卵泡液细胞外囊泡携带的microRNA对卵泡闭锁影响的研究进展

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是细胞主动释放的膜结合颗粒。在原核生物和真核生物中,EVs被认为是细胞间进行信息交流的一种方式。EVs具有携带蛋白质、脂质和核酸等生物大分子的能力,可以影响亲本细胞和受体细胞的不同生理功能。其中,EVs携带的microRNA研究报道最多,在生物体生理功能方面发挥着重要作用。卵泡在发育过程中,只有少数卵泡可以充分发育、成熟、排卵,大多数卵泡在发育的不同阶段发生闭锁。在卵泡发育的整个过程中,每一阶段的变化以及卵泡闭锁调控机制还不完全清楚。本文在总结EVs类型、特性、分离方法及用途的基础上,从不同细胞因子、激素方面重点论述了卵泡液中EVs携带的microRNA是如何调控卵泡闭锁,同时对卵泡液EVs携带的microRNA在生殖调控和生殖疾病诊断方面的研究前景进行了展望,对于卵泡发育调控研究以及有效利用研究具有一定参考意义。     

细胞外囊泡与肿瘤

细胞分泌的胞外囊泡(包括外泌体、微囊泡、凋亡小体、迁移体、retractosomes、R-EVs等)含有DNA、RNA、分泌性蛋白质、脂质、膜受体和其他类型的生物活性大分子。它在细胞的可塑性、细胞间交流和微环境重塑中起着关键作用。该文总结了细胞外囊泡的类型、形成、调节及其在肿瘤发生、转移、肿瘤免疫和靶向治疗中的作用和临床意义。     

细胞外囊泡及细胞外囊泡数据库

细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicle,EV）是由细胞释放到细胞外微环境的膜性囊泡,携带母细胞来源分子,参与机体的生理和病理活动过程,鉴定其组成并研究其功能已成为研究热点。目前,对不同物种、不同组织和不同细胞来源的细胞外囊泡组份的研究,获得了大量的蛋白质、核酸、脂类和其他分子数据。为更好地使用这些数据,已有不同的研究机构建立了相应的数据库,为该领域的研究提供了便利。ExoCarta、Vesiclepedia和Evpedia数据库是目前收录数据比较全面的、最具影响力的细胞外囊泡数据库。本文将介绍这3个数据库的特点和应用,为研究者选择使用胞外囊泡数据库提供参考。     

葡萄球菌细胞外囊泡研究进展

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EV)是由脂质双分子层包裹着蛋白质、核酸等生物分子组成的天然纳米结构颗粒。EV作为细胞间无细胞通讯的一种方式,通过传递包括遗传信息在内的大量生物分子来影响细胞间的通讯。此外,EV还参与多种生物学功能的调控,如免疫调节、细胞间竞争、水平基因转移和致病性等。革兰氏阳性细菌分泌的EV携带多种化合物,这些化合物在细菌竞争、生存、入侵、抗生素耐药和感染方面发挥多样化作用。目前对于细菌EV的研究主要集中在革兰氏阴性细菌中,对革兰氏阳性细菌EV的研究报道较少,其中对葡萄球菌EV的报道主要是金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌。这篇综述介绍了葡萄球菌EV的化学成分组成、功能和分泌的影响因素及临床应用。     

细胞外囊泡研究进展

由细胞释放到细胞外环境中的来源于内体和细胞膜的多样化的膜性囊泡,统称为细胞外囊泡。这些细胞外囊泡作为细胞间转运膜和可溶性蛋白、脂质、RNA的载体,代表一种重要的细胞间通讯方式。虽然很多报道证明,多种细胞释放细胞外囊泡,并且具有一定的生理意义,但是我们目前缺乏对细胞外囊泡分子机制的深入理解,在细胞外囊泡研究的方法学以及人为调控细胞外囊泡的释放等方面也存在局限性,因此使得我们对它们在体内的生理学功能和细胞外囊泡作为疾病靶标的转化医学的研究进程缓慢。在这篇综述中,该文主要从细胞外囊泡的分类、分子细胞生物学研究、生理及病生理功能、细胞外囊泡的研究方法几个方面回顾当前细胞外囊泡领域的研究进展。     

真菌细胞外囊泡的研究进展CSCD

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)是一种细胞分泌的膜性囊泡。研究表明EVs在细胞生命的许多方面起着重要作用,包括细胞间的通讯、发病机制和癌症进展[1]。然而,EVs在微生物学中的作用却研究较少,EVs在微生物中最先是在革兰氏阴性菌中发现的[2],后续的研究表明它们在革兰氏阳性菌中也普遍存在[3],此后也有研究发现其在病毒致病过程中的作用和机制。目前,关于EVs与真菌感染关系的研究甚少,本综述将介绍EVs在真菌中的相关研究进展。     

细胞外囊泡在治疗膝骨关节炎中的作用与前景

膝骨关节炎（knee osteoarthritis,KOA）是以关节软骨退变为主要病变的退行性疾病。目前,KOA尚无有效治疗药物。细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicles,EVs）是由细胞释放的脂质双分子层包绕形成的球状膜性囊泡,可在细胞间传递核酸、蛋白质等生物活性分子。与动物来源EVs相比,植物来源EVs因其来源广泛且经济,在药物载体递送研究领域引起广泛关注。通过基因工程等方法改造EVs进行药物递送,可极大提高药物递送效率及其疗效。本文综述了动、植物两种来源的EVs在KOA中的治疗进展,特别聚焦于工程化EVs作为药物递送载体在KOA治疗中的研发现状,旨在为利用EVs治疗KOA提供参考。     

细胞外囊泡及细胞外囊泡数据库北大核心CSCD

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicle,EV)是由细胞释放到细胞外微环境的膜性囊泡,携带母细胞来源分子,参与机体的生理和病理活动过程,鉴定其组成并研究其功能已成为研究热点。目前,对不同物种、不同组织和不同细胞来源的细胞外囊泡组份的研究,获得了大量的蛋白质、核酸、脂类和其他分子数据。为更好地使用这些数据,已有不同的研究机构建立了相应的数据库,为该领域的研究提供了便利。ExoCarta、Vesiclepedia和Evpedia数据库是目前收录数据比较全面的、最具影响力的细胞外囊泡数据库。本文将介绍这3个数据库的特点和应用,为研究者选择使用胞外囊泡数据库提供参考。     

植物细胞外囊泡及其分析技术的进展

细胞外囊泡是细胞在生理和病理条件下通过胞吐作用释放的具有磷脂双分子层结构的纳米级囊泡。细胞外囊泡作为蛋白质、核酸、脂质和代谢物等物质的载体,能够在细胞与细胞之间穿梭,行使物质传递、信息交流的功能,是细胞间通讯的重要媒介。近年来,植物中细胞外囊泡的研究也不断深入,其研究和分析技术也取得了很大进展。本文介绍了细胞外囊泡的组成,综述了植物中细胞外囊泡的生物学功能,分析了细胞外囊泡分离与富集方法的优缺点,以及原位成像技术的应用,最后对植物细胞外囊泡研究技术发展的重点进行了展望。     

Neuronal extracellular vesicles and associated microRNAs induce circuit connectivity downstream BDNF

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Delayed follicular development and ovulation following inhibition of FSH with equine follicular fluid in the mare

In two experiments, PGF(2alpha) was given to all mares on Day 10 (ovulation = Day 0). In experiment 1, mares received either whole follicular fluid or saline i.v. every 12 hours on Days 10 to 14. Experiment 2 was similar to experiment 1, except the follicular fluid was extracted with charcoal to remove steroids. Analysis of the FSH data for Days 10 to 21 indicated an effect of treatment (P<0.08) with whole follicular fluid, but not with charcoal-extracted follicular fluid. However, there was an effect of day (P<0.05) and an interaction (P<0.01) of treatment with day for both experiments. The interaction of treatment with day seemed primarily due to a marked post-treatment increase in FSH concentrations between Days 15 and 17 for mares treated with either whole follicular fluid or charcoal-extracted follicular fluid. Analysis of the diameter of the largest follicle for Days 10 to 18 indicated a main effect of treatment (P<0.05) and day (P<0.05) and an interaction (P<0.05) of treatment with day for both experiments. The interaction of treatment with day was attributable to the inhibition of follicular growth by Day 14 for mares treated with whole follicular fluid and by Day 15 for mares treated with charcoal-extracted follicular fluid. The length of the interovulatory interval was longer (P<0.05) in the treated group than in controls for both experiments. Results indicated that equine follicular fluid contained a proteinaceous substance that suppressed circulating concentration of FSH. The inhibited follicular growth and the delay in ovulation were attributed to the reduced concentrations of circulating FSH.     

Alterations of microRNAs expression profiles in small extracellular vesicle after traumatic brain injury in mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Tools available for diagnosis and therapy are limited. Small extracellular vesicle (sEV) microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in TBI disease progression. This study aimed to investigate the alterations in sEV miRNAs expression in the mouse brain extracellular space after TBI. Twenty-four C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups (12/group). The TBI group was subjected to all surgical procedures and fluid percussion injury (FPI). The sham group only underwent surgery. Brain specimens were collected 3 h after TBI/sham. The brain sEV were isolated. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. A total of 50 miRNAs were observed to be differentially expressed (fold change ≥1.5 and P<0.05) after TBI, including 5 upregulated and 45 downregulated. The major enriched Gene Ontology terms were metabolic processes, cell, intracellular, organelle, cytoplasm, axon, binding, protein kinase activity, protein binding, and protein dimerization activity. The KEGG pathway analysis predicted that the pathways affected by the variation of miRNAs in sEVs after TBI included the Wnt signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway. The changes in five miRNAs were confirmed by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the differential expression of a series of miRNAs in brain sEV after TBI, which might be correlated with post-TBI physiological and pathological processes. The findings might also provide novel targets for further investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying TBI and potential therapeutic interventions.     

Therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles in kidney disease: promises and challenges

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized, membrane‐bound vesicles released from different cells. Recent studies have revealed that EVs may participate in renal tissue damage and regeneration through mediating inter‐nephron communication. Thus, the potential use of EVs as therapeutic vector has gained considerable interest. In this review, we will discuss the basic characteristics of EVs and its role in nephron cellular communication. Then, the application of EVs as therapeutic vector based on its natural content or as carriers of drug, in acute and chronic kidney injury, was discussed. Finally, perspectives and challenges of EVs in therapy of kidney disease were described.     

MicroRNA‐containing extracellular vesicles released from endothelial colony‐forming cells modulate angiogenesis during ischaemic retinopathy

Endothelial colony‐forming cells (ECFCs) are a defined subtype of endothelial progenitors that modulate vascular repair and promote perfusion in ischaemic tissues. Their paracrine activity on resident vasculature is ill‐defined, but mediated, at least in part, by the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). To evaluate the potential of isolated EVs to provide an alternative to cell‐based therapies, we first performed a physical and molecular characterization of those released by ECFCs. Their effects upon endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo in a model of proliferative retinopathy were assessed. The EVs expressed typical markers CD9 and CD63 and formed a heterogeneous population ranging in size from ~60 to 1500 nm by electron microscopy. ECFC EVs were taken up by endothelial cells and increased cell migration. This was reflected by microarray analyses which showed significant changes in expression of genes associated with angiogenesis. Sequencing of small RNAs in ECFCs and their EVs showed that multiple microRNAs are highly expressed and concentrated in EVs. The functional categories significantly enriched for the predicted target genes of these microRNAs included angiogenesis. Intravitreally delivered ECFC EVs were associated with the vasculature and significantly reduced the avascular area in a mouse oxygen‐induced retinopathy model. Our findings confirm the potential of isolated EVs to influence endothelial cell function and act as a therapy to modulate angiogenesis. The functions associated with the specific microRNAs detected in ECFC EVs support a role for microRNA transfer in mediating the observed effects.     

Secreted phospholipase A2 modifies extracellular vesicles and accelerates B cell lymphoma

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