自适应偏振模色散补偿中控制信号的研究

文章比较了两种在自适应偏振模色散（PMD）补偿设备中控制信号的控制方法,即前馈（Feed Forward）检测控制和反馈（Feedback）检测控制;分析比较了各种可用作控制的信号,包括偏振度（DOP）、信号频率分量、眼开代价、两正交主极态（PSP）上光信号分量间的相位差和副载波信号等。     

Analysis of PMD compensators with fixed DGD using importancesampling

In this letter, we use importance sampling to analyze polarization-mode dispersion compensators with a constant differential group delay (DGD) element. We optimize the value of the fixed DGD element of the compensator with respect to the outage probability. We show that the optimum value of the fixed DGD element of the compensator can reduce the outage probability by several orders of magnitude, even though it does not provide a substantial reduction of the average penalty due to polarization-mode dispersion in the cases that we studied. By contrast, choosing the fixed DGD element to maximally reduce the average penalty may lead to an outage probability that is orders of magnitude larger than the optimal choice     

PMD自适应补偿控制模块自启动的实现

为解决偏振模色散自适应补偿控制模块的自启动问题,提出了一种使用ROM引导、完全利用C语言进行程序烧写的自启动方案。首先分析了该模块的自启动过程,其次进行了自启动的硬件接口设计,最后重点介绍了自启动的C语言编程过程,给出了自启动的C语言源程序、cmd文件和Fl ash烧写流程图。     

Theoretical evidence of dynamical limitations in practical single-stage PMD compensators

Dynamical effects in polarization-mode dispersion compensators are investigated. A typical compensator can actually work in two different operating modes. Dynamic evolution of the input signal can require a continuous switch between these modes, producing significant performance degradation. We introduce a numerical procedure to simulate dynamical effects, which confirms the occurrence of critical configurations.     

Performance limits of first-order PMD compensators using fixed andvariable DGD elements

In this letter, we analyze optical polarization-mode dispersion compensators using a single differential-group-delay (DGD) element that is either fixed or variable. We evaluate the upper-bound performance limits, and quantify the compensator performance under dynamic operations. We show that the variable-delay compensator can reduce the risk of feedback loops trapping a locally optimized state. Moreover, the variable-delay approach provides superior performance as compared to a fixed-delay compensator by increasing the optimal system tolerance for a 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero signal from 28 to 33 ps of average link DGD     

Statistical analysis of the performance of PMD compensators using multiple importance sampling

In this letter, we evaluate the performance of fixed and variable differential group delay (DGD) polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) compensators as the first- and second-order PMD varies using multiple importance sampling. We show that importance sampling yields estimates of the average penalty with low variance over the entire region of interest of first- and second-order PMD. We also show that there is little advantage in using a compensator with a variable-DGD element and that the performance of a compensator that minimizes the residual DGD at the central frequency of the channel is considerably worse than a compensator that maximizes the eye opening.     

光纤偏振模色散的测量

介绍了时域法与频域法的几种偏振模色散(PMD)的测量方法，其中包括了一种新的测量方法——调制相移法。分别介绍了它们测量原理，并对各种方法进行了比较，概括了各种方法的优缺点。     

Practical considerations for optical polarization-mode dispersion compensators

For transmission systems at 10 Gb/s and beyond, polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) is one of the limiting factors. Optical PMD compensators aim at increasing the PMD value tolerated by the system; however, they do not cancel out its effects. Therefore, the performance of a PMD compensator is assessed statistically. Requirements for optical PMD compensators include a response time in the range of 1 ms in order to follow polarization fluctuations over the line. The system design should account for the interaction of other transmission impairments with the PMD compensator operation. For instance, transmitter chirp and residual chromatic dispersion have a deleterious impact on the compensator performance. While self-phase modulation is harmless, cross-phase modulation greatly reduces the compensator efficiency. System design rules have been applied to a one-year field trial, showing the compensator's efficiency and reliability. However, reducing their cost is the next challenge that will bring optical PMD compensators to be used in installed systems.     

Comparison of different feedback signals used in one stage PMD compensators for different modulation formats

As PMD compensation has become a very intense subject of research in recent years, the achievement of simple PMD compensators based on a feedback signal is a key issue. As PMD compensation uses a feedback indicator for system performance evaluation, such feedback signals must reproduce the DGD variations with time. In this paper, the correlation between DGD and different feedback signals is studied with a new method. This method is applied for various modulation schemes, leading to well-known results. By applying the method to the electrical and optical duobinary formats, it is shown that for duobinary signals, the DOP feedback signal shows the best correlation with instantaneous DGD value. Such a behavior of duobinary format is very interesting since duobinary modulation schemes are now considered for systems upgrades or mixed architectures (10 Gbit/s-40 Gbit/s on the same link). In such systems, PMD compensation has to be bit-rate independent which is available with the DOP as feedback indicator.     

RZ码和NRZ码的偏振模色散自适应补偿特性比较

建立了自适应偏振模色散补偿系统,利用偏振度作为反馈信号,对40 Gb/s的RZ和NRZ码分别进行了PMD补偿的数值模拟,结果显示,采用DOP作反馈信号、用二段补偿器和三段补偿器对二种码型的PMD补偿均是有效的.但由于高阶PMD的影响对NRZ码的补偿效果要优于RZ码,特别是存在偏振相关色散的影响时,对RZ码的补偿的影响在明显大于NRZ码,这说明,对于RZ码补偿偏振相关色散是必要的.     

基于自动控制理论的自适应光学控制系统优化

为了满足自适应光学系统实时快速的工作要求,将自动控制理论引入到自适应光学系统中,在不改变系统硬件性能的基础上对系统的控制部分进行了研究。首先,对自适应光学闭环控制系统进行分析,将其模块化并建立相应的数学模型;其次,在自动控制理论基础上设计控制器和相应的控制算法,并分析了控制器的性能;最后,将自动控制理论的控制方法与人眼波前像差校正相结合,使控制算法应用到自适应光学系统波前像差的校正中。结果表明,相对于传统的自适应光学系统控制方法（纯积分控制和比例-积分控制）,Smith预补偿控制使自适应光学控制系统具有较高的闭环带宽和较好的动态、稳态控制性能;在模拟人眼波前像差迭代校正过程中,Smith预补偿控制器校正残余像差的快速性最好;在实际人眼动态像差校正中,Smith预补偿控制校正的残余像差值达到最小,有利于自适应光学控制系统优化。     

偏振模色散的光域补偿方法研究

针对光纤传输中的偏振模色散(PMD)问题,研究和比较了现有PMD的光域补偿方法.利用等效啁啾技术,提出了一种基于啁啾光纤光栅的光域补偿方案,用具有光敏性质的保偏光纤制成啁啾光纤光栅,将其作为PMD补偿器中的时延线,实现了PMD的自适应反馈补偿.实验结果显示,该方案能有效补偿光纤传输中的PMD问题,提高光信号的传输质量.     

Effects of nonlinear crosstalk in optical PMD compensation

We report on the effects of nonlinear crosstalk on the optical polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) compensation in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems. An analytical model is presented to describe the effect of nonlinear crosstalk on the first-order PMD compensation. We also experimentally show that the performance of WDM systems could be degraded by nonlinear birefringence, even when the first-order PMD is completely compensated.     

Performance of turbo equalizers for optical PMD channels

This paper investigates the performance of iterative (turbo) equalization to mitigate the effects of a polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) in nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) intensity-modulated optical-fiber transmission systems. A PMD can lead to severe distortions in the received electrical signal and is a key limiter for the development of high-bit-rate transmission over currently used fibers. In order to reduce the distortions due to a PMD, the performance of symbol-by-symbol maximum a posteriori (sbs-MAP) soft-in/soft-out (SISO) decoders is studied. The SISO algorithms are adapted to the noise statistics of the optical channel where the photo detector leads to a non-Gaussian signal-dependent noise at the receiver side. The modified SISO algorithms are successfully employed for turbo equalization and results show that iterative (turbo) equalization and decoding for the compensation of a PMD can lead to a tremendous reduction in the bit error ratio (BER). Moreover, it is shown that, due to the robustness of mutual information, the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart can be applied for the design of iterative receivers in optical transmission systems even with a non-Gaussian noise.     

高速光传输系统中自适应偏振模色散补偿

偏振模色散(PMD)是影响高速光传输系统性能的关键因素之一,如何构建一个适合有效的偏振模色散补偿器极具挑战性.新型光偏振模补偿(PMC)系统利用DSP和CPLD平台实现逻辑控制单元.该系统中引入了高速控制模块,使得每个周期的补偿时间缩短了将近100 μ s.利用粒子群优化(PSO)算法,整个系统能够完成一阶和二阶的偏振...     

减小光纤PMD的新方案

首先介绍了几种从生产工艺上减小光纤偏振模色散的措施,并指出了各自的缺点。然后重点介绍在拉丝过程中加入了搓动轮,使光纤来回旋转,从而减小光纤的PMD的原理。对拉出的光纤的PMD进行了测试,给出了测试结果,同时对测试结果加以探讨,最后得出搓动轮的搓动次数与PMD的关系。     

自适应LMS算法均方误差收敛的充分条件

本文给出了保证自适应最小均方算法均方误差(或平均功率)收敛的充分条件,并分析了在该条件下均方误差的收敛性能。     

Adaptive PMD compensation by electrical and optical techniques

Adaptive polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) compensation in 10 and 40 Gb/s transmission systems might become necessary if the link PMD causes strong signal distortions, which results in an unacceptable high system outage. The application of PMD compensation has the potential to lead to a drastic improvement of system robustness. Optical and electrical compensators will be reported, their operation principle explained, and their benefits will be quantified. The discussion is focused on the most important structures for practical system application including adaptive feedback loops. Experimental investigations proof compensator concepts which performance conforms with simulations. The electronical feed forward equalizer and the decision feedback equalizer are assessed in comparison to the optical simple and the two-stage compensator and the differences in performance are discussed for statistical PMD limited systems.     

基于FPGA技术的PMD自适应补偿技术研究与设计

全球电信骨干网的单通道传输速率已经向40 Gbit/s甚至160 Gbit/s发展,光纤作为主要的传输线路,其损耗和色散阻碍了通信传输距离和容量的扩展.为了适应现有通信网的发展需要,文章结合当前流行的现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)技术,基于硬件描述语言实现了光纤技术中的偏振模色散(PMD)自适应技术,保证了PMD自适应补偿技术的稳定性.     

偏振模色散补偿系统中自适应反馈控制技术的研究

偏振模色散（PMD）已成为发展下一代高速长距离光纤传输系统的主要制约因素，本文中分析了分析了PMD补偿系统中几种自适应反馈控制技术，并详细比较，讨论了各自的特点，认为偏振度测量法是一种首选技术。