光质对刺芹侧耳原基发生期分化及生理效应的影响

为探索光质对刺芹侧耳原基发生的影响,将长满菌丝体的菌包进行不同光质(红光、黄光、绿光、蓝光、白光、黑暗)处理,观察记录原基分化及子实体生长状况,并测定原基分化过程中的胞外酶活性和海藻糖含量.结果显示:不同光质条件下原基发生时间略有差异,菇蕾分化差异明显;与工厂化生产常用的白光照射条件相比,绿光处理组中子实体的农艺性状更优,菌柄直径和长度均加长,菌盖直径相应变大,但生物学效率差异不显著;不同光质处理对羧甲基纤维素酶、半纤维素酶活性的影响不够显著,对淀粉酶的影响较大.原基分化期红光、绿光、白光、黑暗4个处理组中的海藻糖含量均呈现下降趋势;黄光与蓝光处理组中该指标的变化相似,在原基形成时出现一个极大值,具体缘由有待进一步探究.本研究表明绿光可以作为刺芹侧耳工厂化生产的首选光质.(图6表3参20)     

HNO_3在气相及SiO_2表面的紫外光解反应

利用紫外及红外吸收光谱等分析手段对365 nm光照下HNO3在气相与SiO2表面的光解反应进行了研究.考察了HNO3浓度、光照时间、相对湿度等条件对反应的影响.结果表明:随着HNO3浓度及光照时间的增加,光解产生的NO2和NO浓度均呈指数增加;无水汽情况下,400 Pa的HNO3光解45 min后,产生NO2及NO浓度比气相光解产生的分别高约3及1.7倍.HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随相对湿度的增加而呈线性增加,在SiO2颗粒物表面光解产生的NO2浓度随着相对湿度的增加而减少,而NO浓度则随之增大.400 Pa的HNO3光照45 min后,SiO2表面光解产生的HONO浓度是气相光解的3倍、SiO2表面暗反应的约30倍.     

紫背天葵(Begonia fimbristipula Hance)叶片形态和生理生态特征对不同光强的响应

紫背天葵(Begonia fimbristipula Hance)是我国特有的珍稀濒危药用植物。以紫背天葵组培球茎为材料,通过遮阴网设置3种光照强度,分析紫背天葵叶片形态、生理、营养元素及次生代谢产物含量对光照的响应特征,以期为其人工栽培提供理论指导。结果表明,紫背天葵的比叶面积和表观量子效率随光照强度的增大而降低,而上表皮厚度随光照强度的增大而增加。尽管高光照(80%自然光照)处理下的紫背天葵叶片具有更高的最大光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、瞬时水分及光能利用效率,但对照(50%自然光照)下的紫背天葵叶片具有更丰富的总花青素含量(0.4μmol·g-1)。与对照相比,低光照下(20%自然光照)的紫背天葵叶片最大光和速率、暗呼吸速率、光补偿点、光饱和点及瞬时水分利用效率显著降低,且总花青素含量无显著差异。上述结果表明,紫背天葵可通过调节自身形态生理特征来适应较高或较低的光照条件,对不同的光环境有较好的适应能力。但从叶片药用成分保持的角度来看,紫背天葵在接近原生境光照条件的50%自然光照下具有更佳的光合作用和花青素合成能力,可作为其人工栽培的参考光照条件。     

不同光照和淹浸程度对木榄幼苗生长的综合效应

光照和淹水是影响无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)林下乡土红树自然更新的主要限制因子。为了探究光照和水淹对木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)幼苗生长的影响,运用潮汐模拟系统培养木榄幼苗,设置淹水9、12、15和18 h,光照30%、60%和100%,共12个光照+淹水交互处理组合,研究木榄幼苗的叶数、节数、高度、叶生物量、茎生物量、根生物量及总生物量等7项指标。结果表明,(1)光照处理对木榄幼苗叶数、节数和高度影响均不显著,节数和叶数随光照强度增加而增多,高度随光照强度增加而降低;叶、茎、根及总生物量随光照强度的增加而升高,淹水时间9 h和12 h处理组,叶、茎、根及总生物量随光照强度的增加显著升高,淹水18h时差异不显著。(2)淹水处理对叶数、节数和高度影响均不显著,节数随淹水时间增加而增多,叶数和高度随淹水时间增加呈先增加后降低趋势;光照30%时,叶、茎、根及总生物量呈先升后降再升再降低的趋势;光照60%和100%处理组,木榄幼苗叶、茎、根及总生物量呈先升高后降低趋势,各部分生物量在光照100%处理组中差异显著,光照60%和30%处理组生物量差异不显著。(3)光照-淹水交互处理对叶数、节数和高度影响均不显著,节数以18 h100%组最多,叶数以12 h100%组最多,高度以12 h30%组最高;对叶、茎、根及总生物量有显著影响,其最大的处理组合均为12 h100%。(4)结合相关性分析可知,叶数、茎生物量、叶生物量和根生物量与这些环境因素显著相关,节数和高度与其他指标相关性不显著。主成分分析得出光照对木榄幼苗的适应性生长起到关键作用,光照60%～100%和淹水时间9～12 h对木榄幼苗生长有促进作用。     

不同LED光质对石蒜幼苗生长、生理和生物碱积累的影响

为通过环境调控提高石蒜产量、增加生物碱含量,设置6种光质,即白光(CK)、红光(R)、蓝光(B)以及红蓝复合光RB(1:2)、RB(2:1)、RB(1:1),研究不同光质对石蒜幼苗生长、生理特性和生物碱积累的影响,筛选适合石蒜幼苗生长和生物碱积累的光质条件.结果表明:与CK相比,红蓝复合光质可以加快促进石蒜幼苗的生长,其中进行红蓝复合光RB(1:2)处理后,根长、根数、干重、鲜重和鳞茎直径等都明显比CK更高,依次提高了10.91%、146.48%、158.69%、34.92%和133.33%;单一的红光不利于石蒜幼苗叶绿素的合成,一定比例的红蓝复合光能够促进叶绿素合成,RB(1:2)处理后幼苗叶绿素含量达到最高值,比CK约高出1.22倍;而RB(2:1)处理后,促进了石蒜幼苗可溶性糖的积累,蓝光能够提高其可溶性蛋白的含量;与CK相比,RB(1:2)处理下石蒜幼苗丙二醛含量显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性较低,说明RB(1:2)处理可以显著降低膜脂过氧程度;B处理下石蒜幼苗加兰他敏、石蒜碱和力可拉敏含量最高,分别是CK的1.84倍、1.62倍和1.11倍.可以看出,RB(1:2)处理对石蒜幼苗的生长、叶片光合色素合成和生物量积累都起到了积极的促进作用,并且膜脂过氧化程度比较低,因此是石蒜幼苗的最佳生长光质条件,B处理(蓝光)可以促进石蒜生物碱的积累;结果可为利用LED光质调控技术提高石蒜种苗的质量提供理论基础.(图2表3参33)     

菹草石芽萌发及幼苗生长对光、温因子的响应

试验分冬夏2季进行.冬季采用盆栽试验方法,研究了菹草石芽在弱光环境下的萌发和幼苗生长以及弱光对菹草叶片光合效率的影响.冬季试验共设6个光照处理,即:2×104～5×104(对照,晴天中午最大[光]照度)、350～450、160～260、60～80、30～50、0～30 lx,试验时间为67 d.夏季试验在光照培养箱内进行,研究高温条件下石芽萌发的[光]照度阈值.夏季试验设6个光照处理,即:1 400、970、660、450、160、120 lx.结果表明:(1)冬季试验,栽培45 d时菹草石芽全部萌发,光照对石芽萌发无显著影响;夏季水温(32±1) ℃条件下,石芽萌发的[光]照度阈值为120～160 lx,[光]照度达到1 400 lx,石芽就能够达到自然萌发率.(2)菹草幼苗生长前期,5个弱光处理菹草株高生长速率(约1.20 cm·d-1)快于光照较充足的对照(0.92 cm·d-1);幼苗生长后期,对照菹草生长速率(3.15 cm·d-1)快于5个弱光处理菹草生长速率(1.09 cm·d-1),且各处理叶片数并未随株高的增加而增加.(3)冬季试验,菹草石芽萌发后的第39天,对照及各处理菹草幼苗的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qp)随着[光]照度的减弱而下降,弱光对菹草幼苗光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)产生显著影响;非光化学淬灭系数(qn)随[光]照度的减弱而增加,对菹草幼苗叶片PSⅡ有一定的保护作用.(4)从快速光响应曲线可以看出,长期光照不足导致菹草植株的光响应能力显著降低.     

LED单色光质对黄瓜幼苗叶片和下胚轴中内源激素含量的影响

为了解光质及内源激素对黄瓜幼苗形态建成的影响,并向设施栽培育苗过程中光源的合理配置提供理论依据,采用发光二极管(Light-emitting diode,LED)精确调制光谱能量分布,以白光为对照(CK),研究红、蓝、黄、绿4种单色光质下黄瓜幼苗叶片和下胚轴中赤霉素(GA3)、生长素(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)含量的变化.结果表明:不同光质可能通过调节内源激素的分布来影响黄瓜幼苗的光形态建成.红光和蓝光通过影响IAA的极性运输,影响真叶的生长进程,其中红光显著促进了IAA的极性运输,叶片中IAA含量仅20μg g-1,而下胚轴中IAA含量却高达120μg g-1;黄光处理下叶片中GA3含量高(约为对照的2倍),抑制叶片脱黄化,并引起叶片卷曲.各单色光质下黄瓜幼苗下胚轴与对照相比均有不同程度伸长,说明光对幼苗下胚轴的抑制作用可能是各种光质共同作用的结果.黄、绿光处理下胚轴中GA3含量显著升高,ABA含量显著降低,下胚轴显著伸长;红光引起下胚轴中GA3和ABA含量显著升高,但下胚轴长度增加不明显,黄瓜幼苗下胚轴的伸长可能与光质调节GA3和ABA的相对水平密切相关.综上所述,不同光质对黄瓜幼苗中内源激素含量的变化影响显著,从而引起了幼苗形态特征的显著变化.     

光生物反应器培养紫球藻及藻粉降血脂的研究

研究了搅拌式光生物反应器中搅拌速度、通气量对紫球藻生长、胞外多糖和藻细胞超微结构的影响．实验结果表明：在特定光照(1000μmolm^-2s^-1)和培养温度(25℃)条件下，当搅拌转速为200r／min、通气量为0．71vvm时，藻生长速度和胞外多糖含量最高；增加通气量有利于藻细胞胞外多糖及生物量的提高．对藻细胞超微结构的观察发现，与摇床培养相比，搅拌式光生物反应器使藻细胞淀粉颗粒明显增多，粘质鞘层变薄，光合片层增多．动物实验表明，紫球藻能明显降低摄食高脂饲料SD大鼠血脂TC、TG、LDL-C水平，并提高HDL-C含量．实验结果预示，紫球藻对预防动脉粥样硬化和冠心病的发生有一定的意义．图2表3参26     

光照对伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）幼苗生长及部分光能转化特性的影响

将伊乐藻幼苗种植于不同光照强度水体中,定期测定伊乐藻主要生长发育指标,并用水下饱和脉冲叶绿素荧光仪测定幼苗叶片的叶绿素光合荧光参数,研究高于光饱和点的光强、介于光饱和点与补偿点之间的光强、低于光补偿点的光强对伊乐藻幼苗生长以及光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光合荧光特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同光照强度对伊乐藻幼苗株高、叶片数、鲜重有显著影响.100%、5%、1%自然光照组伊乐藻幼苗株高、叶片数、鲜重随时间变化均呈现增加趋势,但试验后期100%自然光照组幼苗增长率有所下降,1%自然光照组增长率变缓;0.5%、0.1%、0.05%自然光照组幼菌株高、叶片数、鲜重随时间变化均呈现下降趋势,试验结束时,0.1%、0.05%自然光照组幼苗株高比初始降低了 20%、60%;(2)不同光照强度对伊乐藻幼苗叶片的光合色素含量有显著影响.Chla、Chlb含量随光强减弱均呈现升高趋势,而Chla/Chlb则呈现降低趋势,表明随着光强的逐渐降低,植物通过调节色素含量来增加对光能的捕获,从而提高叶片对光能的吸收以适应外界的逆境生长环境;(3)伊乐藻幼苗光适应能力随光照强度小同而有明显差异,其中5%自然光照组幼苗光适应能力明显高于其他组,试验结束时,6组幼苗的最大电子传递速率由大到小依次为5%、100%、1%、0.5%、0.1%、0.05%自然光照组.     

乙烯菌核利在水溶液中的光解动力学

以高压汞灯和太阳光为光源，研究乙烯菌核利在重蒸水、自来水、湖水及pH缓冲液中的光解动力学。高压汞灯下，乙烯菌核利在重蒸水中的光解半衰期约为28min，而在太阳光下为3．86h。自来水和湖水中溶解性物质对乙烯菌核利在高压汞灯下的光解动力学仅有微弱的淬灭效应，但在太阳光下表现出显著的敏化效应，照光3h的敏化效率分别为138％和126％。2种光源下，pH5．0和pH7．0缓冲液对乙烯菌核利的光解均表现为光淬灭效应，高压汞灯照光60min的淬灭效率分别为69％和57％，太阳光照光7h的淬灭效率分别为77％和33％；pH9．0缓冲液则表现出显著的敏化效应，高压汞灯照光20min的敏化效率为58％，而太阳光照光1h的敏化效率则达到了415％。     

天然锰矿-次氯酸钠光催化氧化处理分散蓝2BLN废水

采用天然锰矿和次氯酸钠在紫外光的照射下处理分散蓝2BLN废水，探讨了影响水溶液中分散蓝2BLN染料的光催化降解的各种影响因素。当通入氧气时，天然锰矿用量为20g／L、次氯酸钠的用量为20mL／L、光强2000W、光距10cm、反应时间为60min、pH值在7．5-9．5，废水的COD去除率达52％，脱色率达93％。     

Effect of illumination on the hydrogen-production capability of anaerobic activated sludge

To investigate the influence of illumination on the fermentative hydrogen production system, the hydrogen production efficiencies of two kinds of anaerobic activated sludge (floc and granule) from an anaerobic baffled reactor were detected under visible light, dark and light-dark, respectively. The 10 mL floc sludge or granular sludge was respectively inoculated to 100 mL diluted molasses (chemical oxygen demand of 8000 mg·L^-1) in a 250 mL serum bottle, and cultured for 24 h at 37°C under different illumination conditions. The results showed that the floc was more sensitive to illumination than the granule. A hydrogen yield of 19.8 mL was obtained in the dark with a specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1 (floc), which was the highest among the three illumination conditions. Under dark condition, the hydrogen yield of floc sludge reached the highest with the specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, and under light-dark, light, the specific hydrogen production rate was 3.11 and 2.21 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the illumination may affect the dehydrogenase activity of sludge as well as the activity of hydrogen-producing acetogens and then impact hydrogen production capacity.     

Effect of blue light on early sporophyte development of Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyta)

Growth and photosynthesis in the blade of Saccharina sporophytes are strongly stimulated by blue light. However, little is known about the effect of blue light on the early development and longitudinal photosynthesis profile of Saccharina sporophytes. In this study, S. japonica sporelings were cultured under blue or red light for 8 weeks. Blue light affected longitudinal, tangential cell divisions and tissue differentiation early in sporophyte development. The number of latitudinal cells in the blade under blue light was over fivefold that under red light. In addition, the number of cell layers was higher in the growing point than in the blade under blue light, whereas sporelings grown under red light contained only a single cell layer. Under blue light, the photosynthetic capacities of the growing region, blade and stipe were similar, and the maximum relative electron transport rate was even lower in the growing point than in the blade. The longitudinal photosynthesis profile suggested that blue light stimulated the enzymes participating in light-independent carbon fixation in the growing point and accordingly was less dependent on high light irradiances. Collectively, the results indicated that blue light promotes the early development of S. japonica sporophytes, which was attributed to both photomorphogenetic responses and photosynthetic reactions.     

Visible light sensitive activated carbon-metal oxide (TiO2, WO3, NiO,and SnO) nano-catalysts for photo-degradation of methylene blue: a comparative study

Four composites of metal oxide doped with activated carbon with a metal oxide weight of 20% were prepared using mechano-mixing method. The nano-catalysts were characterized by N₂-adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-diffuse reflectance, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Photo-catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under UV 254 nm and visible light was examined. In general, prepared catalysts are more active for degradation of dye under visible light than UV, reaching 96% within 180?min irradiation using the SnO catalyst. Photo-degradation of methylene blue followed pseudo first order reaction mechanism with a rate constant of 14.8?×?10^?3?min^?1, and the time required for removal of 50% of dye was 47?min.     

Light regulation of nitrate reductase in Ulya fenestrata (Chlorophyceae)

Observations were made on the behavior of nitrate reductase activity in the green alga Ulva fenestrata under controlled light:dark regimes. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) was examined in response to normal seasonal photoperiods as well as in response to shortened or extended periods of darkness. NR activity exhibits a light-dependent diurnal rhythm under both normal summer and winter photoperiods, with a maximum in the early morning (2 to 2.5 h after the start of illumination). This peak of activity is followed by a lower steady-state level of activity which is sustained throughout the light period. There is a sustained minimal level of activity in darkness. The morning peak in activity is always observed as long as tissue is illuminated, irrespective of the previous light or dark treatments. As such, it appears that nitrate reductase activity in U. fenestrata is under circadian control. There is no major difference in the NR activity pattern between summer and winter plants, except that the peak activity values in winter plants are consistently much higher (5 times) than in summer plants. The study also suggests that illumination prior to the normal start of photoperiod triggers a different set of regulatory mechanisms, indicating that the physiological state of plants is important in dictating the NR activity response to illumination.Please address all correpondence and requests for reprints to G. J. Smith at his present address (Hopkins Marine Station)     

蓝光对萝卜向光性反应能力的调节

黑暗中培养的萝卜黄化苗在单侧蓝光辐时下的向光性反应比较迟钝。光照预辐射可以改变黄化苗的向光性反应能力，蓝光对向光性反应能力的影响达到显著水平，而红光和远红光的作用不显著；蓝光预辐射０－２ｈ，向光性反应能力按比例增加；１辐射２－１２ｈ，向光性反应能力的增加趋于饱和。蓝光２ｈ诱导增强的向光性反应能力在０－８ｈ的黑暗中可以保持１ｈ，随后便自行逐渐减弱。本文的研究涉及到蓝光对向光性反应能力的调节，在时间上位于向光性诱导及其反应过程之前，反应能力的增强及其在黑暗中的衰减过程均能在实验条件下得到有效的控制，这些结果对进一步筛选与向光性反应能力形成有关的特异蛋白质及ｍＲＮＡ提供了一个可操作的实验体系。     

表面活性剂和金属离子对新农药硫肟醚光解的影响

硫肟醚[O-(3-苯氧苄基)-2-甲硫基-1-(4-氯苯基)丙基酮肟醚]是我国研制成功的具有自主知识产权的一种新型杀虫剂.在室内紫外光(λ254 nm)照射下研究了几种表面活性剂和金属离子对硫肟醚在水溶液中光解的影响.试验结果表明,当土温80(Tween80)、十二烷基苯磺酸钙(ABS-Ca)、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚(BY)、三氯化铁(FeCl_3)、硫酸铜(CuSO_4)和无水硫酸镁(MgSO_4)分别与硫肟醚以1:1的比例混合后,硫肟醚的光解速率发生了不同程度的改变.ABS-Ca对硫肟醚在水溶液中的光解速率表现出显著的光猝灭降解效应,蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚类表面活性剂BY对硫肟醚在水溶液中的降解表现出一定程度的光敏化作用.而吐温80对硫肟醚在水体中光解速率的影响则随照光时间而改变,当照光时间小于40 min时,表现为光敏化降解作用,大于40 min时可延缓硫肟醚的光解进程,表现出光猝灭作用.Fe~(3+)使硫肟醚在水溶液中的光解速率增快,表现出明显的光敏化降解效应,而Cu~(2+)和Mg~(2+)使硫肟醚在水体中的光解速率减慢,表现为较强的光猝灭降解作用.硫肟醚在含Tween80、ABS-Ca、BY、FeCl_3、CuSO_4和MgSO_4水溶液中的光解半衰期分别为21.63、34.42、15.29、9.85、43.95和32.20 min,而在不含任何农药化肥的纯净水中的光解半衰期为22.30 min.     

Light quality in relation to growth,photosynthetic rates and carbon metabolism in two species of marine plankton algae

The effect of light quality on growth, photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in two species of marine algae,Cyclotella nana (Hustedt) andDunaliella tertiolecta (Butcher), was examined. Relative growth constants forC. nana were 0.37, 0.29 and 0.25 in blue, white and green light, respectively. Corresponding constants were 0.41, 0.31 and 0.29 forD. tertiolecta. Photosynthetic rates in both species were higher in blue light and lower in green light compared with white light of the same intensity. More than 60% of¹⁴C assimilated byC. nana orD. tertiolecta grown in blue or green light was incorporated into the ethanol-insoluble fraction, compared with 10 to 30% in this fraction in white light. The relative importance of the various components within this fraction was independent of light quality. Although less¹⁴C was assimilated into the ethanol-soluble fraction in blue or green light, there was a relative increase in some amino acids and organic acids in this fraction and a decrease in sugars and sugar phosphates relative to white light of the same intensity. These differences were independent of light intensity, photosynthetic rate and cell density in the cultures.     

基于苋菜转录组的ARF基因家族鉴定及表达

ARFs(auxin response factors)是重要的生长素响应因子,在植物的生长发育过程中起着关键的作用.基于‘大红’苋菜转录组数据,通过在线分析软件SMART和NCBI-Blastp的注释筛选苋菜ARF基因家族成员(AtrARF);利用生物信息学分析软件,对AtrARFs蛋白的理化性质、二级结构、亚细胞定位、保守氨基酸序列进行预测分析;构建系统进化树,预测可能调控AtrARF的miRNAs.分析AtrARF在蓝光和黑暗处理下苋菜胚轴中,及在不同种类及浓度的生长素处理下苋菜幼苗中的表达水平.分析结果表明,在苋菜中共鉴定得到29个ARF基因,其编码蛋白的长度在80-1 107 aa之间,蛋白分子量约为8.850×10³-123.300×10³,等电点在4.09-9.92之间.亚细胞定位预测结果均定位于细胞核,有15个保守氨基酸序列;系统进化树显示,29个AtrARF分为3个大组;MiRNA预测结果显示,至少有5个AtrARF家族成员受到miRNA调控.定量结果显示,AtrARFs在蓝光和黑暗、不同种类及浓度的生长素处理下表达模式均不相同.本研究表明AtrARFs受光质和生长素调控,在苋菜生长发育过程中发挥重要作用.(图8表4参34)