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细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是细胞主动释放的膜结合颗粒。在原核生物和真核生物中,EVs被认为是细胞间进行信息交流的一种方式。EVs具有携带蛋白质、脂质和核酸等生物大分子的能力,可以影响亲本细胞和受体细胞的不同生理功能。其中,EVs携带的microRNA研究报道最多,在生物体生理功能方面发挥着重要作用。卵泡在发育过程中,只有少数卵泡可以充分发育、成熟、排卵,大多数卵泡在发育的不同阶段发生闭锁。在卵泡发育的整个过程中,每一阶段的变化以及卵泡闭锁调控机制还不完全清楚。本文在总结EVs类型、特性、分离方法及用途的基础上,从不同细胞因子、激素方面重点论述了卵泡液中EVs携带的microRNA是如何调控卵泡闭锁,同时对卵泡液EVs携带的microRNA在生殖调控和生殖疾病诊断方面的研究前景进行了展望,对于卵泡发育调控研究以及有效利用研究具有一定参考意义。 相似文献
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细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicle,EV）是由细胞释放到细胞外微环境的膜性囊泡,携带母细胞来源分子,参与机体的生理和病理活动过程,鉴定其组成并研究其功能已成为研究热点。目前,对不同物种、不同组织和不同细胞来源的细胞外囊泡组份的研究,获得了大量的蛋白质、核酸、脂类和其他分子数据。为更好地使用这些数据,已有不同的研究机构建立了相应的数据库,为该领域的研究提供了便利。ExoCarta、Vesiclepedia和Evpedia数据库是目前收录数据比较全面的、最具影响力的细胞外囊泡数据库。本文将介绍这3个数据库的特点和应用,为研究者选择使用胞外囊泡数据库提供参考。 相似文献
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细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EV)是由脂质双分子层包裹着蛋白质、核酸等生物分子组成的天然纳米结构颗粒。EV作为细胞间无细胞通讯的一种方式,通过传递包括遗传信息在内的大量生物分子来影响细胞间的通讯。此外,EV还参与多种生物学功能的调控,如免疫调节、细胞间竞争、水平基因转移和致病性等。革兰氏阳性细菌分泌的EV携带多种化合物,这些化合物在细菌竞争、生存、入侵、抗生素耐药和感染方面发挥多样化作用。目前对于细菌EV的研究主要集中在革兰氏阴性细菌中,对革兰氏阳性细菌EV的研究报道较少,其中对葡萄球菌EV的报道主要是金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌。这篇综述介绍了葡萄球菌EV的化学成分组成、功能和分泌的影响因素及临床应用。 相似文献
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细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicle,EV)主要是由真核细胞、原核细胞分泌到体外的纳米颗粒,其多被脂质双层结构所包裹,所含成分包含蛋白质、脂质、核酸等多种生物活性分子。细胞外囊泡可在细胞间进行物质和信息传递,并通过其所含多种活性成分发挥多种生物学功能。近年来研究发现,多种真菌分泌的EV可参与真菌致病、耐药及免疫调控等过程,是介导真菌多种生物学活性的重要载体之一。本文主要对真菌EV的化学组成、生物学功能、实验室检测技术及最新研究进展进行综述和分析,为进一步深入探究其分子机制和更好地了解其潜在应用价值提供新的思路。 相似文献
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陈扬 《中国细胞生物学学报》2019,(2):202-210
由细胞释放到细胞外环境中的来源于内体和细胞膜的多样化的膜性囊泡,统称为细胞外囊泡。这些细胞外囊泡作为细胞间转运膜和可溶性蛋白、脂质、RNA的载体,代表一种重要的细胞间通讯方式。虽然很多报道证明,多种细胞释放细胞外囊泡,并且具有一定的生理意义,但是我们目前缺乏对细胞外囊泡分子机制的深入理解,在细胞外囊泡研究的方法学以及人为调控细胞外囊泡的释放等方面也存在局限性,因此使得我们对它们在体内的生理学功能和细胞外囊泡作为疾病靶标的转化医学的研究进程缓慢。在这篇综述中,该文主要从细胞外囊泡的分类、分子细胞生物学研究、生理及病生理功能、细胞外囊泡的研究方法几个方面回顾当前细胞外囊泡领域的研究进展。 相似文献
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孟玲宁曹小利张燕周万青沈瀚 《中国真菌学杂志》2022,(4):349-352
细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)是一种细胞分泌的膜性囊泡。研究表明EVs在细胞生命的许多方面起着重要作用,包括细胞间的通讯、发病机制和癌症进展[1]。然而,EVs在微生物学中的作用却研究较少,EVs在微生物中最先是在革兰氏阴性菌中发现的[2],后续的研究表明它们在革兰氏阳性菌中也普遍存在[3],此后也有研究发现其在病毒致病过程中的作用和机制。目前,关于EVs与真菌感染关系的研究甚少,本综述将介绍EVs在真菌中的相关研究进展。 相似文献
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膝骨关节炎（knee osteoarthritis,KOA）是以关节软骨退变为主要病变的退行性疾病。目前,KOA尚无有效治疗药物。细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicles,EVs）是由细胞释放的脂质双分子层包绕形成的球状膜性囊泡,可在细胞间传递核酸、蛋白质等生物活性分子。与动物来源EVs相比,植物来源EVs因其来源广泛且经济,在药物载体递送研究领域引起广泛关注。通过基因工程等方法改造EVs进行药物递送,可极大提高药物递送效率及其疗效。本文综述了动、植物两种来源的EVs在KOA中的治疗进展,特别聚焦于工程化EVs作为药物递送载体在KOA治疗中的研发现状,旨在为利用EVs治疗KOA提供参考。 相似文献
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IgA肾病(immunoglobulin A nephropathy, IgAN)是全球最常见的肾小球肾炎,也是导致慢性肾脏病和肾功能衰竭的主要原因。迄今为止,IgAN的病因与发病机制尚不完全清楚。目前,肾脏穿刺活检是唯一确诊IgAN的方法,且需要排除其他相关继发性IgAN。近年来新发现细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)参与细胞间通讯的生理和病理过程。这些膜结构传递生物活性分子,如蛋白质、mRNA、micro-RNA、生物活性脂质和可以水平传递遗传信息的信号受体。EVs还具有作为疾病生物标志物和治疗载体的巨大潜能。本文介绍了EVs的分类及生物功能,并综述了其在IgAN诊断和治疗中的价值。 相似文献
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肖海楠丁勇 《中国生物化学与分子生物学报》2017,(8):756-759
细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicle,EV)是由细胞释放到细胞外微环境的膜性囊泡,携带母细胞来源分子,参与机体的生理和病理活动过程,鉴定其组成并研究其功能已成为研究热点。目前,对不同物种、不同组织和不同细胞来源的细胞外囊泡组份的研究,获得了大量的蛋白质、核酸、脂类和其他分子数据。为更好地使用这些数据,已有不同的研究机构建立了相应的数据库,为该领域的研究提供了便利。ExoCarta、Vesiclepedia和Evpedia数据库是目前收录数据比较全面的、最具影响力的细胞外囊泡数据库。本文将介绍这3个数据库的特点和应用,为研究者选择使用胞外囊泡数据库提供参考。 相似文献
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Sarah Ressel Adelina Rosca Katrina Gordon Amy H. Buck 《Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA》2019,10(4)
Small RNAs and their associated RNA interference (RNAi) pathways underpin diverse mechanisms of gene regulation and genome defense across all three kingdoms of life and are integral to virus–host interactions. In plants, fungi and many animals, an ancestral RNAi pathway exists as a host defense mechanism whereby viral double‐stranded RNA is processed to small RNAs that enable recognition and degradation of the virus. While this antiviral RNAi pathway is not generally thought to be present in mammals, other RNAi mechanisms can influence infection through both viral‐ and host‐derived small RNAs. Furthermore, a burgeoning body of data suggests that small RNAs in mammals can function in a non‐cell autonomous manner to play various roles in cell‐to‐cell communication and disease through their transport in extracellular vesicles. While vesicular small RNAs have not been proposed as an antiviral defense pathway per se, there is increasing evidence that the export of host‐ or viral‐derived RNAs from infected cells can influence various aspects of the infection process. This review discusses the current knowledge of extracellular RNA functions in viral infection and the technical challenges surrounding this field of research. This article is categorized under:
- Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
- RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
- Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action
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Jae Gyun Oh Philyoung Lee Ronald E. Gordon Susmita Sahoo Changwon Kho Dongtak Jeong 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2020,24(13):7214-7227
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as an important carrier for various genetic materials including microRNAs (miRs). Growing evidences suggested that several miRs transported by EVs were particularly involved in modulating cardiac function. However, it has remained unclear what miRs are enriched in EVs and play an important role in the pathological condition. Therefore, we established the miR expression profiles in EVs from murine normal and failing hearts and consecutively identified substantially altered miRs. In addition, we have performed bioinformatics approach to predict potential cardiac outcomes through the identification of miR targets. Conclusively, we observed approximately 63% of predicted targets were validated with previous reports. Notably, the predicted targets by this approach were often involved in both beneficial and malicious signalling pathways, which may reflect heterogeneous cellular origins of EVs in tissues. Lastly, there has been an active debate on U6 whether it is a proper control. Through further analysis of EV miR profiles, miR‐676 was identified as a superior reference control due to its consistent and abundant expressions. In summary, our results contribute to identifying specific EV miRs for the potential therapeutic targets in heart failure and suggest that miR‐676 as a new reference control for the EV miR studies. 相似文献
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最近大量的研究表明micro RNAs(miRNAs)是一类重要的调控因子．曾经被认为是非常不稳定的RNA分子——miRNA,却可以稳定存在于血液和其他体液中．更加重要的是,细胞外miRNAs被发现和多种疾病密切相关,它们可以作为诸如肿瘤等各种疾病的非侵入性生物标志物．然而,目前关于细胞外miRNA的来源以及生物学功能还不甚清楚．本文将总结最近细胞外miRNA的研究进展,并将重点介绍细胞外miRNA在疾病诊断及治疗中的作用． 相似文献
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Cells can communicate in a variety of ways, such as by contacting each other or by secreting certain factors. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to be mediators of cell communication. EVs are small vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane that are secreted by cells and contain DNA, RNAs, lipids, and proteins. These EVs are secreted from various cell types and can migrate and be internalized by recipient cells that are the same or different than those that secrete them. EVs harboring various components are involved in regulating gene expression in recipient cells. These EVs may also play important roles in the senescence of cells and the accumulation of senescent cells in the body. Studies on the function of EVs in senescent cells and the mechanisms through which nonsenescent and senescent cells communicate through EVs are being actively conducted. Here, we summarize studies suggesting that EVs secreted from senescent cells can promote the senescence of other cells and that EVs secreted from nonsenescent cells can rejuvenate senescent cells. In addition, we discuss the functional components (proteins, RNAs, and other molecules) enclosed in EVs that enter recipient cells. 相似文献
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Jasenka Guduric‐Fuchs Anna O'Connor Alan W. Stitt Reinhold J. Medina David A. Simpson 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2017,21(12):3405-3419
Endothelial colony‐forming cells (ECFCs) are a defined subtype of endothelial progenitors that modulate vascular repair and promote perfusion in ischaemic tissues. Their paracrine activity on resident vasculature is ill‐defined, but mediated, at least in part, by the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). To evaluate the potential of isolated EVs to provide an alternative to cell‐based therapies, we first performed a physical and molecular characterization of those released by ECFCs. Their effects upon endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo in a model of proliferative retinopathy were assessed. The EVs expressed typical markers CD9 and CD63 and formed a heterogeneous population ranging in size from ~60 to 1500 nm by electron microscopy. ECFC EVs were taken up by endothelial cells and increased cell migration. This was reflected by microarray analyses which showed significant changes in expression of genes associated with angiogenesis. Sequencing of small RNAs in ECFCs and their EVs showed that multiple microRNAs are highly expressed and concentrated in EVs. The functional categories significantly enriched for the predicted target genes of these microRNAs included angiogenesis. Intravitreally delivered ECFC EVs were associated with the vasculature and significantly reduced the avascular area in a mouse oxygen‐induced retinopathy model. Our findings confirm the potential of isolated EVs to influence endothelial cell function and act as a therapy to modulate angiogenesis. The functions associated with the specific microRNAs detected in ECFC EVs support a role for microRNA transfer in mediating the observed effects. 相似文献
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Shannon Fallen David Baxter Xiaogang Wu Taek‐Kyun Kim Oksana Shynlova Min Young Lee Kelsey Scherler Stephen Lye Leroy Hood Kai Wang 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2018,22(5):2760-2773
Preterm birth (PTB) can lead to lifelong complications and challenges. Identifying and monitoring molecular signals in easily accessible biological samples that can diagnose or predict the risk of preterm labour (PTL) in pregnant women will reduce or prevent PTBs. A number of studies identified putative biomarkers for PTL including protein, miRNA and hormones from various body fluids. However, biomarkers identified from these studies usually lack consistency and reproducibility. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in circulation have gained significant interest in recent years as these vesicles may be involved in cell‐cell communication. We have used an improved small RNA library construction protocol and a newly developed size exclusion chromatography (SEC)‐based EV purification method to gain a comprehensive view of circulating RNA in plasma and its distribution by analysing RNAs in whole plasma and EV‐associated and EV‐depleted plasma. We identified a number of miRNAs in EVs that can be used as biomarkers for PTL, and these miRNAs may reflect the pathological changes of the placenta during the development of PTL. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a comprehensive picture of circulating RNA, including RNA in whole plasma, EV and EV‐depleted plasma, in PTL and reveal the usefulness of EV‐associated RNAs in disease diagnosis. 相似文献
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Ye Tian Ruiting Zhao Xiaochun Li Ju Zhou Daqiang Zhan Yuanzhi Wang Yifan He Jiacheng Zhang Hengjie Yuan 《Experimental Animals》2022,71(3):329
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Tools available for diagnosis and therapy are limited. Small extracellular vesicle (sEV) microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in TBI disease progression. This study aimed to investigate the alterations in sEV miRNAs expression in the mouse brain extracellular space after TBI. Twenty-four C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups (12/group). The TBI group was subjected to all surgical procedures and fluid percussion injury (FPI). The sham group only underwent surgery. Brain specimens were collected 3 h after TBI/sham. The brain sEV were isolated. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. A total of 50 miRNAs were observed to be differentially expressed (fold change ≥1.5 and P<0.05) after TBI, including 5 upregulated and 45 downregulated. The major enriched Gene Ontology terms were metabolic processes, cell, intracellular, organelle, cytoplasm, axon, binding, protein kinase activity, protein binding, and protein dimerization activity. The KEGG pathway analysis predicted that the pathways affected by the variation of miRNAs in sEVs after TBI included the Wnt signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway. The changes in five miRNAs were confirmed by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the differential expression of a series of miRNAs in brain sEV after TBI, which might be correlated with post-TBI physiological and pathological processes. The findings might also provide novel targets for further investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying TBI and potential therapeutic interventions. 相似文献
