基于机器视觉的PCB裸板缺陷自动检测方法

提出了通过比较标准图像与待测图像差异并分析差异区域边界进行印刷线路板(PCB)缺陷检测与识别的算法。在同一位置采集多幅标准PCB图像并计算其灰度平均值从而得到标准图,将待测PCB图与其进行对比。首先使用限定区域Hough变换快速检测出图像中相互垂直相交的细短标志线,将线段的交点作为特征点并计算其坐标,进而对标准图与待测图进行仿射变换配准,差影计算后,再通过二值化、形态学处理等去除伪缺陷,即可获取缺陷区域位置。在此基础之上,对处理过的差影图进行膨胀处理,通过边界检测获取各个缺陷区域闭合轮廓各点坐标。分析各个轮廓坐标对应阈值分割后的配准待测图中点的像素值,并结合缺陷是缺料缺陷还是多料缺陷识别出缺陷类型。对合格的和有缺陷的PCB图各200幅进行算法测试,检测准确率为98.3%,基本能够稳定检测出常规缺陷。     

基于数字图像处理的印刷电路板缺陷检测

针对传统PCB检测方法高成本、低效率问题,提出一种基于数字图像处理的PCB板自动光学检测方法,建立了将标准图像和待测图像进行对比的检测系统。针对PCB板生产过程中遇到的短路、断路、空洞、凸起、凹陷等缺陷,采用了求连通区域数、计算欧拉数、求缺陷区域面积等方法,来检测上述缺陷问题,并给出算法的全过程。经实验结果分析,该方法能准确地检测出待检测电路板上存在的缺陷,达到了自动实时检测的目的。     

基于改进 Canny 算子的锂电池极片表面缺陷检测

针对目前锂电池极片表面存在低对比度微小缺陷难以检测的问题,提出了一种基于改进Canny算子的锂电池极片表面缺陷检测方法。首先,使用双边滤波改善高斯滤波在降噪时可能造成的图像边缘模糊问题,并在此基础上引入多尺度细节增强算法来增强低对比度图像;其次,基于Sobel算子的3×3梯度模板计算极片图像的梯度幅值和梯度方向;最后,基于最大熵和Otsu算法自动获取图像的高、低阈值,通过逻辑与运算对两种算法阈值分割后的检测结果进行边缘融合,并利用形态学闭运算和细化算法修复不连续边缘,得到最终检测边缘。实验结果表明,传统Canny算子和Otsu-Canny算法难以有效检测不同类型的暗斑、露箔和划痕缺陷,而本文算法对这些缺陷均取得了较好的检测效果,能够在突出目标缺陷区域的同时,有效减少同色度背景噪声,正确检测率达98%,具有一定实用价值。     

基于支持向量机的焊缝缺陷类型识别研究

针对焊缝的线形和圆形两种主要缺陷,提出了一种基于支持向量机的焊缝缺陷种类识别算法。首先,对焊缝X射线图像运用模糊C均值聚类、区域填充、均值滤波、边缘检测、大津阈值及谷发现图像预处理算法,获取焊缝缺陷的位置,然后通过逆表面阈值算法将缺陷从焊缝中分割出来;利用基于分段分形纹理分析算法提取焊缝缺陷的特征值;最后将特征值输入到基于支持向量机的焊缝缺陷分类器中,识别出焊缝缺陷种类。试验结果表明,通过对150张焊缝X射线图像进行训练,对80张焊缝X射线图像进行测试,平均正确识别焊缝缺陷种类的准确率达97.5%,满足工业要求。     

基于图像处理的陶瓷产品缺陷识别研究

针对生产线上陶瓷天线罩缺陷(裂纹缺陷和气孔缺陷)图像的特点,研究了基于图像处理的天线罩缺陷识别算法。图像经灰度化处理、二值化处理、中值滤波、边界提取和目标区域标记等预处理方法,有效地去除了干扰噪声,并突显出缺陷区域。裂纹缺陷经骨架提取处理和长度统计,得到裂纹长度值;统计气孔缺陷区占有像素数,得到气孔面积值。实验表明该算法能够较精确地检测出陶瓷天线罩的缺陷值,基于图像处理的天线罩缺陷识别方法可行、有效。     

基于Mask R-CNN的铸件X射线DR图像缺陷检测研究

针对传统的铸件缺陷检测不能对缺陷进行分类分级等问题,提出了一种基于Mask R-CNN的铸件X射线DR图像缺陷检测算法。首先对原始图像进行预处理,采用引导滤波进行图像平滑,平滑图像与原图像进行差分得到差分图像,将差分图像与平滑图像相加运算使图像增强,再利用Labelme进行图像标注,形成训练数据集。送入Mask R-CNN深度学习网络,通过特征提取网络生成建议区域,分类、回归网络生成边界框和掩码,经多次参数调节后得到训练网络模型,最后测试数据集。实验数据结果表明,气泡1～5级的检测率分别为:66.7%,71.4%,77.4%,88.9%,87.5%;疏松1～5级检测率为:62.5%,72.2%,77.1%,83.3%,81.1%。检测结果证明应用Mask R-CNN结合引导滤波增强方法的缺陷检测方法可以较好的实现对铸件X射线DR图像的缺陷检测的分级分类,为工业铸件缺陷检测提供了应用深度学习方法的解决方案。     

基于单类支持向量机的织物瑕疵检测研究

为了实现在工业环境下的织物瑕疵在线检测,提出了一种基于单类支持向量机(OCSVM)的织物异常纹理检测方法。通过利用CCD采集织物图像,滤除图像噪声后提取了图像小区域窗口子图像特征;通过实验寻找了两组有效的特征向量,对特征值进行了归一化和主成份分析降维后导入支持向量机分类器中进行了训练,利用单类SVM对异常区域进行了定位和标记。通过对分别利用两组特征向量识别出的图像结果进行组合得到了最后的瑕疵区域。实验结果表明,该算法能够正确地对多种瑕疵进行识别,并能较大程度降低误检率和漏检率;同时,能够有效解决生产实际中瑕疵训练样本难以获取的问题,对未知的待测样本有较好的推广性,可以适应工业检测的要求。     

基于谱残差视觉显著性的带钢表面缺陷检测

针对带钢表面缺陷检测实时性要求高,采集的图像易受光照环境影响且缺陷特征弱等因素影响,提出一种基于谱残差视觉注意模型的带钢表面缺陷在线检测算法。首先,提出改进同态滤波方法对图像预处理,去除光照不均匀的影响,改善后续的分割结果。然后,构建谱残差视觉注意模型,通过对数频谱曲线差分得到缺陷显著图像。最后,提出加权马氏距离方法对显著图像阈值化增强,并利用连通区域标记法,标记出原带钢图像的缺陷位置。对提出的算法进行了实验验证,结果显示:该算法检测速度快,单幅图像平均检测耗时仅37.6ms,满足带钢在线实时检测要求。在同一缺陷数据库与灰度投影法,多尺度Gabor边缘检测法和隐马尔可夫树模型法进行了性能对比,结果表明:本文算法对带钢常见8类缺陷类型,平均检测率达到了95.3%,且漏检率和误检率较低,有效性高于对比算法。     

多神经网络图像分割算法

为了提高机器视觉系统的图像分割精度,提出了一种以小波变换为分类特征的多神经网络(Multi-Neural Network,MNN)图像分割算法,该算法包括小波特征提取、MNN区域划分和MNN分类3个阶段。其中,小波特征提取根据小波变换的各层图像扩展得到分类特征;MNN区域划分将初分割边界附近区域分为训练样本区域和待分类区域(待分区域),并用多边形拟合算法将待分区域划分为多个局部待分区域;MNN分类将每个局部待分区域的像素用区域内的神经网络分类器进行分类,确定目标像素和背景像素,将目标像素合并后再进行一定的后处理即可得到分割结果。以轴承表面缺陷检测系统采集的轴承缺陷图像为对象,对MNN算法和阈值分割算法进行了对比试验,结果显示MNN算法的像素数量误差(Pixel Error,PE)相比阈值分割算法降低了75%,分割精度显著提高。     

列车车轮踏面缺陷图像区域提取

针对踏面缺陷图像的特点,对其缺陷图像区域提取技术进行了研究,设计了一种基于平稳小波自适应阈值踏面区域分割算法,提出了一种基于分块思想粗定位和精定位组合定位的剥离缺陷区域提取算法和基于踏面边缘线扫描搜索的擦伤区域提取的算法。通过两个踏面缺陷的实例,验证了算法的有效性,对现场采集样本进行试验,结果表明：系统对剥离和擦伤的两种缺陷的漏识率分别为8.3%和5.3%,误识率为5.1%,为后续特征提取和识别奠定了基础。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.