基于偏最小二乘的数控机床热误差稳健建模算法

建立预测模型对热误差进行预测和补偿是解决机床热误差问题的常用方法,该方法中模型的预测精度和稳健性易受环境温度影响而明显下降,对此本文提出了基于偏最小二乘法的热误差稳健建模算法。首先使用相关系数法筛选温度敏感点,并建立热误差偏最小二乘回归预测模型。进而基于全年环境温度下的多批次热误差实验数据,分析最佳的温度敏感点个数。最后建立热误差偏最小二乘回归模型,并与普通多元线性回归模型的预测效果比对分析。结果表明本文所提算法平均预测精度为5.7μm,模型稳健性为0.56μm,相较于普通多元线性回归算法,预测精度和稳健性分别提高13.8%和49.5%。说明本文所提的热误差稳健建模算法能够在环境温度变化较大时保持高预测精度和高稳健性。     

贝叶斯证据框架下的LS-SVM多工况数控机床热误差建模

最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型是表征数控机床热误差特性的有效工具,但该模型中的参数设置直接影响建模的精度。传统的基于交叉验证法或网格法的参数获取方法存在计算量大、精度低的缺点,且同一组模型常数往往不能准确表征机床多种工况条件下所产生的热误差。为解决这一问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯证据框架理论的LS-SVM多工况参数优化方法。通过测量不同工况下数控机床温度值与主轴热变形量,采用贝叶斯证据框架的3个推断对LS-SVM模型进行训练并对参数进行辨识和优化,推导出了不同工况所对应的最优模型和参数。热误差建模实验验证了该参数优化方法的有效性,结果显示,经优化的模型具有泛化能力强、预测精度高、计算速度快的特点,能够较准确地描述多种典型工况条件下的实际热误差特性。     

时序分析在电主轴热误差建模中的应用

针对电主轴热误差基于三点法测量和建模中忽略径向热倾角误差的问题,采用五点法对主轴热误差进行测量,建立基于时序分析的热误差自回归滑动平均混合模型ARIMA。通过引用单位根检验算法实现对热误差序列的平稳性判定,运用自相关/偏自相关函数完成模型的高效识别;利用信息准则解决热误差模型的定阶问题,结合Yule-Walker方程实现自回归参数以及滑动平均参数的求解,从而提高了模型的预测精度及泛化能力,设定了模型的预测优度评价标准。电主轴热误差模型蕴含轴向伸长及径向热倾角,更符合实际,模型可更准确地描述主轴热误差空间位姿状态。通过电主轴热误差建模的应用实例,验证了所提测量及建模方法的有效性。     

基于正则化的机床热误差自适应稳健建模算法

通过建立预测模型对机床热误差进行补偿,是有效解决热误差造成机床精度下降问题的常用方法。本文提出一种基于正则化的数控机床热误差自适应稳健建模算法,能够在建模过程中自适应选择温度敏感点(TSPs),并具有高预测精度和稳健性。首先基于结构风险最小化原则对热误差建模稳健性机理进行分析,进而利用正则化算法中LASSO解的稀疏性实现自适应TSP选择。然后基于不同实验条件的热误差数据,分析所提建模算法的预测效果,并与常用的多元线性回归、BP神经网络和岭回归算法进行比对分析。结果表明,本文所提建模算法具有最高的预测精度和稳健性,分别为5.22和1.69μm。最后,利用所建立的预测模型进行热误差补偿实验,以验证本文所提建模算法的实际补偿效果。     

广义径向基函数神经网络在热误差建模中的应用

针对现有的热误差建模方法建模效率低,模型预测精度不理想等问题,提出了广义径向基函数神经网络(RBF)建模方法并将其应用于数控机床热误差建模中。讨论了采用广义RBF神经网络进行热误差建模的原理及步骤。以数控导轨磨床主轴箱系统为例,布置了12个主轴热误差的关键温度测点,测得了2组独立的主轴箱系统热误差数据。将测得的数据分别用于建立主轴箱系统热误差广义RBF神经网络预报模型和验证模型的准确性。研究结果表明,热误差广义RBF神经网络模型具有预测精度高及泛化能力强的优点;与传统的RBF神经网络建模方法相比,提出的广义RBF神经网络建模方法建模效率更高,模型鲁棒性及预测性能更好,是一种可以用于数控机床热误差实时补偿的有效建模方法。     

基于迁移学习的异工况下机床热误差建模方法

机床热误差预测模型在不同工况下难以保持高预测精度是导致热误差实际补偿效果差的重要原因，对此本文提出一种基于迁移学习的异工况下机床热误差建模方法。首先利用核均值匹配算法获取不同工况下机床温度数据间的迁移权重，从而提出基于迁移学习的热误差建模方法；对不同工况下热误差数据进行差异显著性检验，并利用本文所提方法建立热误差预测模型，分析建模效果；然后比对分析本文所提建模方法与常用建模方法的实际预测效果，最后进行补偿验证实验以证明本文所提方法的有效性。结果表明，本文所提基于迁移学习的建模方法能够有效提升建模效果，其中迁移学习结合LASSO算法针对不同工况下热误差数据的预测精度和稳健性分别达到3.73和1.14μm,补偿后机床X/Y/Z 3个方向热误差分别保持在-2.3～3.1μm、-3.4～3.9μm和-3.3～4.6μm范围内。     

机床丝杠进给系统热误差测点优化及实验

针对丝杠进给系统热误差监测点多,且测点之间存在复共线性影响热误差建模精度的问题,提出了一种综合测点优化的方法。首先利用Pearson相关性分析筛选出相关性较高的点,其次利用灰色关联法求出各温度变量间的灰色关联度并由此建立模糊相似矩阵,再采用模糊聚类和F分布统计确定最优测点组合后,由偏相关性分析剔除弱相关变量并建立热误差线性回归模型。在某龙门加工中心进行实验验证,结果表明温度测点由12个减小到3个,丝杠热误差由13μm减小到10μm。     

基于粒子群优化灰色神经网络的机床主轴热误差建模

主轴热误差是影响机床精度的主要因素,建立准确的主轴热误差模型是进行机床误差补偿的关键。研究了温度测点优化和神经网络建模的方法,给出了粒子群优化灰色神经网络建模的流程。开展了主轴热误差热特性试验,得到了主轴热变形随主轴转速的变化规律。基于粒子群优化灰色神经网络建立了主轴轴向伸长和俯仰角热误差模型,并与灰色神经网络和BP网络的预测性能进行了对比,结果表明该模型可有效提高网络模型的收敛性和预测精度。     

基于Fisher最优分割法的机床热关键点优化研究

利用温度测点建立热误差模型时,测点的选取直接影响到模型的精度.采用一种最优化分段方法——Fisher最优分割法,以试验采集到的原始数据作为分析数据,通过计算分类的直径、比较各类中的误差函数,对机床测点变量进行分类,经过对各类中温度变量与热误差之间相关系数的计算,获得用于热误差建模的热关键点,从而完成测点优化.利用多元线性回归方法对其优化出的测点建立热误差模型,与采用变量分组优化选出的温度测点建立的热误差模型进行比较,结果说明Fisher最优分割法可行、实用性强.     

[误差建模及精度保证方法]一种五轴数控机床热误差建模方法

针对五轴数控机床多个发热源叠加导致的较为复杂的热误差测控难题,提出了一种五轴数控机床热误差建模方法,采用狮群优化算法优化最小二乘支持向量机（LSO-LSSVM）方法对热误差模型的重要参数进行求解,从而有效提高热误差预测模型的效率和精度。使用偏相关分析对大量温度传感器位置进行初步筛选,选取关联性较大的温度变量,根据选取的实测温度数据,分别采用多元线性回归、粒子群优化最小二乘支持向量机与LSO-LSSVM建模方法进行热误差建模,同时对各热误差模型的预测能力进行对比分析,结果表明：使用LSO-LSSVM建立的热误差预测模型的精度和鲁棒性都有很大的提高。对五轴数控机床主要部位实施热误差补偿测试,测试结果表明,采用LSO-LSSVM建模方法可使试件在X、Y、Z三个方向的误差分别减小35.3%、32.2%和43.9%。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.