Sun Protection for Preventing Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers

Review question: What is the most effective form of sun protection (including sunscreens) to prevent basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the skin?     

Direct and Indirect Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Resistance to Therapy and Psychometric Comparability Abstract

Groups of participants were randomly assigned to receive either direct hypnotic procedure using the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A (HGSHS:A) or its indirect counterpart, the Alman-Wexler Indirect Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (AWIHSS). Prior to hypnosis, participants completed the Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings (a measure of fantasy proneness) and the Therapeutic Reactance Scale (TRS, a measure of resistance to therapeutic directives). The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory was completed in reference to a 2-minute sitting-quietly period embedded in the hypnotic procedure. Although results generally suggest that the two scales are alternate measures of hypnotizability, some differences were observed: (a) item difficulty levels differed on 4 of the 12 items; (b) subjects reported greater altered awareness with the direct method; and (c) contrary to the results of previous research, the more resistant subjects showed a tendency toward higher hypnotizability scores with the HGSHS:A, while the less resistant subjects responded better with the AWIHSS.     

皮肤基底细胞癌伴淋巴结转移临床特点及组织学观察

目的观察皮肤基底细胞癌版淋巴结转移临床特点及组织学特点。方法选择2010年1月~2016年1月我院收诊的20例皮肤基底细胞癌伴淋巴结转移患者作为观察对象,收集患者的一般资料和临床资料,分析患者的临床特点及组织学特点。结果 20例皮肤基底细胞癌版淋巴结转移患者中,约有18例(90.0%)患者发生于面部,其中鼻周6例(30.0%)、头皮4例(20.0%)、眶周3例(15.0%)、唇部3例(15.0%)、耳周2例(10.0%);仅有2例(10.0%)发生于四肢,其中小腿1例(5.0%)、手臂1例(5.0%),说明面部为基底细胞癌多发部位。20例患者中,有男性7例、女性13例,男女比例差异有统计学学意义(P0.05),说明女性在基底细胞癌发病率方面高于男性;年龄30岁仅有1人(5.0%),30~50岁有4例(20.0%),50岁有15例(75.0%),说明老年人群的发病率高于中青年人群。结论老年女性患者在该病中的发生率要高于同年龄段男性患者,且面部是基底细胞癌的高发区域。     

Hypnotic Dreams as a Lens Into Hypnotic Dynamics

The hypnotic relationship is an important parameter for both experimental and therapeutic contexts. Hypnotic dreams may serve as a lens to examine the hypnotic relationship. By answering 5 questions per item, 70 judges rated 12 accounts of brief hypnotic dreams conducted as part of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C. The data show that the judges were able to correctly discern highly from less hypnotizable individuals. Interestingly, highly hypnotizable females coached by a male hypnotic operator had more sexually charged dreams than either less hypnotizable females or males regardless of hypnotizability. These findings contextualize for further research and therapy transference issues related to the hypnotic relationship and the use of hypnotic dreams.     

Hypnotic Olfactory Hallucinations

Olfactory hallucinations (smelling odors that are not present) are intrusive and disruptive yet challenging to investigate because they cannot be produced on demand. In this study, the authors attempted to model olfactory hallucinations using hypnotic suggestions. We gave some subjects a suggestion to smell an odor in the absence of a real odor (positive hallucination) and gave others a suggestion to smell nothing in the presence of a real odor (negative hallucination). High hypnotizable individuals who received the positive hallucination reported intense smells whereas those who received the negative hallucination reported a reduction in intensity. These suggestions also influenced later recall about frequency of odor presentation. Findings are discussed in terms of reality monitoring and differences between positive and negative hallucinations.     

Finding the Hypnotic Virtuoso

Measures of hypnotizability based on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) correlate only moderately with those based on Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C(SHSS:C). Ss(N = 148) scoring in the high range (10-12) on HGSHS:A were classified according to whether they scored in the “virtuoso” range (11-12) or not on a subsequent administration of SHSS:C. Significant group differences were found on items comprising the cognitive distortion subscale of HGSHS:A, whether assessed in terms of overt behavior or subjective impressions of success. The 2 groups also differed on global self-ratings of hypnotic depth and on those subscales of Field's Inventory Scale of Hypnotic Depth concerned with subjective feelings of loss of control, automaticity, transcendence of normal functioning, and fluctuating depth. Assessments of hypnotizability are enhanced when investigators consider subjective involvement as well as behavioral measures of hypnotic response. This is particularly important when the more dissociative aspects of hypnosis are under scrutiny.