果胶改性硅胶复合材料的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

以废弃柚子皮中提取的果胶改性硅胶表面,制备出新型的果胶改性硅胶复合材料——P-硅胶,研究了P-硅胶对水中亚甲基蓝染料的吸附性能。利用红外光谱对材料进行表征,并通过分光光度法考察了用量、p H值、吸附时间、温度及实际水样对P-硅胶吸附亚甲基蓝性能的影响。硅胶经果胶改性后,其对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量由31.6 mg·g-1增至41.7 mg·g-1,吸附性能明显提高;P-硅胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量随着p H值、温度的升高而增大,碱性条件有利于吸附。结果显示:当p H 7.0,P-硅胶用量为5 mg,吸附时间为2 h,吸附温度为50℃时,制备出的P-硅胶对亚甲基蓝染料溶液的吸附容量最大可达59.2 mg·g-1。动力学研究显示,P-硅胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附能够在120 min内迅速达平衡,吸附行为符合准二级动力学方程,表明该吸附过程以化学吸附为主。吸附等温线研究表明,与Freundlich模型相比,实验数据拟合更符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。P-硅胶对环境水样中亚甲基蓝的去除率可达90%以上。     

改型凹凸棒土对磷酸根吸附性能的研究

天然凹凸棒土(AT)经盐酸和热处理制得活化凹凸棒土(MAT),以壳聚糖改性MAT制得复合吸附剂(CMAT)。用扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)对AT、MAT和CMAT的结构进行了表征。考察了磷酸盐溶液初始浓度、pH、吸附时间以及吸附温度对CMAT和MAT吸附磷酸根性能的影响,得出了适宜的吸附条件。用IR对适宜条件下吸附产物的结构进行了表征。结果表明,CMAT吸附磷酸根的适宜条件为:磷酸盐溶液初始浓度0.310 6 g.L-1,pH 4.70~6.72,吸附时间1 h,吸附温度35℃,在该条件下最大吸附容量为90.6 mg.g-1;MAT吸附的适宜条件为:磷酸盐溶液初始浓度0.2101 g.L-1,pH 3.61~5.81,吸附时间1 h,吸附温度35℃,在该条件下最大吸附容量为68.9 mg.g-1。在相同实验条件下,CMAT对磷酸根的吸附性能高于MAT,且二者的吸附行为均符合Langmu ir和Freund lich吸附等温式。IR分析表明,CMAT对磷酸根的吸附包含化学吸附和物理吸附两个过程,而MAT主要是物理吸附。     

包覆ZrO_2锂离子筛的制备及其在盐湖卤水中的吸附性能

采用水热法制备前驱体Li_(1.6)Mn_(1.6)O_4,用液相沉淀法在其表面包覆ZrO_2,再经酸洗转型为包覆ZrO_2的锂离子筛H_(1.6)Mn_(1.6)O_4。采用XRD、SEM、EDS和HRTEM对前驱体的结构、形貌和成分进行了表征。研究了ZrO_2包覆量和焙烧温度对锰溶损率和锂吸附容量的影响。结果表明:当ZrO_2包覆量为3%,焙烧温度为450℃时,在前驱体表面形成厚度约15 nm的ZrO_2包覆层,首次锰溶损率从3.14%下降到2.65%,锂离子筛在盐湖卤水中锂吸附容量保持为29.4 mg·g~(-1)。包覆ZrO_2的锂离子筛经过10次循环吸附-脱附,锰溶损率降低至0.34%,锂吸附容量保持为24.4 mg·g~(-1),高于未包覆的锂离子筛(22.9 mg·g~(-1))。包覆ZrO_2改善了锂离子筛的结构和吸附容量的循环稳定性。     

超支化胶原纤维吸附剂对Cr(VI)的吸附特性和机理研究

超支化聚合物改性胶原纤维(CF-HBPN)作为吸附剂处理含Cr(VI)模拟废水,研究了CF-HBPN吸附Cr(VI)时溶液pH、吸附剂用量和Cr(VI)初始浓度等对去除效率的影响;采用XPS,SEM-EDS等分析检测方法对CF-HBPN表面组成和结构进行表征,探索吸附机理.结果显示:CF-HBPN对Cr(VI)的去除率随溶液pH降低而升高,在pH为3.0时达到最大,随吸附剂用量增大而增大,随Cr(VI)初始浓度增加而减小.CF-HBPN对Cr(VI)的吸附容量随吸附剂用量增加而减小,随Cr(VI)初始浓度增加而增加,最后趋于稳定.30℃时,4.0 g L-1的CF-HBPN对50 mg L-1Cr(VI)溶液的去除率可达99.57%,最大吸附容量为38.94 mg g-1.0.18 mol L-1的NaOH溶液对吸附Cr(VI)后的CF-HBPN解吸效果最好.SEM-EDS分析结果表明CF-HBPN表面较粗糙,是一种具有空间网状结构的材料,吸附过程存在离子交换.XPS分析结果表明Cr(VI)主要吸附在CF-HBPN表面,铬酸根阴离子与质子化氨基的静电吸附作用为主要吸附作用.     

原位氮掺杂活性血炭对苯胺吸附性能研究

以猪血粉为原料,磷酸为活化剂,用化学活化法制备原位氮掺杂活性炭(BN-AC),并用于苯胺的吸附.采用元素分析、FTIR、XPS等分析方法研究了BN-AC的理化性质.分析结果表明BN-AC比表面积为461.0 m2·g-1,总孔容为0.3 cm3·g-1.BN-AC表面含有吡啶氮、吡咯氮和石墨氮,成功地保留了血粉中的N成...     

有机硅修饰的剥层水滑石及其对废水中金属离子的吸附

对剥层的镁铝硝酸根水滑石(Mg2Al-NO3-LDHs)片表面进行了有机硅化合物(N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl)tris-(2-ethoxy)silane(KH-791)修饰,并研究了修饰后的水滑石片对废水中Pb2+,Cu2+和Zn2+离子的吸附行为。结果表明:在相同的温度和金属离子浓度条件下,被修饰的水滑石片对Pb2+吸附容量最大,达到378.0 mg.g-1;在以上几种金属离子的混合溶液中,修饰主体材料表现出对Pb2+高度的选择性吸附,对Pb2+吸附容量为85 mg.g-1,而对Zn2+和Cu2+的吸附容量只有30 mg.g-1左右。     

富锂锂锰氧化物的制备及其在溶液中的抽Li+/吸Li+性能

采用柠檬酸配合法合成了系列尖晶石富锂锂锰氧化物Li2O.nMnO2(n=1.75,2.0,2.25,2.5,3.0)。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和酸浸实验发现,350℃合成的Li2O.2.25MnO2具有纯相尖晶石锂锰氧化物结构,且在弱酸性介质中具有较高的锂溶出率和较低的锰溶损率。Li2O.2.25MnO2在酸浸之后转型为锂离子筛。XRD和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析发现锂离子筛能够保持尖晶石锂锰氧化物的结构和形貌。吸附实验表明,该锂离子筛在碱性含锂溶液中对Li+具有吸附性能,且吸附容量随着溶液温度和pH值的升高而增大,最高能达到40.14 mg.g-1。通过傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)研究了锂离子筛的吸附机理,并用Langmuir模型描述了其在LiCl+LiOH溶液中的吸附行为。     

磷酸化油菜秸秆纤维素吸附剂的制备及对溶菌酶的吸附

以天然产物油菜秸秆纤维素粉作为基质,二甲基甲酰胺为交联剂,磷酸为修饰剂,制备了新型磷酸化油菜秸秆纤维素生物吸附剂。用红外光谱、透射电子显微镜及X射线光电子能谱,对油菜秸秆纤维素和磷酸化油菜秸秆纤维素吸附剂进行表征。研究了油菜秸秆纤维素粉改性前后对溶菌酶的吸附,包括吸附溶液的pH值、溶菌酶的初始浓度、吸附时间、温度及NaCl的浓度等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明,在温度25℃,pH值7.4,吸附时间10h的条件下,磷酸化油菜秸秆纤维素粉微球对溶菌酶的吸附容量为451.71 mg·g-1,而未修饰油菜秸秆纤维素粉微球对溶菌酶的吸附容量只有332.43mg·g-1。在优化条件下用修饰吸附剂从鸡蛋清中分离纯化溶菌酶,纯化倍数为19.8,收得率为51.3%。     

硅胶表面上聚酰胺-胺的合成及其对fe(ⅲ)的吸附

用硅烷偶联剂对硅胶表面进行氨基功能化,利用氨基与丙烯酸甲酯发生的Michael加成反应和乙二胺与酯进行的交换反应在硅胶表面合成了聚酰胺-胺树状大分子(PAMAM-SG). 利用红外光谱对PAMAM-SG的结构进行了表征. 研究了溶液pH值、浓度和温度对PAMAM-SG吸附 Fe(Ⅲ)的影响. 结果表明,溶液的最佳pH值为3.0～6.0;吸附速率随时间的增加而逐渐降低,随温度的升高显著升高;在40 ℃时具有较好的吸附性能,吸附3 h后均达到了完全吸附,吸附量达55.85 mg/g. 吸附容量随浓度的增大而增加直至平衡.各代PAMAM-SG的吸附量依次为2.0G＞1.0G＞1.5G＞0.5G＞0G.     

新型肌酐吸附剂的研究

以玉米淀粉和 3 ,5 二硝基苯甲酰氯为原料合成了一种新型肌酐吸附剂并采用红外光谱、元素分析、核磁共振等手段对产物化学结构进行了表征 ,考察了 3 ,5 二硝基苯甲酸淀粉酯对肌酐的静态吸附性能 ,建立了 3 ,5 二硝基苯甲酸与肌酐络合产物的结构模型 ,初步探索了 3 ,5 二硝基苯甲酸淀粉酯对肌酐吸附机理 .结果表明 ,3 ,5 二硝基苯甲酸淀粉酯对肌酐有较好的吸附性能 ,吸附在 4h内完成 ,吸附容量随 3 ,5 二硝基苯甲酸淀粉酯的取代度的增大而提高 ;在肌酐溶液浓度为 0～ 3 0 0mg·L- 1 ,吸附容量亦随肌酐浓度增大而提高 ;吸附温度从 1 9℃升高到 3 7℃时 ,吸附容量呈现降低的趋势 ;吸附容量随溶液pH值的增长呈现先增加后降低的趋势 ,在pH =8左右达到最大 ;在肌酐溶液浓度为 1 0 0mg·L- 1 、吸附温度为 3 7℃、介质pH =7的条件下 ,3 ,5 二硝基苯甲酸淀粉酯对肌酐的最大吸附量达 2 5mg·g- 1 .     

Higher hydrates of lithium chloride,lithium bromide and lithium iodide

For lithium halides, LiX (X = Cl, Br and I), hydrates with a water content of 1, 2, 3 and 5 moles of water per formula unit are known as phases in aqueous solid–liquid equilibria. The crystal structures of the monohydrates of LiCl and LiBr are known, but no crystal structures have been reported so far for the higher hydrates, apart from LiI·3H₂O. In this study, the crystal structures of the di‐ and trihydrates of lithium chloride, lithium bromide and lithium iodide, and the pentahydrates of lithium chloride and lithium bromide have been determined. In each hydrate, the lithium cation is coordinated octahedrally. The dihydrates crystallize in the NaCl·2H₂O or NaI·2H₂O type structure. Surprisingly, in the tri‐ and pentahydrates of LiCl and LiBr, one water molecule per Li⁺ ion remains uncoordinated. For LiI·3H₂O, the LiClO₄·3H₂O structure type was confirmed and the H‐atom positions have been fixed. The hydrogen‐bond networks in the various structures are discussed in detail. Contrary to the monohydrates, the structures of the higher hydrates show no disorder.     

Multiple lithium exchange under lithium cationization of cyclodextrins

Multiple lithium exchange is observed during electrospray ionization of alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins from aqueous methanolic solution containing LiOH. Apart from [M + Li](+) and [M + nLi - (n - 1)H](+) ions, abundant multiply lithiated doubly charged ions corresponding to [M + nLi - (n - 2)H](2+) ions were observed. At least six lithium exchanges in alpha-cyclodextrin, seven in beta-cyclodextrin and eight in gamma-cyclodextrin were noted. The propensity of multiply lithiated doubly charged ions is much less in the open-ended maltoheptaose. It appears that during droplet or cluster formation and subsequent desolvation, LiOH trapped in the cavity of cyclodextrin reacts to form multiply lithiated ions. The singly charged [M + Li](+) and doubly charged [M + 2Li](2+) ions fragment by glycosidic cleavages, giving B series of ions, whereas the multiply lithiated ions fragment by cross ring cleavages ((2, 4)A or (O, 2)X) followed by glycosidic cleavage. From the tandem mass spectra, it appears that a maximum of two lithium exchanges occur in one sugar unit in these cyclodextrins.     

Electrochemistry of a lithium electrode in lithium polysulfide solutions

The effect of lithium polysulfides on the cycling of a lithium electrode and the corrosion rate of lithium cathodic deposits in sulfolane electrolytes is studied. Lithium polysulfides are found to affect the shape of polarization curves, the overpotential of electrode processes, and the cycling time. The presence of lithium polysulfides in electrolyte systems increases the cycling time of a lithium electrode and positively affects the quality of lithium cathodic deposits. A suggested reason for the positive effect of lithium polysulfides is the appearance of a surface film on metallic lithium: this film has quite high protective properties but does not inhibit electrochemical processes.     

Synthesis of lithium metal silicates for lithium ion batteries

Synthesis strategies, nanostructures, and different electrochemical performances are prominent features of rechargeable batteries. Three types Li₂MSiO₄ cathode metarials for lithium ion batteries:Li₂FeSiO₄, Li₂MnSiO₄, and Li₂CoSiO₄ are scientifically discussed, and the comprehensive summaries and evaluations are given in this review.     

Volumetric determination of lithium in lithium carbonate and nitrate and in lithium ferrites in non-aqueous media

Summary Lithium carbonate was titrated after dissolution in a glacial acetic acid/carbon tetrachloride mixture with 0.05 N perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid in the presence of gentian violet indicator. In the case of lithium nitrate the nitrate was firts reduced with ascorbic acid and the lithium titrated in an acetic anhydride/glacial acetic acid medium with the same measuring solution and indicator. The lithium content of lithium ferrites and lithium-nickel-zinc ferrites was measured after the extraction of iron and nickel by means of methyl-isobutyl ketone in a glacial acetic acid/carbon tetrachloride solution in the presence of tropeoline OO/methylene blue indicator mixture.

---

Volumetrische Bestimmung von Lithium in Lithiumcarbonat und -nitrat sowie in Lithiumferriten in nichtwärigem Medium

Zusammenfassung Lithiumcarbonat wird nach Auflösung in Eisessig/Tetrachlorkohlenstoff mit 0,05 N Perchlorsäure in Eisessig titriert, wobei Gentianaviolett als Indicator dient. Bei der Analyse von Lithiumnitrat wird zunächst das Nitrat mit Ascorbinsäure reduziert und dann die Titration mit Perchlorsäure gegen Gentianaviolett durchgeführt. Im Falle von Lithium- und Lithium-Nickel-Zink-Ferriten werden Eisen und Nickel durch Extraktion mit Isobutylmethylketon abgetrennt und anschließend wird mit Perchlorsäure in Eisessig/Tetrachlorkohlenstoff gegen ein Indicatorgemisch aus Tropäolin OO und Methylenblau titriert. Die Fehler liegen bei ± 0,5% für Carbonat und Nitrat und 0,5–1% für Ferrite.

     

Electrochemical investigation of lithium intercalation into graphite from molten lithium chloride

Lithium reduction at a graphite electrode in molten lithium chloride was studied at temperatures from 650 to 900 °C using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. It was found that, during cathodic polarization, lithium intercalation into graphite occurred before deposition of metallic lithium started. This process was confirmed to be rate-controlled by the diffusion of lithium in the graphite. When the cathodic polarization potential was more negative than that for metallic lithium deposition, exfoliation of graphite particles from the electrode surface was observed. This was caused by fast and excessive accumulation of lithium intercalated into the graphite, which produced mechanical stress too high for the graphite matrix to accommodate. The erosion process was abated once the graphite surface was covered by a continuous layer of liquid lithium. These results are of relevance to the mechanism of carbon nanotube and nanoparticle formation by electrochemical synthesis in molten lithium chloride.     

Enhancement of lithium amide to lithium imide transition via mechanical activation

The decomposition of lithium amide (LiNH2) to lithium imide (Li2NH) and ammonia (NH3) with and without high-energy ball milling is investigated to lay a foundation for identifying methods to enhance the hydrogen uptake/release of the lithium amide and lithium hydride mixture. A wide range of analytical instruments are utilized to provide unambiguous evidence of the effect of mechanical activation. It is shown that ball milling reduces the onset temperature for the decomposition of LiNH2 from 120 degrees C to room temperature. The enhanced decomposition via ball milling is attributed to mechanical activation related to the formation of nanocrystallites, the reduced particle size, the increased surface area, and the decreased activation energy. The more mechanical activation there is, then the more improvement there is in enhancing the decomposition of LiNH2. It also is found that the activation energy for the decomposition of LiNH2 without ball milling is 243.98 kJ/mol, which is reduced to 222.20 kJ/mol after ball milling at room temperature for 45 min and is further reduced to 138.05 kJ/mol after ball milling for 180 min. The rate of the isothermal decomposition at the later phase of the LiNH2 decomposition is controlled by diffusion of NH3 through the Li2NH layer.     

Tunable lithium storage properties of metal lithium titanates by stoichiometric modulation

A simple stoichiometric modulation of Na_2 − 2xSr_xLi₂Ti₆O₁₄ was developed to achieve tunable electrochemical properties of the material. The concept was confirmed experimentally and theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both the operating potential and the amount of reversibly intercalated lithium ions were manipulated by simply changing the Na/Sr ratio. These unique characteristics originated from a gradual change in the electron density on the Ti atoms and the extra lithium insertion sites at SrLi₂Ti₆O₁₄. As a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries, Na_2 − 2xSr_xLi₂Ti₆O₁₄ and its tunable electrochemical properties have significant importance in terms of the development of tailored electrodes with desirable electrochemical performance.