广东省加强肿瘤放疗质量控制管理

本文总结了广东省肿瘤放射科20多年来发展及工作成就。通过广东省44个肿瘤放疗科的设置，放疗设备及放疗技术人才的配套，说明放疗点布局合理，设备及技术人员配套是提高放射质量的重要内容。提出新千年广东省肿瘤放射治疗科建设的阶段性，既“基本设备阶段”，“中级设备”和“高级设备”三个阶段配置及技术人员配套的要求和建立放疗质量的网络系统，依法使用放疗装置，跟踪评估放疗质量。     

儿童肿瘤放疗剂量相关远期并发症研究进展

儿童肿瘤相比成年人有更好的预后和更长的生存期,提示关注儿童肿瘤放疗引起的远期并发症非常重要。本文总结近10余年发表的40余项儿童肿瘤放疗临床研究数据,从神经系统、心脑血管系统、呼吸系统、内分泌系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统、骨骼发育和远期继发肿瘤等领域,汇总临床研究观察到的儿童肿瘤放疗后出现的远期并发症及其"剂量-体积"参数...     

人工智能:肿瘤放疗的机遇与挑战

人工智能在包括医学的多个行业内已取得越来越多的进展,在放疗领域,如自动勾画靶区、制定放疗计划、预测放疗毒性及预后等诸多方面,人工智能都已在不同程度上得到应用。本文就人工智能在肿瘤放疗领域的应用进行综述。     

放疗全流程管理及QA的初步应用经验

目的 回顾复旦大学附属肿瘤医院放疗QA工作历史及发展,提供全流程管理和QA工作初步应用经验。方法 采用失效模式与效应分析和PDCA循环为工具,从2015年4月开始在放疗中心实施全流程QA工作,并采集了实施前后近6000例患者的数据进行对比。结果 实施全流程QA后可能出错概率由1.7%下降到0.9%。结论 放疗全流程QA有效提高放疗准确性和安全性。     

大剂量分割放疗与肿瘤免疫——新概念与新结合

现代免疫学认为肿瘤的逃逸机制与肿瘤特异抗原(TSA)和肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)的隐藏、丢失,肿瘤自身分泌一些免疫抑制因子抑制免疫杀伤和抗原呈递细胞(APC)有关。肿瘤微环境的变化对肿瘤免疫变化及肿瘤治疗的转归也有影响。在肿瘤局部,尽管抗原呈递细胞(APC)和免疫效应细胞CTL都存在,但是,免疫作用效果却取决于T细胞受体(TCR)和其他共调节受体(CD₂₈、CD₈₀/ CD₈₆、CTLA-4)的活化或抑制。近年来研究发现,放疗不仅能造成肿瘤细胞DNA损伤,还能引起肿瘤细胞的免疫原性。无论常规分割照射还是大剂量分割照射都可以产生肿瘤的至免疫原性(Immunogenesis)。至免疫性细胞调节能使受照射细胞表达多种抗原,使细胞易于免疫识别和杀伤;至免疫原性细胞死亡所释放的细胞内容物(如DNA、HMGB1等)能够刺激免疫反应,产生“原位疫苗”作用,进而产生放疗的远隔效应。许多抗肿瘤免疫治疗方法没能达到令人满意的效果,如何利用放疗,特别是SBRT方法与抗肿瘤免疫治疗结合成为近年来的研究新课题。     

胸部肿瘤三维适形放疗急性放射性肺损伤相关因素的分析

目的:分析三维适形放射治疗胸部肿瘤患者发生急性放射性肺损伤的临床、物理和生物学因素,为预测急性放射性肺损伤,优化放疗计划提供参考。方法:对84例胸部肿瘤放疗后发生急性放射性肺损伤的患者进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归及相关分析。采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测放疗前、后的血浆转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)水平;从剂量体积直方图上获取放射物理数据。结果:84例患者中发生急性放射性肺损伤19例,其中Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例,急性放射性肺损伤的发生率为22.62%(19/84);单因素Lo-gistic回归分析显示与急性放射性肺损伤相关的因素有放疗前的肺功能(基础肺功能)、肺V20、化疗和放疗后的血浆TGF-β1升高,P<0.05。结果显示,放疗后总体血浆TGF-β1水平低于放疗前的水平。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,急性放射性肺损伤的独立危险因素为肺V20和基础肺功能(OR值分别为3.094、3.945)。结论:三维适形放射治疗胸部肿瘤时肺的V20和基础肺功能可能是引起急性放射性肺损伤的主要因素。放疗后血浆TGF-β1水平升高还不能作为预测急性放射性肺损伤的指标。     

提高放射治疗质量保证的若干措施

为进一步提高放射治疗的质量，近三年来我院放射科采取一系列的措施建立规范化的治疗程序，改进放射治疗技术及建立放疗病人资料的计算机管理程序，以确保放射治疗的质量控制和质量保证。     

高压氧联合放疗或化疗对肿瘤患者生活质量影响的临床研究

目的探讨高压氧联合放疗或化疗对肿瘤患者生活质量的影响。方法①评价高压氧联合放疗对肿瘤患者生活质量的影响:选取我院肿瘤患者116例,采用随机数字表法随机分为放疗联合HBO组和单用化疗组各58例,放疗联合HBO组从放疗开始次日起加用HBO治疗,HBO采用多人氧舱,在舱内停留120 min,压力为0.25 MPa(2.5ATA),戴面罩吸入纯氧60 min(30 min各2次,中间休息10 min吸入舱内空气),10次为1个疗程,共3个疗程,每疗程间隔3～5 d。②评价高压氧联合化疗对肿瘤患者生活质量的影响:选取我院肿瘤患者120例,采用随机数字表法随机分为化疗联合HBO组和单用化疗组各60例。化疗至少2个疗程,化疗联合HBO组从化疗开始次日起加用HBO治疗,HBO采用多人氧舱,在舱内停留120 min,压力为0.25 MPa(2.5ATA),戴面罩吸入纯氧60 min(30 min各2次,中间休息10 min吸入舱内空气),10次为1个疗程,共3个疗程,每疗程间隔3～5 d。结果①两组患者的放疗疗效无明显影响,放疗联合HBO组患者的全身功能状态显著提高,食欲、精神状态、睡眠、疲乏和体重等生活质量均明显改善,且差异有显著性。②两组患者的化疗疗效无明显影响,化疗联合HBO组患者的全身功能状态明显提高,患者生活质量明显改善,且两组差异有显著性。结论高压氧联合放疗或化疗对肿瘤患者的生活质量有明显的改善作用。     

浙江省放射治疗质量控制和质量保证试点研究报告

目的：探讨在全省范围内进行放射治疗的质量控制与质量保证的方法。方法：自1995起，首先成立浙江省放射治疗质量控制中心（由全省放射治疗专家担任质量控制中心的指导组成员），再由专家组成员分期分批到各基层放射治疗单位进行摸底检查，然后制定出相应的管理规程（包括行政管理、设备配套、人员要求和临床治疗规范）和评分标准。自1999－2000年，再次由专家组成员到各个放射治疗单位进行逐项检查、评分，评估每个放射治疗单位的情况。结果：28个受检单位，行政管理方面均基本合格，个别单位未独立建科；设备配套情况存在部分单位或缺少模拟机，或缺少剂量仪，或仅有单光子加速器；人员方面最主要的问题是缺乏合格的放射物理师；临床治疗方面大部分科室治疗方案基本合理，但有的单位适应证选择不够严格，放射治疗技术落后，放射治疗记录不规范。将检查结果反馈给各放射治疗单位后，每个单位对其不足之处加以补充和改正，进一步规范全省的放射治疗工作。结论：由省质量控制中心对全省范围内放射治疗科进行检查，开展放射治疗质量控制和质量保证是可行的，对规范肿瘤患者的放射治疗，保证放射治疗质量，进一步开展多中心临床研究将有重要意义。     

A practical implementation of physics quality assurance for photon adaptive radiotherapy

The fast evolution of technology in radiotherapy (RT) enabled the realization of adaptive radiotherapy (ART). However, the new characteristics of ART pose unique challenges for efficiencies and effectiveness of quality assurance (QA) strategies. In this paper, we discuss the necessary QAs for ART and introduce a practical implementation. A previously published work on failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) of ART is introduced first to explain the risks associated with ART sub-processes. After a brief discussion of QA challenges, we review the existing QA strategies and tools that might be suitable for each ART step. By introducing the MR-guided online ART QA processes developed at our institute, we demonstrate a practical implementation. The limitations and future works to develop more robust and efficient QA strategies are discussed at the end.     

后装治疗机的质量控制和质量保证

相比于体外放射治疗,后装放射治疗有其独特的剂量优势,在放射治疗中有不可替代的作用。目前,中国开展后装放射治疗的单位不断增加,但是后装治疗机的质量控制和质量保证仍然处于较低水平,急需一份全面的,易于在临床中应用的纲领性文件发布,以适应当前精准后装放射治疗的需求。本指南起草过程中参考了国内外相关的文献,并结合了临床的实际情况,指南的内容不但包括后装治疗机的质量控制和质量保证要求,还针对每一项要求,列出了具体的检测方法,这对广大开展后装放射治疗的单位极具参考价值。本指南对规范后装放射治疗的发展,提升治疗效果有重要意义。     

Quality control and quality assurance of afterloading equipment

Compared with external beam radiotherapy, afterloading radiotherapy has its unique dose advantage and plays an irreplaceable role in radiotherapy. At present, the number of hospitals and institutions carrying out afterloading radiotherapy is ever increasing in China, whereas the quality control and quality assurance of afterloading equipment are still at a low level. A comprehensive and easy-to-use guiding document is urgently required to meet the current precision requirement of afterloading radiotherapy. During the drafting of this guideline, relevant domestic and foreign literatures were referenced and the actual clinical situation was considered. The content of this guideline not only includes the quality control and quality assurance requirements of afterloading equipment, but also lists specific testing procedures for each requirement, which provides practical reference for large-scale hospitals implementing afterloading radiotherapy. This guideline plays a critical role in standardizing the development and improving the therapuetic outcome of afterloading radiotherapy.     

机器学习在调强放疗质量保证中的应用研究进展

近年来随着大数据分析与人工智能技术的发展,机器学习在放疗领域的应用研究逐渐增多。通过既往计划训练,机器学习可预测计划质量及剂量验证结果。机器学习也可以预测MLC位置误差、加速器性能。机器学习用于调强放疗质量保证能提高治疗计划和实施的质量和效率,增加患者获益并降低风险。机器学习用于调强放疗质量保证目前尚存在特征值选择、提取和计算复杂,要求训练样本量大,预测精度不够等问题,阻碍了其临床转化和应用。本文综述其研究进展。     

非小细胞肺癌术后放射治疗纵隔移位研究

目的:分析非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)术后放疗(PORT)流程中含靶区纵隔移位规律和实施中期评估的价值。方法:100例NSCLC术后N 2期和R 1-2切除并任何N期患者,以骨性解剖建立坐标轴,测量纵隔三维方向在PORT流程中的移位规律。采用 WilCoxon、 Krusk...     

An analytical approach to acceptance criteria for quality assurance of intensity modulated radiotherapy

Detectability and impact of potential treatment machine errors on IMRT treatments were evaluated. The ability of the gamma index to detect deliberately introduced errors was assessed and their clinical impact was assessed using Tumour Control Probability (TCP) and Normal Tissue Complication Probability. TCP was only marginally affected by 2 mm errors in MLC position. Dose delivery errors had greater impact but were not detected as effectively using the gamma index. Acceptance criteria should include mean dose as well as gamma to help identify errors in the delivered dose.     

恶性肿瘤射频透热合并放疗疗效分析

目的 评价射频加温治疗深部或表浅巨大肿瘤的临床效果。方法 自1999年11月～2001年9月,应用加温合并放射治疗深部或表浅巨大肿瘤54例,其中男性37例,女性17例;年龄26～84岁,中位年龄60岁。肿瘤最大直径<5 cm 18例,5～10 cm 26例,10 cm以上10例。热疗用SR-1000型射频热疗机,频率41 MHz,治疗功率600～900 W,反射功率10～40 W,每周1～2次,每次加温60～90 min,在放射治疗后60min内进行,加温治疗3～14次,平均加温治疗6次。常规放疗每周5次,每次2 Gy,总剂量36～75 Gy,中位剂量60 Gy。结果 全部病例随访3个月以上,可评价病例的总有效率(CR+PR)为74％,CR 16％,PR 58％。表浅肿瘤7例,CR 3例,PR 4例,疗效优于深部肿瘤。并发症:脂肪硬结5例。结论 影响疗效的关键是放疗剂量,对深部肿瘤的疗效评价应引入新的标准。     

Quality assurance and quality control for radiotherapy/medical oncology in Europe: Guideline development and implementation

The past two decades have brought tremendous changes to the practice of radiation oncology and medical oncology. To manage all the complexities related to the new technologies and the new drugs, the radiation and medical oncologists have to enhance their clinical action and professional skill profile. To accomplish this they have to find reliable tools in the quality of their medical practice and in future research activities. Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) for radiation and medical oncologists mean to clarify the different components of the clinical decision, to supervise with proper methodology the required steps needed to accomplish the agreed outcomes and to control them. Quality for radiation and medical oncology means to supervise each clinical and technical component of the whole process to guarantee that all steps together will arrive at the final and best possible outcome. Key components are guidelines, specialization and a multidisciplinary approach. The research of global quality could represent a further complexity, but it is the best tool to give a perspective and a chance to further improvements of our disciplines and to promote better outcome in all cancer patients.     

Paediatric medulloblastoma: Patterns of care and radiotherapy quality assurance in Australia

The purpose of this study was to document how children in Australia with medulloblastoma are being treated and to evaluate the quality of radiotherapy (RT) delivered. The Radiotherapy Database of the Australian and New Zealand Children’s Haematology and Oncology Group was used to identify 46 children with medulloblastoma younger than the age of 15 years treated with radical intent by craniospinal irradiation between 1997 and 1999 inclusively. Twenty‐six patients had completely resected disease without evidence of disease spread. Of these, 16 patients received a craniospinal RT dose of <25 Gy in addition to chemotherapy. RT treatment immobilization methods varied, as did planning methods. RT dose to critical structures was recorded on treatment plans for only 15% of patients. The average systematic error in shield placement at the posterior orbit was 5.2 mm, and two‐thirds of patients were ‘overshielded’ at this site. Adequate coverage of the distal end of the thecal sac was achieved in fewer than 50% of on‐treatment verification films for 21 of 45 patients. With a reduction in RT dose to the craniospinal axis for paediatric medulloblastoma, greater attention is needed for patient immobilization, documentation of RT dose to critical structures and the placement and reproducibility of shielding.