乘波体前体/进气道一体化设计研究

为了研究乘波体几何外形参数和飞行参数对前体/进气道一体化设计的影响,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,以马赫数Ma=6和攻角α=0为设计状态、进气道总压恢复系数和前体阻力系数为目标函数,对乘波体前体/进气道进行了优化设计,并在此基础上研究了攻角、马赫数、前缘半径、前体宽度对气动参数的影响。结果表明:该乘波体前体/进气道构型具有良好的攻角特性,总压恢复系数比基准构型提高17.79%,阻力系数比基准构型降低78.5%,符合高超声速飞行器高升力、低阻力的要求,且非常适合小攻角高超声速巡航飞行;为了得到较高升阻比的前体,在前缘半径R≤2mm的范围内进行流场反设计时,可以将设计马赫数的取值比预期低一些。     

进口导叶／叶轮／扩压器非定常相干的数值与实验研究

在不同进口导叶预旋角度下,采用非定常的方法对进口导叶/叶轮/扩压器三部件之间非定常相干进行了数值与实验研究,探讨了三部件之间动静相干的机理.结果表明,在进口导叶/叶轮/扩压器三部件相干时,最大的脉动压力出现在叶轮和扩压器之间的动静交界面上.当进口导叶预旋角度存在时,叶轮与扩压器之间无叶区内的非定常流动以叶轮叶片通过频率和1/2叶片通过频率为基频;而当扩压器进口安装角增大时,径向间隙内的流动则主要以1/2叶片通过频率为基频.在不同的配置下,湍流强度和非定常度均有朝向轮盘增加的趋势.在进口导叶正预旋60°同扩压器进口安装角为17°时的配置有增大湍流强度和非定常度的趋势.     

翼反角对高压捕获翼构型亚声速气动特性影响分析研究

高压捕获翼新型气动布局在高超声速设计状态下具有较好的气动性能, 新升力面的引入使其在亚声速条件下也具有较大的升力, 但在亚声速下的稳定特性还有待研究. 基于高压捕获翼气动布局基本原理, 在机身-三角翼组合体上添加单支撑和捕获翼, 设计了一种参数化高压捕获翼概念构型. 以捕获翼和机体三角翼上/下反角为设计变量, 采用均匀试验设计、计算流体力学数值计算方法及Kriging代理模型方法, 研究了0° ~ 10°攻角状态下不同翼反角对高压捕获翼构型亚声速气动特性的影响, 重点分析了升阻特性、纵向和横航向稳定性的变化规律以及流场涡结构等. 结果表明, 小攻角状态下翼反角对升阻比的影响比大攻角更加显著, 捕获翼上反时, 升阻比略微增大, 下反则升阻比减小; 三角翼上反时, 升阻比减小, 下反则升阻比先略微增大后缓慢减小; 翼反角对纵向稳定性的总体影响较小, 捕获翼上反会稍微提高纵向稳定性, 而三角翼上反则会降低纵向稳定性; 捕获翼或三角翼上反都会增强横向稳定性, 下反则减弱横向稳定性, 但大攻角状态时, 三角翼上反角过大对提升横向稳定性作用有限; 捕获翼上反航向稳定性增强, 下反航向稳定性则减弱, 而三角翼下反对提升航向稳定性的整体效果比上反更加显著.      

钝头机体用嵌入式大气数据传感系统的解算精度研究1）

针对一种钝头机体用嵌入式大气数据传感(flush air data sensing,FADS) 系统的实施方案及求解精度展开研究. 基于15° 钝头体外形,在马赫数Ma = 2.04, 3.02, 5.01,攻角α 介于-5°和25°之间,不考虑侧滑角的情况下,采用势流理论及修正的牛顿流理论建立了该FADS 系统的气动模型. 首先利用经典的三点式算法建立了攻角的求解方案,并采用最小二乘曲线拟合的方法对误差进行了修正;随后建立相应的迭代衰减算法解算静压及动压,最后根据压力比与马赫数的关系求解马赫数. 对解算的数据与实际飞行参数进行了比较,结果表明,建立的钝头机体用FADS 系统的模型及算法精度较好,攻角绝对误差小于0.1°,静压相对误差小于5%,马赫数绝对误差小于0.01.     

钝头机体用嵌入式大气数据传感系统的解算精度研究

针对一种钝头机体用嵌入式大气数据传感(flush air data sensing,FADS)系统的实施方案及求解精度展开研究.基于15°钝头体外形,在马赫数Ma=2.04,3.02,5.01,攻角α介于-5°和25°之间,不考虑侧滑角的情况下,采用势流理论及修正的牛顿流理论建立了该FADS系统的气动模型.首先利用经典的三点式算法建立了攻角的求解方案,并采用最小二乘曲线拟合的方法对误差进行了修正;随后建立相应的迭代衰减算法解算静压及动压,最后根据压力比与马赫数的关系求解马赫数.对解算的数据与实际飞行参数进行了比较,结果表明,建立的钝头机体用FADS系统的模型及算法精度较好,攻角绝对误差小于0.1°,静压相对误差小于5%,马赫数绝对误差小于0.01.     

S弯进气道流动控制技术的试验研究

在低速风洞中采用微型叶片作为涡流发生器对某S弯进气道进行流动控制,通过风洞试验研究了微型叶片的不同参数(包括叶片高度、轴向位置、安装组数)对进气道气动特性的影响。试验测量了来流风速V=60m/s、模型攻角α=8°的条件下有/无微型导流叶片时进气道出口截面的总压和静压分布,并由此计算得到进气道出口截面的总压恢复系数和畸变指数。试验结果表明:微型叶片的不同参数(包括叶片高度、轴向位置、安装组数)对进气道流动有明显影响;通过在进气道第一弯道处安装合适高度和组数的微型叶片涡发生器,可以明显改善进气道出口流动;在现有的试验条件下,叶片高度h/Ri=0.02、轴向位置Xvg/Ri=1、组数Nvg=8是相对较优的流动控制方案,主要表现为:与未安装微型叶片相比,进气道流量系数φ=0.8时出口畸变指数降低了0.051,总压恢复系数提高了0.007。     

横向喷流对低速大攻角细长旋成体非对称气动特性影响研究

采用风洞试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对雷诺数Re=55 000条件下细长旋成体有、无横向喷流时大攻角非对称特性进行了分析.通过风洞试验发现了旋成体在法向和侧向进行喷流时其大攻角非对称气动特性与无喷流时的区别,通过数值模拟方法对几个典型工况下旋成体有、无横向喷流时的非对称气动特性进行了分析,揭示了喷流对旋成体非对称流动分离的影响.通过风洞试验发现当细长旋成体进行法向控制时无喷流、喷流位于迎风区和喷流位于背风区的旋成体表现出了不同的非对称流动特性:首先喷流位于迎风区时攻角范围在20°～40°之间有喷流和无喷流旋成体所产生的侧向力方向相反,攻角大于40°之后侧向力系数的方向发生了改变,与无喷流时的侧向力系数方向相同,但是其绝对值要比无喷流时的侧向力系数小.其次喷流位于背风区时攻角在15°～35°之间有喷流时的侧向力系数绝对值要明显比无喷流时大,在随后的40°～70°之间旋成体侧向力系数变化规律与无喷流的趋势相似.当细长旋成体进行侧向控制时由于沿侧向的喷流所产生的直接力使得攻角范围在0°～20°之间和大于45°时有喷流的旋成体侧向力系数绝对值要比无喷流时大,但是攻角在25°～40°之间时旋成体...     

阻旋栅对梳齿密封动静特性影响研究

阻旋栅可改变密封进口流体周向流动与进口预旋，是提高系统稳定性的主要方法之一. 本文作者应用计算流体力学方法研究了阻旋栅几何参数对梳齿密封动静特性的影响，计算分析了阻旋栅在不同长度、间隙、周向个数及不同进口预旋比下密封流场分布与动力特性系数，并与无阻旋栅梳齿密封进行对比. 研究表明:阻旋栅能够有效抑制密封进口周向流动、降低密封腔室周向压力；随着阻旋栅周向个数与阻旋栅间隙的减小，其抑制效果增强，阻旋栅长度的增加对周向速度影响则越来越小；提高预旋比将使密封内流体周向速度增加. 与传统梳齿密封相比，具有阻旋栅的梳齿密封直接阻尼增加，交叉刚度降低，进而有效阻尼提高. 阻旋栅间隙s=0.20 mm、长度l=3.25 mm、数量n=90时密封有效阻尼较大，系统稳定性最好.      

海流作用下轮机叶轮的屈曲失效分析

采用有限元计算方法,全面系统地研究了在海流联合作用下卧式海流轮机叶轮的屈曲失效行为。运用屈曲失效理论、几何力分析、三维数值模拟计算相结合的手段,考虑到轮机叶轮在海流作用过程中产生的内应力作用,分析并讨论了水动力攻角、海流作用力、轮毂对叶轮的支撑点分布位置、叶轮内外压差等参数对叶轮径向屈曲失效的影响。结果表明:海流联合作用时,弦向海流力比纵向海流力的有效推力转换率高68%,相较于传统纯潮流作用下,海流联合作用时的叶轮结构未发生明显屈曲;水动力攻角20°时叶轮抗屈曲能力强,相对径向屈曲形变量比水动力攻角为40°时减小了33%;双支撑点分布位置的变化不会改变轮机叶轮的相对屈曲特性。在双支撑点分布的跨度范围内,叶轮相对径向屈曲较小,叶轮两端翼相对径向屈曲较大;从模拟计算中可以看出,叶轮内外压差变化对叶轮屈曲承载力的影响小。     

埋入式冲压空气进气口性能及影响因素研究

随着高性能航空电子设备在飞机上的大量应用,冷却空气需求量的不断增加,亟需发展高效节能的民机冲压空气系统。针对某飞机NACA型进气口,建立其物理模型并基于k-ω SST湍流模型开展其内外流场的耦合特性分析,研究了NACA埋入式进气口的进气机理。在此基础上,提出了采用反映进气口气流能量损失的关键性指标冲压效率及进气质量流量作为进气口性能的评价方法,并分析了飞行参数如马赫数、攻角和侧滑角对NACA埋入式进气口性能的影响。研究结果表明：马赫数从0.5增加到0.9时,冲压效率增加了9.26%,质量流量增加3.82 kg/s;攻角从0°增加到5°时,冲压效率增加了7.35%,质量流量增加0.38 kg/s;侧滑角从0°增加到4°,冲压效率降低6%,而质量流量呈先增大后减小的趋势。研究结果为我国大型民用飞机的自主研制提供一定的理论依据。     

A Thickened-Hole Model for Large Eddy Simulations over Multiperforated Liners

Flow instabilities such as Rotating Stall and Surge limit the operating range of centrifugal compressors at low mass-flow rates. Employing compressible Large Eddy Simulations (LES), their generation mechanisms are exposed. Toward low mass-flow rate operating conditions, flow reversal over the blade tips (generated by the back pressure) causes an inflection point of the inlet flow profile. There, a shear-layer induces vortical structures circulating at the compressor inlet. Traces of these flow structures are observed until far downstream in the radial diffuser. The tip leakage flow exhibits angular momentum imparted by the impeller, which deteriorates the incidence angles at the blade tips through an over imposed swirling component to the incoming flow. We show that the impeller is incapable to maintain constant efficiency at surge operating conditions due to the extreme alteration of the incidence angle. This induces unsteady flow momentum transfer downstream, which is reflected as compression wave at the compressor outlet traveling toward the impeller. There, the pressure oscillations govern the tip leakage flow and hence, the incidence angles at the impeller. When these individual self-exited processes occurs in-phase, a surge limit-cycle establishes.     

Lift enhancement of airfoil and tip flow control for wind turbine

Two techniques that improve the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoils are described. The airfoil S809, designed specially for wind turbine blades, and the airfoil FX60-100, having a higher lift-drag ratio, are selected to verify the flow control techniques. The flow deflector, fixed at the leading edge, is employed to control the boundary layer separation on the airfoil at a high angle of attack. The multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the flow deflector. The results indicate that the flow deflector can suppress the flow separation, delay the stall, and enhance the lift. The characteristics of the blade tip vortex, the wake vortex, and the surface pressure distributions of the blades are analyzed. The vortex diffuser, set up at the blade tip, is employed to control the blade tip vortex. The results show that the vortex diffuser can increase the total pressure coefficient of the core of the vortex, decrease the strength of the blade tip vortex, lower the noise, and improve the efficiency of the blade.     

Investigation of flow separation in a transonic-fan linear cascade using visualization methods

An extensive experimental study into the nature of the separated flows on the blade suction surface of modern transonic fans is described in this paper. The study was a subtask of a larger experimental effort focused on blade flutter excited by flow separation in the blade tip region. The tip sections of airfoils on transonic fan blades are designed for precompression and consequently they differ from sections on the rest of the blade. The blade tip section was modeled by a low aspect ratio blade and therefore most of the blade tested was exposed to the secondary flow effects. The aim of this work was to supply reliable data on flow separation on transonic fan blades for validation of future analytical studies. The experimental study focused on two visualization techniques: surface flow visualization using dye oils and schlieren (and shadowgraph) flow visualization. The following key observations were made during the study. For subsonic inlet flow, the flow on the suction surface of the blade was separated over a large portion of the blade, and the separated area increased with increasing inlet Mach number. For the supersonic inlet flow condition, the flow was attached from the leading edge up to the point where a bow shock from the upper neighboring blade imposed on the blade surface. Downstream, there was a separated flow region in which air flowed in the direction opposite the inlet flow. Finally, past the separated flow region, the flow reattached to the blade surface. For subsonic inlet flow, the low cascade solidity resulted in an increased area of separated flow. For supersonic flow conditions, the low solidity resulted in an improvement in flow over the suction surface.     

Exit blade geometry and part-load performance of small axial flow propeller turbines: An experimental investigation

A detailed experimental investigation of the effects of exit blade geometry on the part-load performance of low-head, axial flow propeller turbines is presented. Even as these turbines find important applications in small-scale energy generation using micro-hydro, the relationship between the layout of blade profile, geometry and turbine performance continues to be poorly characterized.The experimental results presented here help understand the relationship between exit tip angle, discharge through the turbine, shaft power, and efficiency. The modification was implemented on two different propeller runners and it was found that the power and efficiency gains from decreasing the exit tip angle could be explained by a theoretical model presented here based on classical theory of turbomachines. In particular, the focus is on the behaviour of internal parameters like the runner loss coefficient, relative flow angle at exit, mean axial flow velocity and net tangential flow velocity.The study concluded that the effects of exit tip modification were significant. The introspective discussion on the theoretical model’s limitation and test facility suggests wider and continued experimentation pertaining to the internal parameters like inlet vortex profile and exit swirl profile. It also recommends thorough validation of the model and its improvement so that it can be made capable for accurate characterization of blade geometric effects.     

LES study on the influence of the diffuser inlet angle of a centrifugal pump on pressure fluctuations

Large-Eddy Simulations are conducted on a centrifugal pump at design and reduced flow-rates for three diffuser geometries, to investigate the effect of changing the diffuser inlet angle on the overall performance and the pressure fields. In particular, pressure fluctuations are investigated, which affect the unsteady loads acting on the pump, as well as vibrations, noise and cavitation phenomena. The considered modification of the diffuser geometry is targeted at decreasing the incidence angle at the off-design flow-rate by rotating the stationary blades of the pump around their leading edge. Results are compared against those of an earlier study, where the same modification of the diffuser inlet angle was achieved by increasing also the radial gap between impeller and diffuser, whose blades were rotated relative to their mid camber location. The comparisons across cases demonstrate that the radial gap between the trailing edge of the impeller blades and the leading edge of the diffuser blades has a more profound influence on pressure fluctuations, compared to the angle of incidence on the diffuser blades of the flow coming from the impeller.     

3D pressure imaging of an aircraft propeller blade-tip flow by phase-locked stereoscopic PIV

The flow field at the tip region of a scaled DHC Beaver aircraft propeller, running at transonic speed, has been investigated by means of a multi-plane stereoscopic particle image velocimetry setup. Velocity fields, phase-locked with the blade rotational motion, are acquired across several planes perpendicular to the blade axis and merged to form a 3D measurement volume. Transonic conditions have been reached at the tip region, with a revolution frequency of 19,800 rpm and a relative free-stream Mach number of 0.73 at the tip. The pressure field and the surface pressure distribution are inferred from the 3D velocity data through integration of the momentum Navier-Stokes equation in differential form, allowing for the simultaneous flow visualization and the aerodynamic loads computation, with respect to a reference frame moving with the blade. The momentum and pressure data are further integrated by means of a contour-approach to yield the aerodynamic sectional force components as well as the blade torsional moment. A steady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes numerical simulation of the entire propeller model has been used for comparison to the measurement data.     

Visualization by PIV of dynamic stall on a vertical axis wind turbine

The aerodynamic behavior of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is analyzed by means of 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV), focusing on the development of dynamic stall at different tip speed ratios. The VAWT has an unsteady aerodynamic behavior due to the variation with the azimuth angle θ of the blade’s sections’ angle of attack, perceived velocity and Reynolds number. The phenomenon of dynamic stall is then an inherent effect of the operation of a VAWT at low tip speed ratios, impacting both loads and power. The present work is driven by the need to understand this phenomenon, by visualizing and quantifying it, and to create a database for model validation. The experimental method uses PIV to visualize the development of the flow over the suction side of the airfoil for two different reference Reynolds numbers and three tip speed ratios in the operational regime of a small urban wind turbine. The field-of-view of the experiment covers the entire rotation of the blade and almost the entire rotor area. The analysis describes the evolution of the flow around the airfoil and in the rotor area, with special focus on the leading edge separation vortex and trailing edge shed vorticity development. The method also allows the quantification of the flow, both the velocity field and the vorticity/circulation (only the results of the vorticity/circulation distribution are presented), in terms of the phase locked average and the random component.     

Effect of a casing fence on the tip-leakage flow of an axial flow fan

The effect of a casing fence on the tip-leakage flow of an axial flow fan is investigated using large eddy simulation. A fence is attached on the shroud near the trailing edge of an axial flow fan used in an outdoor unit of air conditioner. The Reynolds number is 547,000 based on the blade tip radius and tip velocity. At the design condition, the fan efficiency is increased by the casing fence. The roles of the fence are to block backward leakage flows near the shroud and to weaken the movement of the tip-leakage vortex (TLV) in the azimuthal direction. Also, the fence reduces the double-leakage tip-clearance flow generated at the aft part of the blade tip due to the TLV-blade interaction, reducing the strength of the tip-separation vortex. Consequently, the tip leakage and total pressure losses are reduced, and the efficiency is increased. The pressure fluctuations on the aft part of the blade tip of the pressure surface caused by the TLV-blade interaction are also significantly reduced by the fence, indicating reduction of the noise source. According to the interaction between the fence and backward leakage flow induced by the TLV, the fence significantly and slightly increases the aerodynamic performances at the design and peak efficiency conditions, respectively, but reduces them at an overflow condition.