颅锁骨发育不全1例

病例 男,35岁,右尺桡骨双骨折.术前胸片(图1):胸廓呈圆锥形,双锁骨部分缺如,双侧第1肋未发育,T2椎体隐性脊柱裂.诊断:颅锁骨发育不全.加照头颅、骨盆及双膝关节片(图2～5)示:头颅横径增加,囟门未闭.面骨相对较小,上颌骨小而下颌骨相对增大;左髋内翻,左颈干角缩小,股骨大粗隆膨大;双下肢长短不一. 讨论 颅锁骨发育不全(Cleidocranial dysplasia[1]/cleidocranial dysostosis[2],CCD)又名遗传性颅锁骨发育不全,是一种先天性全身性膜性骨骨化不全,尤其是颅顶骨与锁骨发育障碍.常伴有恒齿迟出与异常,骨盆和脊柱的骨化不全.主要认为是先天遗传、常染色体显性遗传,但亦有散发者;无亲族史、无家族史.据在遗传基因研究方面报道,在CCD患者中发现,6p21的染色体中的转录基因由CBFA1变异所致[3].往往是由口腔科医师首先发觉.本症对生活劳动无明显影响,任何年龄均有报道.人群发病率约为1/1 000 000[4],而实际发病率应略高.     

颅锁骨发育不全1例

病例男,8岁半,身材较同龄人明显矮小;颅小面大,囟门未闭,上颌前凸,下颌处较小并后移,鱼样嘴;眼球突出,双眼间距较宽;上下牙咬合不良,牙列不整;胸廓呈锥形,肩部狭窄,位置较高,双肩关节内旋,活动度增大;各指趾骨短小。     

锁骨改良腋位DR摄片在锁骨中段骨折诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨锁骨改良腋位DR摄片在锁骨中段骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法对105例锁骨外伤高度疑似骨折的患者分别行锁骨正位、改良腋位DR摄片,统计锁骨内侧段、中段、外侧段骨折数目,对锁骨正位、改良腋位片与单纯的锁骨正位片间进行各段骨折检出率的对比分析。结果 105例锁骨外伤患者经X线DR摄影或CT检查发现证实锁骨骨折97例,其中锁骨正位发现骨折80例;锁骨正位加改良腋位摄片多发现锁骨骨折17例,其中锁骨中段的骨折16例。锁骨中段骨折检出率经χ2检验,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论锁骨正位加摄锁骨改良腋位可明显提高锁骨中段骨折的检出率。     

锁骨颅骨发育不全影像学分析

目的:探讨锁骨颅骨发育不全(Cleidocranial dysplasia,CCD)的影像表现及其诊断和鉴别诊断.方法:对经临床证实的4例CCD患者进行X线和CT检查,结合文献进行回顾性分析.结果:CCD的主要表现:颅骨发育异常,牙齿发育不良、锁骨发育不全或缺如等.结论:X线检查是诊断CCD的传统、主要检查方法.多层螺旋CT对细微病变显示较好,CT横断并结合三维重建等后处理功能,同样可以达到诊断要求,对CCD的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

尿毒症肺20例胸部影像学表现分析

肺水肿是尿毒症临床常见并发症,本文我院收治的20例尿毒症肺部并发症患者的胸部影像学表现进行分析,旨在加深临床对尿毒症性肺水肿胸部影像学表现的认识。     

郎罕细胞组织胞增生症骨骼病变的影像学表现

本文48例经病理证实的小儿组织细胞增生症,其中勒彐氏病17例,黄色瘤病10例,中间型7例及嗜酸性肉芽肿14例。其中全部经X线检查有11例行CT检查,1例行MRI检查。通过对本组骨骼病变的影象学表现的探讨与比较,对几种检查方法作了初步的评估。     

原发性肺透明细胞癌的影像学表现

[目的]探讨原发性肺透明细胞癌的X线与CT特征。[方法]报道经手术与病理证实的原发性肺透明细胞癌5例,并结合文献病例对其X线与CT表现进行了分析。[结果]影像学上该病主要表现周围性结节或肿块病变(3例,占60％),少数可呈多发结节(本组1例,占20％)．早期可表现小片状阴影(本组1例．占20％)或小结节．后者边缘呈毛刺状．类似早期腺癌,但肿块较大时多数边缘光滑．少见棘状突起、空洞及肺门纵隔淋巴结转移(本组未见)．随访肿块增大。[结论]原发性肺透明细胞癌仅有相对影像学特征．术前查痰、纤支镜活检与穿刺活检可能误诊为鳞癌或腺癌．确诊依赖于手术病理检查或胸腔镜活检。     

家族性锁骨颅骨发育不全的遗传学基础和临床X线研究

目的提出家族性锁骨颅骨发育不全的Ｘ线诊断要点。方法分析８例（４个家庭）锁骨颅骨发育不全的临床及Ｘ线表现,并从遗传学角度进行探讨。结果家族性锁骨颅骨发育不全的Ｘ线表现主要为：颅顶膨隆或下陷、囟门未闭、颅缝增宽、多发缝间骨、牙齿发育不良、锁骨发育不全或缺如、全身骨骼发育不全。结论家族性锁骨颅骨发育不全的Ｘ线表现具有特征性,能够作出正确的诊断。     

先天性主动脉缩窄的影像学表现

目的 提高对先天性主动脉缩穿表现,特别是ＭＲＩ表现的认识。方法 回顾分析２例主动脉缩窄的Ｘ线平片,主动脉造影和ＭＲＩ所见,并作文献复习,结果 Ｘ线平片和主动脉造影有特征性改变,但ＭＲＩ即能显示主动脉缩窄的部位、范围、程度及并发症,又能反应压力差的功能学变化。结论 ＭＲＩ是诊断先天性主动脉缩穿无创性最佳手段。     

Percheron动脉闭塞的临床及影像学表现

【目的】分析Percheron动脉（artery of Percheron,AOP）闭塞的影像学特点。【方法】回顾性分析2010年7月至2014年5月本院收治的12例AOP闭塞患者的临床及影像学资料。全部患者均在发病72h内完成颅脑CT及磁共振成像（MRI）检查,对于影像学提示双侧丘脑腹内侧新发梗死伴或不伴有中脑梗死的患者,进一步完善磁共振血管成像（Magnetic Renounce Angiography,MRA）检查。【结果】AOP患者意识障碍（100％）、垂直性眼肌麻痹（75％）及记忆力减退（66．7％）为最常见的神经系统表现。12例患者MRI显示：8例（66．7％）为双侧丘脑腹内侧伴有中脑“V”形梗死,3例（25．0％）为双侧丘脑腹内侧梗死,1例（8．3％）为双侧丘脑腹内侧伴一侧丘脑前部梗死;影像学表现：病变部位液体反转恢复成像（fluid—attenuated inversion recover,FLAIR）及弥散加权成像（diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI）高信号,MRA提示AOP闭塞。【结论】AOP影像学表现为双侧丘脑腹内侧梗死,伴或不伴有脑干梗死,早期诊断并积极治疗预后良好。     

骨膜下型骨样骨瘤的影像表现

目的 探讨骨膜下型骨样骨瘤的X线、CT和MRI表现.方法 回颐性分析经手术病理或随访证实的骨膜下型骨样骨瘤6例,其中男4例,女2例.年龄15～36岁,平均24岁.所有病例均行X线检查,同时行CT检查者3例,行MR检查者1例,3种检查方法都进行者1例.结果 5例病瘤巢表现为弧形骨陷窝,口径为6～16 mm,深为5～10 mm,其周围骨质硬化不明显;1例瘤巢表现为骨骼表面小丘状软组织影.影像学检查均清楚显示瘤巢.结论 影像学检查是发现骨膜下型骨样骨瘤的瘤巢的重要方法,多切面X线投照对于发现瘤巢很有价值.     

The effect of experimental shortening of the clavicle on shoulder kinematics

Background

Malunion after mid shaft clavicle fractures has recently been recognized as a cause of pain and dysfunction of the shoulder. The mechanism that causes these complaints is however yet unclear. In this study we describe the kinematic changes that occur in the shoulder girdle due to clavicle shortening.

Methods

An experimental cadaveric study was performed on five shoulders of three fresh frozen specimens. The specimens were fixed in an upright position that allowed free motion of the shoulder girdle. We measured position of the bony structures with an opto-electronic system (Northern Digital Inc., Waterloo, Ontario Canada) in rest and during in a series of motions. Measurements were done with a normal clavicle and after shortening of the clavicle by 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 cm. The shoulders were moved manually by one of the researchers. We examined for changes in resting position and during movement that resulted from the experimental shortening of the clavicle.

Findings

In the resting position, winging of the scapula increased with resultant changes in the orientation of the glenoid, acromio-clavicular and sterno-clavicular joints and an altered position of the clavicle. On average protraction increased by 20°, lateral rotation changed 12° and posterior tilt decreased by 7°. Clavicle shortening affected sterno-clavicular joint rotations but did not do so in the acromio-clavicular joint. In arm elevation the offset in scapula orientation at resting position stayed relatively constant over the full range of motion but the amount of disposition is progressive in relation to the amount of shortening.

Interpretation

Shortening of the clavicle leads to significant changes in the shoulder girdle in resting position and in movement.     

锁骨骨折诊疗策略

目的：探讨锁骨骨折诊疗方案，提高治疗水平。方法：150例锁骨骨折，新鲜骨折125例，陈旧性骨折25例，按照骨折的不同类型给予手法复位或内固定术。结果：均得到6个月～3年随访，无畸型愈合、不愈合及功能障碍。结论：按照不同的分型，分类治疗，可以提高疗效，减少并发症。     

软骨黏液样纤维瘤的影像学表现

目的：分析软骨黏液样纤维瘤影像表现与病理的关系,以提高诊断准确性。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的骨骼软骨黏液样纤维瘤11例,术前分别经X线平片,CT平扫,MR SE T1WI、T2WI,增强T1WI扫描,仔细复习影像学结果并与手术病理作对照。结果：11例原发性骨骼软骨黏液样纤维瘤中,发生于长管状骨7例,骨盆2例,颅骨1例,脊柱1例。所有肿瘤呈膨胀性溶骨性骨质破坏,内可见骨性分隔9例,周边骨质硬化8例,软组织肿块3例。肿瘤直径3.2～16.9cm,平均4.7cm。7例位于长管状骨者,所有病灶位于干骺段,破坏区呈椭圆形,长轴与骨长轴一致,内可见增粗骨小梁,皮质膨胀,显著骨内膜增生,少数可见弓环状钙盐沉着。位于骨盆的2例中,1例呈地图样囊性骨质破坏,内可见少许分隔,并见硬化边;1例以巨大软组织肿块为主,境界欠清,可见明显弓状和环状钙化。1例位于鞍区,CT检查显示病灶密度低于肌肉密度,内隐约可见分隔和钙化,MR T1WI为低信号,T2WI显著高信号,内均可见低信号分隔,增强扫描分隔明显强化。1例位于腰椎的附件,MR T1WI为等信号,T2WI显著高信号,增强隐约可见强化。结论：软骨黏液样纤维瘤多位于长管状骨的干骺段,呈偏心性、膨胀性、溶骨性骨质破坏,皮质膨出、增粗小梁以及大量骨内膜增生为其显著特点,病灶内软骨钙化少见。少数可侵犯骨盆、脊柱附件以及颅底等不规则骨,多呈不规则圆形或地图状,边缘常有硬化。软骨黏液样纤维瘤由软骨样物质、黏液样结构和纤维按不同比例构成,不同肿瘤三者比例不同,某一种成分比例过多可能影响诊断。     

锁骨孤立性浆细胞瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨骨孤立性浆细胞瘤(solitary plasmacytoma of bone,SPB)的临床病理特征、免疫表型、鉴别诊断及治疗.方法 对1例锁骨孤立性浆细胞瘤进行光镜观察,免疫组化染色并结合文献进行复习.结果 镜下肿瘤细胞核偏位,可见双核及多核瘤巨细胞,异型明显;该肿瘤术前已浸润周围软组织,形成肿块,术后迅速播散.免疫表型:瘤细胞表达VS38C及κ;Ki-67高表达.结论 骨孤立性浆细胞瘤属少见病例,本例临床表现及病理形态较为特殊,需与弥漫性大B细胞性淋巴瘤、间变性大细胞淋巴瘤、低分化癌相鉴别.     

The comminuted midshaft clavicle fracture: a biomechanical evaluation of plating methods

Background

The optimal plate location and fixation method for midshaft fractures of the clavicle remains undetermined. The objective of this study was to develop a realistic biomechanical model with which to compare superior with inferior-medial plate placement, and the failure resistance of locked and against non-locked constructs.

Methods

We estimated implant loads for operated patients in early rehabilitation utilising 3-D mathematical model of the shoulder. During simulation of upper limb motion associated with eating, the fracture opened in an inferior and frontal direction. The peak X, Y, and Z loads from the simulation were reproduced using a materials testing machine. A one centimetre transverse osteectomy was created at the midshaft of forty composite clavicles. Each specimen was then fixed with either (1) non-locked superior plating (n = 10), (2) locked superior plating (n = 10), (3) non-locked inferior-medial plating (n = 10), or (4) locked inferior-medial plating (n = 10). Specimens were loaded at 20 N/s in four-point bending for 50 cycles to the peak X, Y, Z moment obtained from the computational model (− 3.50, 2.46, and − 1.00 Nm), then loaded to failure at 20 N/s.

Findings

Inferior-medial unlocked plates were significantly stiffer than superior locked plates (P = 0.046).

Interpretation

Operative fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures is controversial, though becoming more widely accepted. Few biomechanical data are available to assist surgical decision-making. Inferior plates may be better equipped to resist the in vivo loads experienced by the clavicle during early rehabilitation after internal fixation, particularly during the shoulder flexion motions associated with eating.     

The effect of clavicle malunion on shoulder biomechanics; a computational study

Background

Clavicle malunion affects the biomechanics of the shoulder joint. The purpose of this study is to establish the abduction, flexion, and internal (medial) rotation biomechanics of the shoulder after clavicle malunion.

Methods

A computational study was performed utilizing a three-dimensional, validated computational model of the upper extremity. Sequential shortening of the clavicle up to 20% was simulated. Muscle forces, moment arms, and moments were calculated for the surrounding musculature through a range of flexion, abduction, and internal rotation during the simulated shortening.

Findings

Shortening of the clavicle decreases the shoulder elevation moments of the upper extremity muscles during abduction. Internal rotation moments are also decreased with shortening. Flexion moments were affected less through physiologic range of motion. The observed effects are due to a combination of changes in moment arms of the individual muscles as well as a decrease in the force generating capacity of the muscles. Additionally, shortening of the clavicle increases coronal angulation of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint.

Interpretation

Shortening causes a decrease in the moment generating capacity as well as the total force generating capacity of the shoulder girdle muscles. The clinical significance of these computational results, which are consistent with recent clinical studies, is validation of the proposed functional deficit caused by clavicle malunion.     

锁骨下静脉置管术后更换敷料时间的探讨

目的 探讨锁骨下静涠主后穿刺点更换敷料的间隔时间与感染的关系。方法 对２４０例置管病人进行分组比较,观察不同间隔时间更换敷料后穿刺点皮肤是否有感染,并进行统计。结果 更换敷料的间隔时间不同,感染率不同。结论 间隔时间为２天更换敷料最为适宜,感染率低。     

骨膜骨肉瘤的影像诊断

目的：探讨骨膜骨肉瘤的影像及组织病理学特点。材料和方法：收集７例经病理证实的骨膜骨肉瘤，结合有关文献对主组织病理学表现进行分析和总结。结果：骨膜骨肉瘤好发于胫骨、像学上表现为发生在长骨的骨干或相当于干骺部位置的骨表面肿块。内见局灶性骨化或／和钙化，边缘可见骨膜反应，肿瘤下骨皮质可受侵，但不侵犯骨髓腔。病理上类似于软骨母细胞型的骨肉瘤，中度异型性，结论：骨膜骨肉瘤在影像和组织病理学上都有一定特点，影     

记忆合金环抱器治疗锁骨中外1／3交界处骨折

目的总结记忆合金环抱器治疗锁骨交界处骨折的应用经验及教训。方法对36例锁骨交界处骨折采用开放复位，镍钛形状记忆合金环抱器内固定治疗。结果36例病人获平均随访15个月（8～24个月），X线片示术后平均2．6个月骨折临床愈合，根据韩平良等的疗效标准，优22例，良12例，可2例，优良卒94．3％。结论镍钛形状记忆合金环抱器操作简单安全，固定可靠，并发症少，是治疗锁骨中外1／3交界处骨折的有效方法。