suggested that PKC-α and -βI play critical roles in the EMT of RTECs in response to urinary proteins.     

高脂喂养大鼠肾小管上皮细胞SREBP-1、TGF-β1、α-SMA的表达和细胞外基质沉积

目的:探讨高脂喂养对大鼠肾脏小管上皮细胞SREBP-1、TGF-β1、α-SMA表达和细胞外基质(ECM)的影响。方法:高脂饲料喂养大鼠12周后,油红O检测肾脏脂质沉积,Masson染色检测肾小管间质细胞外基质沉积,免疫组化、Western blot和原位杂交检测SREBP-1、TGF-β1、α-SMA和FN的表达。结果:高脂喂养后大鼠体重明显增加,血糖、甘油三酯和胰岛素均升高,油红O检测显示大鼠肾小管上皮细胞内出现明显脂滴。SREBP-1蛋白和mRNA在肾小管上皮细胞内表达,高脂组高于正常对照组,分别是正常组的1.88倍和1.85倍;TGF-β1和α-SMA也定位于肾小管上皮细胞胞浆并出现上调。Masson染色显示高脂喂养大鼠肾间质ECM沉积增多,纤维粘连蛋白FN检测也显示模型组表达强于对照组。结论:高脂饮食喂养可能通过上调肾脏小管上皮细胞SREBP-1表达使细胞内脂滴沉积,并进一步诱导TGF-β1、α-SMA合成而导致细胞外基质堆积。     

Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases and tyrosine kinases on IL-1-Induced NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression in bovine articular chondrocytes.

Nitric oxide (NO), produced by the inducible isoform of the NO synthase (iNOS), plays an important role in the pathophysiology of arthritic diseases. This work aimed at elucidating the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38MAPK and p42/44MAPK, and of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) on interleukin-1beta (IL-1)-induced iNOS expression in bovine articular chondrocytes. The specific inhibitor of the p38MAPK, SB 203580, effectively inhibited IL-1-induced iNOS mRNA and protein synthesis, as well as NO production, while the specific inhibitor of the p42/44MAPK, PD 98059, had no effect. These responses to IL-1 were also inhibited by treatment of the cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and tyrphostin B42, which also prevented IL-1-induced NF-kappaB activation. The p38MAPK inhibitor, SB 203580, had no effect on IL-1-induced NF-kappaB activation. Finally, the p42/44MAPK inhibitor, PD 98059, prevented IL-1-induced AP-1 activation in a concentration that did not inhibit iNOS expression. In conclusion, this study shows that (1) PTK are part of the signaling pathway that leads to IL-1-induced NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression; (2) the p38MAPK cascade is required for IL-1-induced iNOS expression; (3) the p42/44MAPK and AP-1 are not involved in IL-1-induced iNOS expression; and (4) NF-kappaB and the p38MAPK lie on two distinct pathways that seem to be independently required for IL-1-induced iNOS expression. Hence, inhibition of any of these two signaling cascades is sufficient to prevent iNOS expression and the subsequent production of NO in articular chondrocytes.     

波动性高糖对肾小管上皮细胞Wnt／β-catenin信号途径的影响

肾脏纤维化分为肾小球硬化和肾小管间质纤维化（tubular interstitial fibrosis,TIF）,而TIF过程与肾损伤具有密切的关系。TIF是由于细胞外基质的过度沉积造成的,肌成纤维细胞是TIF发生发展过程中产生细胞外基质的主要细胞,该过程被成纤维细胞激活,涉及上皮细胞向肌成纤维细胞的转分化^[1-2]。Wnt／β-catenin信号途径涉及细胞增殖、肿瘤发生与转移的调控。β-catenin是Wnt信号途径的关键分子,在细胞的生长与分化过程中起着重要的作用,