超临界二氧化碳萃取黄柏挥发油工艺

使用超临界二氧化碳技术对经过超声-微波处理过的黄柏中的挥发油进行萃取,并对萃取工艺进行响应面优化。在单因素预实验的基础上,以萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间为响应因素,黄柏挥发油的萃取量为响应值,根据中心组合(Box-Behnken)实验设计原理,采用三因素三水平的响应面分析法,确定各工艺条件对萃取量的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对萃取前、未超声-微波处理超临界萃取后及超声-微波处理超临界萃取后的黄柏进行比较观察,对萃取效果进行了微观解释。结果表明,经过超声-微波处理过的黄柏中的挥发油超临界二氧化碳萃取最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力为34MPa,萃取温度为41℃,萃取时间为66min,萃取率达6.03%。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取大蒜油中试研究

采用冷冻干燥和超临界二氧化碳萃取技术进行大蒜油萃取中试试验,确定超临界二氧化碳萃取大蒜油中试试验最佳工艺参数:萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间3 h,CO_2流量20 M~3/h,在此条件下萃取率可达1.45%。     

超声微波协同技术提取白胡椒精油的条件优化

通过单因素实验和响应面分析法优化了超声-微波协同技术提取白胡椒精油的工艺。在最佳条件下:提取温度100℃,料水比1∶10（g/m L）,微波和超声功率分别为500 W和50 W,提取时间为7 min,白胡椒精油得率为3.80%±0.08%。利用超声-微波协同技术提取白胡椒精油,与单独微波或超声提取相比较,其精油得率显著高于单独微波（p<0.001）或单独超声（p<0.001）。扫描电镜的结果显示,超声波和微波协同作用时,白胡椒细胞壁破碎更为彻底,有助于精油的溶出。结论:利用超声-微波协同技术提取精油成分,其精油的提取效率显著优于常规的提取方法。      

Fractionation of buffalo butter oil by supercritical carbon dioxide

Buffalo butter oil was fractionated by supercritical carbon dioxide into four fractions (F₁-F₄). Fractionation was performed at 50 and 70 °C over a pressure range of 10.9-40.1 MPa. Short chain fatty acids (C₄-C₈), medium chain fatty acids (C₁₀-C₁₄) and saturated fatty acids were decreased from F₁ to F₄, while long chain fatty acids (C₁₆-C_18:3) and unsaturated fatty acids were increased. Triacylglycerol molecular species exhibited a similar trend as fatty acids. Cholesterol was concentrated in F₁, and with increasing the fluid density, it decreased by more than 50% in F₄. Substantial changes occurred in the chemical composition of the fractions led to distinctive differences in their thermal profile and solid fat content. Fractions obtained in the initial stages of the fractionation exhibited lower melting behavior that obtained in the late stages.     

超临界CO2流体萃取米糠油研究

通过超临界CO2流体萃取米糠油研究,总结萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间和物料水分含量对米糠出油率影响。结果表明,最适宜萃取条件为:萃取压力30 MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间80 min、物料水分含量为5％～6％,出油率达14．32％;同时测定超临界CO2流体萃取米糠油中脂肪酸甘油酯组成,得出油酸甘油酯、亚油酸甘油酯和棕榈酸甘油酯占总脂肪酸甘油酯90％以上,其中,油酸甘油酯和亚油酸甘油酯占总脂肪酸甘油酯70％以上;通过超临界CO2法与压榨法比较,超临界CO2流体法萃取米糠油不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,理化指标也优于压榨法,因萃取温度低,防止提取过程中油脂氧化,因此超临界CO2流体萃取是一种较好提取米糠油方法。     

Extraction of coffee diterpenes and coffee oil using supercritical carbon dioxide

Commercial green and roasted coffee beans were used to maximize oil extraction and conditions were studied to obtain the highest and lowest diterpene levels on green and roasted coffee oil, respectively. Thus, operational temperatures (60–90 °C) and pressure (235–380 bar) were optimized for coffee oil extraction. Oil content levels and diterpene oil concentration were compared to the results obtained with the extraction with Soxhlet apparatus, using hexane as solvent. In general, an inverse correlation was observed between the amount of extracted oil and diterpene concentration levels. As a result, different oil contents with different diterpene concentrations could be obtained. The HPLC analysis of cafestol and kahweol in the oil extracted from green coffee beans at 70 °C/253 bar resulted in the highest concentration (453.3 mg 100 g⁻¹), which was 48% lower than in the oil extracted with hexane while in the oil extracted from roasted coffee beans at 70 °C/371 bar, resulted in 71.2% reduction of diterpenes.     

Response surfaces of hazelnut oil yield in supercritical carbon dioxide

Response Surface Methodology was used to determine the effects of solvent flow rate (1, 3 and 5 g/min), pressure (300, 375 and 450 bar) and temperature (40, 50 and 60 °C) on hazelnut oil yield in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). Oil yield was represented by a second order response surface equation (R²=0.997) using Box-Bhenken design of experiments. Oil yield increased with increasing SC-CO₂ flow rate, pressure and temperature. The maximum oil yield was predicted from the response surface equation as 0.19 g oil/g hazelnut (34% of initial oil) when 4 g hazelnut particles (particle diameter<0.85 mm) were extracted with 5 g/min SC-CO₂ flow rate at 450 bar, and 60 °C for 10 min. Total extraction time at these conditions was predicted to be 35 min.     

Extraction of lipids from cherry seed oil using supercritical carbon dioxide

 Cherry seeds (Prunus avium L.) were extracted with compressed carbon dioxide at 313 K and 333 K in the pressure range 18–22 MPa. The influence of superficial velocity was also analysed using values of 0.02, 0.06 and 0.08 cm/s. The extraction yield was increased by a reduction in particle size. The physical and chemical characteristics of the oil were determined. The results, in terms of free fatty acids and sterol compositions, were compared with those obtained when hexane was used as solvent. Other physical and chemical characteristics were also compared with refined hexane-extracted oil. Received: 29 February 2000 / Revised version: 19 April 2999     

超临界CO2萃取茶籽油

提出了用超临界ＣＯ２萃取茶籽油的方法，考察了压力、温度对茶籽油在ＣＯ２中溶解度的影响，分析了萃取条件与油品质量的关系，并综合得到了超临界ＣＯ２萃取茶籽油的最佳萃取条件。     

超临界流体CO2萃取南瓜籽油的初步研究

以超临界流体CO2萃取技术对南瓜籽中的油脂提取进行了初步研究.研究了不同物料粒度、萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间及CO2流量对南瓜籽油萃取率的影响.     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of the residual oil from palm kernel cake

Palm kernel cake contains residual oil that has never been retrieved and it is treated as wastes. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide was used to separate the oil from the palm kernel matrix. The studied extraction parameters were at the set pressures 27.57, 34.47 and 41.36 MPa, temperatures 40-70 °C and carbon dioxide flow rate between 1 and 3 ml/min. The effect of the particle size on the oil yield was examined using different particle size that separated by sieving from ?106, ?150, ?180, ?250 and ?450 μm. The results showed that the highest oil removed was 9.26 g oil/100 g sample (p < 0.05) for the particle ?150 μm, and under extraction temperature of 70 °C, pressure 41.36 MPa, and carbon dioxide flow rate of 2 ml/min. The experimental results indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction could be a viable technique to remove the remaining oil and to produce defatted palm kernel cake.     

二氧化碳超临界萃取技术在辣椒深加工的综合应用

辣椒具有很高的营养价值与保健功能,产品开发潜力巨大。该文简要介绍CO2超临界提取技术,综述了辣椒碱、辣椒红色素提取方法和它们的应用现状,综合国内外研究情况为辣椒制品的研究开发指明方向。     

超临界CO2提取八角茴香精油及其对肉类抑菌效果稳定性的研究

文章采用超临界CO2提取八角茴香精油,研究了精油浓度、温度、光照时间及热处理等因素对八角茴香精油抑菌效果和肉类感官特征的影响。结果表明,超临界CO2提取八角茴香精油的得率为4.5%;八角茴香精油的最低抑菌浓度为7.0%,且能够保持肉糜优良的感官特征;加入精油的新鲜肉糜的保存期随着温度的改变而改变,在4,25,35℃条件下分别可以保存4天,6 h和4 h;当温度为37℃时,光照显著破坏挥发油的稳定性,254 nm紫外光照射40 min以上或365 nm紫外光照射30 min以上将使精油失去活性;长时间热处理导致精油的抑菌活性下降。     

Composition of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud oil extracted using carbon dioxide

Analysis of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L) bud oil extracted with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide shows significant qualitative and quantitative compositional differences compared with oil obtained by the conventional hydrodistillation process. The parameters of pressure, temperature, contact time etc, and also the clove oil components, affect the extraction of the bud flavour from the spice.     

Fractionation of fish oil with supercritical carbon dioxide

In order to verify the possibility of using supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) to concentrate polyunsaturated ω−3 fatty acids in the form of natural fish oil, experimental phase equilibrium data were measured for a CO₂ – fish oil system. Phase equilibrium was measured at temperatures from 301 to 323 K and pressures from 7.8 to 29.4 MPa, using the dynamic method. The oil solubility and fatty acid composition of the extracts were measured and these data used to verify CO₂ selectivity. The best operational conditions to fractionate the oil were 7.8 MPa and 301.15 K, although in all the conditions analyzed, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could not be fractionalized. The equilibrium for a mixture of 50% fish oil and 50% babassu (Attalea funifera) fat was measured in order to understand how the fatty acid composition influenced the fractionation. It was observed that the solubility of the mixture was an average of the individual solubility values, and the composition of the extracts could be calculated from the individual solubility of each component.     

超临界CO2萃取红花籽油的实验研究

以萃取优质红花籽油为目的，以红花籽为原料，考察了各操作参数对红花籽油萃取率的影响。结果表明：萃取压力、CO2流量和原料粒径对红花籽油萃取率产生较大影响，其他因素影响较小。在萃取压力28MPa、萃取温度40℃、CO2流量3．55k/gh、粒径0．4mm，含水量0．5％，时间120min的条件下，萃取率可达90％。经气相色谱分析红花籽油的组成，亚油酸含量高达85％，不饱和脂肪酸的含量约92％。萃取物分析表明：超临界红花籽油的品质优于传统方法得到的红花籽油。     

Effects of supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide extraction on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil

The increase in the popularity of hemp-based products is mainly linked to the presence of non-psychoactive cannabinoids that provide relief from aches, pain and anxiety. In this study, hemp seed oils were produced by two innovative and environmentally friendly extraction techniques: supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide (CO₂) extraction. The chemical composition of the two oils was analysed and compared with that of a control oil obtained by solvent (n-hexane) extraction. Both oils obtained by liquid and supercritical CO₂ extraction presented interesting compositions: they contained large amounts of cannabinoids, polyphenols and tocopherols and were less oxidised than the control and contained a large amount of hexanal, which provided a pleasant aroma. The maximum cannabinoid content was found in the oil obtained by liquid CO₂ extraction (71.51 mg of cannabidiol per kg of oil and 113.92 mg of cannabinol per kg of oil). Carotenoids were prevalent in the oil obtained by supercritical CO₂ extraction (61.00 mg kg⁻¹ of oil).