The effects of impact and non-impact exercise on circulating markers of collagen remodelling in humans

Exercise has been shown to influence collagen synthesis and degradation. The aim of this study was to determine whether the stimulus for these changes is metabolic or mechanical. Eight healthy adults aged 22 +/- 4 years (mean +/- s) completed two exercise bouts-a 10 km road run and a deep water running session. Blood samples were collected before exercise and on days 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10 after exercise for measurement of creatine kinase activity, type IV collagen antigenicity, and concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- 9, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)- 1 and -2, and the MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex. Serum creatine kinase was elevated 24 h after the road run, but unchanged after the deep water running session. Serum collagen IV antigenicity decreased after both the road run and the deep water running session, suggesting suppressed type IV collagen synthesis in response to exercise, although serum MMPs and TIMPs remained unchanged after exercise. These results suggest that collagen IV synthesis is temporarily suppressed after exercise, irrespective of exercise type.     

Comparison of vibration rolling,nonvibration rolling,and static stretching as a warm-up exercise on flexibility,joint proprioception,muscle strength,and balance in young adults

Warm-up is an essential component for optimizing performance before an exercise session. This study investigated that the immediate effects of vibration rolling (VR), nonvibration rolling (NVR), and static stretching as a part of a warm-up regimen on the flexibility, knee joint proprioception, muscle strength, and dynamic balance of the lower extremity in young adults. Compared with the preintervention, VR induced the range of motion of knee flexion and extension significantly increased by 2.5% and 6%, respectively, and isokinetic peak torque and dynamic balance for muscle strength and dynamic balance increased by 33%–35% and 1.5%, respectively. In the three conditions, most outcomes between VR and NVR were comparable; however, the participants had a significantly higher knee joint reposition error after NVR than after VR, indicating that NVR would have a hampering knee joint proprioception effect. In particular, compared with static stretching, VR significantly increased the quadriceps muscle strength by 2-fold and dynamic balance by 1.8-fold. These findings suggest that athletic professionals may take VR into account for designing more efficient and effective preperformance routine to improve exercise performances. VR has high potential to translate into an on-field practical application.     

运动对肌腱中胶原代谢影响研究进展

胶原是肌腱细胞外基质中的主要成分,对于维持肌腱的强度、传递肌肉所产生的力具有重要的作用。长期运动可增加胶原的含量,提高肌腱抗负载的能力。一次和长期运动可调节不同类型胶原的合成,而运动后肌腱中不同类型胶原合成主要和运动负荷有关,并受体内雌二醇量的影响。一些基质金属蛋白酶的表达和活性在运动后会提高,增加胶原的降解量,从而提高了肌腱中胶原的更新率。     

Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) on indices of muscle damage following a bout of prolonged intermittent exercise. Twenty males (mean age 22.3 years, s = 3.3; height 1.80 m, s = 0.05; body mass 83.7 kg, s = 11.9) completed a 90-min intermittent shuttle run previously shown to result in marked muscle damage and soreness. After exercise, participants were randomly assigned to either 10 min cold-water immersion (mean 10 degrees C, s = 0.5) or a non-immersion control group. Ratings of perceived soreness, changes in muscular function and efflux of intracellular proteins were monitored before exercise, during treatment, and at regular intervals up to 7 days post-exercise. Exercise resulted in severe muscle soreness, temporary muscular dysfunction, and elevated serum markers of muscle damage, all peaking within 48 h after exercise. Cryotherapy administered immediately after exercise reduced muscle soreness at 1, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.05). Decrements in isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the knee flexors were reduced after cryotherapy treatment at 24 (mean 12%, s(x) = 4) and 48 h (mean 3%, s(x) = 3) compared with the control group (mean 21%, s(x) = 5 and mean 14%, s(x) = 5 respectively; P < 0.05). Exercise-induced increases in serum myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity peaked at 1 and 24 h, respectively (P < 0.05). Cryotherapy had no effect on the creatine kinase response, but reduced myoglobin 1 h after exercise (P < 0.05). The results suggest that cold-water immersion immediately after prolonged intermittent shuttle running reduces some indices of exercise-induced muscle damage.     

Muscle fatigue induced by exercise simulating the work rate of competitive soccer

Fatigue represents a reduction in the capability of muscle to generate force. The aim of the present study was to establish the effects of exercise that simulates the work rate of competitive soccer players on the strength of the knee extensors and knee flexors. Thirteen amateur soccer players (age 23.3+/-3.9 years, height 1.78+/-0.05 m, body mass 74.8+/-3.6 kg; mean+/-s) were tested during the 2000-2001 soccer season. Muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer. A 90 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol, incorporating a 15 min half-time intermission, was developed to provide fatiguing exercise corresponding in work rate to a game of soccer. The exercise protocol, performed on a programmable motorized treadmill, consisted of the different intensities observed during soccer match-play (e.g. walking, jogging, running, sprinting). Muscle strength was assessed before exercise, at half-time and immediately after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions (P < 0.001) in peak torque for both the quadriceps and hamstrings at all angular velocities (concentric: 1.05, 2.09, 5.23 rad x s(-1); eccentric: 2.09 rad x s(-1)). The peak torque of the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) was greater before exercise [KE: 232+/-37, 182+/-34, 129+/-27, 219+/-41 N x m at 1.05, 2.09 and 5.23 rad x s(-1) (concentric) and 2.09 rad x s(-1) (eccentric), respectively; KF: 126+/-20, 112+/-19, 101+/-16, 137+/-23 N x m] than at half-time (KE: 209+/-45, 177+/-35, 125+/-36, 214+/-43 N x m; KF: 114+/-31, 102+/-20, 92+/-15, 125+/-25 N x m) and greater at half-time than after exercise (KE: 196+/-43, 167+/-35, 118+/-24, 204+/-43 N x m; KF: 104+/-25, 95+/-21, 87+/-13, 114+/-27 N x m). For the hamstrings:quadriceps ratio, significant changes were found (P < 0.05) for both legs, the ratio being greater before than after exercise. For fast:slow speed and left:right ratios, no significant changes were found. We conclude that there is a progressive reduction in muscle strength that applies across a range of functional characteristics during exercise that mimics the work rate in soccer.     

超重肥胖老年女性下肢肌力及平衡能力的运动干预实验研究

目的：针对超重肥胖老年人进行循环训练运动干预设计,探讨循环训练对超重肥胖老年人下肢肌力及平衡能力的影响。方法：以34名老年女性为受试者,分为超重组和对照组,均坚持12周循环训练干预,比较干预前后两组受试者双侧下肢膝踝屈伸等速肌力、静动态平衡能力、计时"起立-行走"时间和Berg平衡量表得分情况。结果：运动干预12周后,两组下肢膝踝屈伸肌标准化峰值力矩、屈伸肌肌力比值和双侧肌力比值、静态与动态平衡能力、Berg平衡量表得分及计时"起立-行走"时间均有显著提高;且超重组的右膝伸肌标准化峰值力矩的提高程度明显高于对照组。结论：循环训练可以显著提高老年人的下肢肌力和平衡能力,且对提高超重肥胖老年人下肢伸肌肌力有更明显的改善效果,是预防老年人跌倒的有效运动方法。     

Rehabilitation and nutrition protocols for optimising return to play from traditional ACL reconstruction in elite rugby union players: A case study

Current nutrition and exercise focus during rehabilitation periods has been on reducing muscle atrophy associated with immobilisation. This case report outlines a best practice anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rehabilitation programme undertaken by two professional rugby athletes, with the addition of an evidence-based supplementation (gelatine and vitamin C) and exercise protocol focused on collagenous tissue. Both players ruptured their left ACL and were repaired with a traditional hamstring graft. Players undertook a structured rehabilitation programme for 34 weeks before being clinically assessed ready to play. Players saw minimal changes in body composition in the early rehabilitation period (P1 – 0.8 kg; P2 – 0.4 kg). Leg lean mass reduced in both legs of Player 1 (Injured – 0.8 kg, Non-injured – 0.6 kg) at 17 weeks, with Player 2 only experiencing a loss of 0.3 kg of lean tissue in the injured leg. Both players returned to baseline body compositions after 24 weeks. Leg strength returned to a maximum at 24 and 15 weeks, respectively, with knee function returning to baseline by 30 weeks. This case report provides evidence that nutrition and rehabilitation programmes targeted at minimising the effects of disuse in both muscle and connective tissue may assist return to play after ACL injury.     

Indirect evidence of human skeletal muscle damage and collagen breakdown after eccentric muscle actions

Indirect markers of muscle damage and collagen breakdown were recorded for up to 9 days after a bout of concentric, followed by a bout of eccentric, muscle actions. Nine untrained participants performed two bouts of 50 maximum effort repetitions on an isokinetic dynamometer (angular velocity 1.05 rad.s-1, range of motion 1.75 rad). An initial concentric bout of muscle actions was followed by an eccentric bout 21 days later, using the same knee extensors. Concentric actions induced no changes in maximum voluntary isometric contraction force (MVC),nor induced any changes in the serum enzyme activities of creatine kinase, a lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme (LDH-1), or alkaline phosphatase. Similarly, concentric actions induced no change in markers of collagen breakdown,namely plasma hydroxyproline and serum type 1 collagen concentration.In contrast,eccentric actions induced a 23.5 ± 19.0% (mean ± s) decrease in MVC immediately post-exercise (P< 0.05), and increased the serum enzyme activities of creatine kinase and LDH-1 to 486 ± 792 and 90 ± 11 IU.l-1 respectively on day 3 post-exercise, and to 189 ± 159 and 96 ±13 IU.l-1 respectively on day 7 post-exercise (all P < 0.05). Eccentric actions induced no significant changes in plasma hydroxyproline, but increased collagen concentration on days 1 and 9 post-exercise (48.6% and 44.3% increases above pre-exercise on days 1 and 9 respectively; both P < 0.05). We conclude that eccentric but not concentric actions may result in temporary muscle damage, and that collagen breakdown may also be affected by eccentric actions. With caution, indices of collagen breakdown may be used to identify exercise-induced damage to connective tissue.     

运动时糖皮质激素分泌增多对大鼠心、肾糖皮质激素受体及 Na~+-K~+-ATP 酶的影响和机制分析

本文研究急性运动后糖皮质激素(GC)分泌增多对大鼠心、肾细胞糖皮质激素受体(GR)及Na~+-K~+-ATP 酶的影响,结果表明,无负荷游泳后造成 GR 的适度减少,伴有对 Na~+-K~+-ATP 酶的诱导加强,其发生可分别被 Trilostane 和 RU_(A86)抑制;6%体重负荷游泳1h 后,出现 GR 过度减少并伴有血浆 GC 对靶细胞 Na~+-K~+-ATP 酶诱导抑制,提示靶细胞对 GC 抵抗。本文提出运动时 GR 过度下降是限制机体运动能力的一个重要因素。     

Influence of different types of exercise on the expression of haem oxygenase-1 in leukocytes

Haem-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant stress protein that is mainly induced by reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines and hyperthermia. We assessed the influence of different types of exercise on HO-1 expression in leukocytes of the peripheral blood in three groups of male participants: a short exhaustive run above the lactate steady state (n = 15), eccentric exercise (n = 12) and an intensive endurance run (half-marathon, n = 12). Blood samples were taken at rest and up to 24 h after exercise. Blood lactate concentration after exercise was 9.0 +/- 2.1, 3.8 +/- 1.6 and 5.1 +/- 2.2 mmol x l(-1) (mean +/- s) for the exhaustive run, eccentric exercise and half-marathon groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Creatine kinase concentration was highest 24 h after exercise: 133 +/- 91, 231 +/- 139 and 289 +/- 221 U x l(-1) for the exhaustive run, eccentric exercise and half-marathon groups, respectively (P < 0.05). The maximal increase in leukocyte counts after exercise was 11.5 +/- 19.2, 6.2 +/- 1.4 and 14.7 +/- 2.1 x 10(9) x l(-1). There was no change in HO-1 as a result of the short exhaustive run or the eccentric exercise, whereas the half-marathon had a significant stimulatory effect on HO-1-expression in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (P < 0.001) using flow cytometry analyses. In conclusion, eccentric exercise alone or short-term heavy exercise are not sufficient to stimulate the antioxidative stress protein HO-1 in peripheral leukocytes     

Indirect evidence of human skeletal muscle damage and collagen breakdown after eccentric muscle actions.

Indirect markers of muscle damage and collagen breakdown were recorded for up to 9 days after a bout of concentric, followed by a bout of eccentric, muscle actions. Nine untrained participants performed two bouts of 50 maximum effort repetitions on an isokinetic dynamometer (angular velocity 1.05 rad x s(-1), range of motion 1.75 rad). An initial concentric bout of muscle actions was followed by an eccentric bout 21 days later, using the same knee extensors. Concentric actions induced no changes in maximum voluntary isometric contraction force (MVC), nor induced any changes in the serum enzyme activities of creatine kinase, a lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme (LDH-1), or alkaline phosphatase. Similarly, concentric actions induced no change in markers of collagen breakdown, namely plasma hydroxyproline and serum type 1 collagen concentration. In contrast, eccentric actions induced a 23.5+/-19.0% (mean+/-s) decrease in MVC immediately post-exercise (P < 0.05), and increased the serum enzyme activities of creatine kinase and LDH-1 to 486+/-792 and 90+/-11 IU.l(-1) respectively on day 3 post-exercise, and to 189+/-159 and 96+/-13 IU x l(-1) respectively on day 7 post-exercise (all P< 0.05). Eccentric actions induced no significant changes in plasma hydroxyproline, but increased collagen concentration on days 1 and 9 post-exercise (48.6% and 44.3% increases above pre-exercise on days 1 and 9 respectively; both P < 0.05). We conclude that eccentric but not concentric actions may result in temporary muscle damage, and that collagen breakdown may also be affected by eccentric actions. With caution, indices of collagen breakdown may be used to identify exercise-induced damage to connective tissue.     

Maximal-intensity isometric and dynamic exercise performance after eccentric muscle actions

A well-documented observation after eccentric exercise is a reduction in maximal voluntary force. However, little is known about the ability to maintain maximal isometric force or generate and maintain dynamic peak power. These aspects of muscle function were studied in seven participants (5 males, 2 females). Knee extensor isometric strength and rate of fatigue were assessed by a sustained 60 s maximal voluntary contraction at 80 degrees and 40 degrees knee flexion, corresponding to an optimal and a shortened muscle length, respectively. Dynamic peak power and rate of fatigue were assessed during a 30 s Wingate cycle test. Plasma creatine kinase was measured from a fingertip blood sample. These variables were measured before, 1 h after and 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after 100 repetitions of the eccentric phase of the barbell squat exercise (10 sets x 10 reps at 80% concentric one-repetition maximum). Eccentric exercise resulted in elevations in creatine kinase activity above baseline (274+/-109 U x l(-1); mean +/- s(x)) after 1 h (506+/-116 U x l(-1), P < 0.05) and 1 day (808+/-117 U x l(-1), P < 0.05). Isometric strength was reduced (P < 0.05) for 7 days (35% at 1 h, 5% at day 7) and the rate of fatigue was lower (P < 0.05) for 3 days at 80 degrees and for 1 day at 40 degrees. Wingate peak power was reduced to a lesser extent (P < 0.05) than isometric strength at 1 h (13%) and, although the time course of recovery was equal, the two variables differed in their pattern of recovery. Eccentrically exercised muscle was characterized by an inability to generate high force and power, but an improved ability to maintain force and power. Such functional outcomes are consistent with the proposition that type II fibres are selectively recruited or damaged during eccentric exercise.     

Heart Rate Variability

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of two exercise intensities (moderate and severe) on heart rate variability (HRV) response in 16 runners 1 hr prior to (-1 hr) and at +1 hr, +24 hr, +48 hr, and +72 hr following each exercise session. Time domain indexes and a high frequency component showed a significant decrease (p < .001) between -1 hr and +1 hr for severe intensity. The low frequency component in normalized units significantly increased (p <.01) for severe intensity at +1 hr. Only severe exercise elicited a change in HRV outcomes postexercise, resulting in a reduction in the parasympathetic influence on the heart at +1 hr; however, values returned to baseline levels by +24 hr.     

运动训练对正常膝关节松弛程度的影响

研究目的,了解运动对膝关节松弛的影响。研究方法：采用自行研制的膝关节松弛仪测试了１４名普通受试者运动训练前后膝关节松弛度。主要结果和结论：此研究发现训练后膝关节松弛度明显增加并维持８ｈ,于较长时间的休息和不负重（睡眠）后方可恢复,建议：对运动引起的膝关节松弛应加以积极恢复。     

Transmission of whole body vibration to the lower body in static and dynamic half-squat exercises

Whole body vibration (WBV) is used as a training method but its physical risk is not yet clear. Hence, the aim of this study is to assess the exposure to WBV by a measure of acceleration at the lower limb under dynamic and static postural conditions. The hypothesis of this paper is that this assessment is influenced by the frequency, position, and movement of the body. Fifteen healthy males are exposed to vertical sinusoidal vibration at different frequencies (20–60 Hz), while adopting three different static postures (knee extension angle: 180°, 120° and 90°) or performing a dynamic half-squat exercise. Accelerations at input source and at three joints of the lower limb (ankle, knee, and hip) are measured using skin-mounted accelerometers. Acceleration values (g) in static conditions show a decrease in the vibrational dose when it is measured at a more proximal location in the lower extremity. The results of the performed statistical test show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the transmissibility values caused by the frequency, the position, and to the presence of the movement and its direction at the different conditions. The results confirm the initial hypothesis and justify the importance of a vibration assessment in dynamic conditions.     

力竭运动后不同时相大鼠心肌Egr-1蛋白的变化及其在运动性心肌微损伤发生中的作用

目的：探讨力竭运动后不同时相心肌早期生长应答基因Egr-1在蛋白水平的变化特点,为运动性心肌微损伤及心肌功能异常发生机制的阐释提供实验依据。方法：100只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,分为一次力竭游泳运动组、两周反复力竭游泳运动组及安静对照组,分别于力竭运动后即刻、6 h、12 h及24 h取材,应用免疫荧光组化技术和图像分析方法研究大鼠心肌Egr-1蛋白含量的变化。结果：一次力竭运动组大鼠心脏各部位Egr-1蛋白含量即刻组与对照组相比显著性升高（P〈0.05）,24 h组与对照组相比显著性降低（P〈0.05）;反复力竭运动组大鼠心脏各部位Egr-1蛋白含量即刻组与对照组相比显著性升高（P〈0.05）,6 h组、12 h组、24 h组大鼠心脏各部位Egr-1蛋白含量均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：不同力竭运动后心脏各部位Egr-1在运动后即刻明显升高,表明心肌细胞Egr-1对力竭运动刺激产生快速应激反应,可能诱导炎性细胞的趋化、聚集以及氧自由基的产生。而心脏各部位Egr-1在力竭运动后24 h内恢复到正常水平,说明力竭运动后心脏Egr-1改变属早期应激反应,且此反应属可复性改变。     

再竭运动恢复期大鼠纹状体微透析液中Glu和GABA含量的变化

目的：观察大鼠力竭运动恢复期纹状体细胞外液谷氨酸（Glu）、γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）含量的动态变化,分析它们的变化特点与相互关系,为探索运动性中枢疲劳产生和恢复机制提供实验依据。方法：将12只SD雄性大鼠随机分为安静对照组（6只）和力竭运动组（6只）,于运动后4h、5h、6h、8h、24h收集微透析样品并采用毛细管电泳一激光诱导荧光法直接进样检测。结果：力竭运动恢复期大鼠纹状体细胞外液中Glu含量高于安静水平,其恢复期变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,运动后8h达峰值,运动后24h仍显著高于安静水平（P〈0．05）;GABA含量高于安静水平,其恢复期变化呈先上升后下降的趋势,运动后6h达峰值,运动后24h仍显著高于安静水平（P〈0．05）;Glu／GABA比值显著低于安静水平（P〈0．05）,运动后24h仍显著低于安静水平（P〈0.05）。结论：运动性中枢疲劳产生时,机体同时促进Glu、GABA的释放,但是GABA释放量更高,抑制性神经递质释放占优势,通过直接通路和间接通路抑制运动。恢复期后期两者均逐渐下降,纹状体兴奋性逐渐升高,疲劳得以逐渐恢复。力竭运动恢复期大鼠纹状体细胞外液Glu、GABA含量升高及恢复均有延迟性,力竭运动后24h恢复仍未完成;大鼠纹状体细胞外Glu／GABA显著低于安静水平,24h恢复期抑制性神经递质仍起主导作用。     

补充活性肽对大鼠运动后骨骼肌中间丝蛋白免疫染色的影响

目的:观察补充活性肽对大鼠骨骼肌细胞结蛋白和波形蛋白免疫染色和血清酶活性的影响,研究活性肽对运动性骨骼肌微结构损伤的保护作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠100只,依分别补充安慰剂和活性肽,运动与不运动,以及运动后0h、12h、24h和48h等不同时间随机分为10组,所有动物膳食平衡1周后,进行实验。运动组大鼠以(20±1)m/min的速度,坡度为-16,°持续性跑台训练120min。实验组和对照组所有动物在膳食平衡期间每天分别进行灌胃15%活性肽饮料2mL和等量的安慰剂。结果:补充活性肽可减轻大鼠离心运动后骨骼肌结蛋白免疫染色的丢失,增强波形蛋白的免疫染色,明显减少血清酶CK、LDH的漏出。     

反复性力竭运动后大鼠心脏传导系统ADAMTS-1的变化及其在运动性心律失常发生中的作用

目的：探讨反复力竭运动后不同时相心脏窦房结、房室结和浦肯野氏纤维细胞炎性因子金属蛋白酶-1基因和蛋白水平的表达特点,为运动性心律失常发生机制的阐明提供实验依据。方法：100只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为反复力竭组及相应的其对照组,每组10只。分别于力竭运动后0、4 h、12 h及24 h取材,进行心电图、免疫荧光组化及实时荧光定量PCR分析。应用激光显微切割技术定位并收集房室结和浦肯野氏纤维细胞研究细胞炎性因子ADAMTS-1的mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果：反复力竭运动后即刻心脏传导系统ADAMTS-1 mRNA和蛋白表达均出现不同程度升高,随后在4 h、12 h、24 h心脏传导系统窦房结、房室结、浦肯野氏纤维ADAMTS-1基因mRNA和蛋白表达下降（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,乃至恢复。心脏传导系统不同部位在反复力竭游泳运动后ADAMTS-1 mRNA和蛋白表达存有差异,其中,运动后即刻,浦肯野氏纤维ADAMTS-1蛋白表达显著低于窦房结和房室结（P〈0.01）。4 h,窦房结显著高于浦肯野氏纤维（P〈0.01）。24 h,窦房结显著低于房室结和浦肯野氏纤维（P〈0.01）。结论：反复力竭运动后即刻心脏传导系统ADAMTS-1 mRNA和蛋白表达均出现不同程度升高,作为炎性因子的大量表达,易引起传导系统炎性细胞浸润,细胞间质增殖乃至纤维化,是运动性心律失常的诱发因素之一。     

Static versus dynamic kinematics in cyclists: A comparison of goniometer,inclinometer and 3D motion capture

Kinematic measurements conducted during bike set-ups utilise either static or dynamic measures. There is currently limited data on reliability of static and dynamic measures nor consensus on which is the optimal method. The aim of the study was to assess the difference between static and dynamic measures of the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder and elbow. Nineteen subjects performed three separate trials for a 10-min duration at a fixed workload (70% of peak power output). Static measures were taken with a standard goniometer (GM), an inclinometer (IM) and dynamic three-dimensional motion capture (3DMC) using an eight camera motion capture system. Static and dynamic joint angles were compared over the three trials to assess repeatability of the measurements and differences between static and dynamic values. There was a positive correlation between GM and IM measures for all joints. Only the knee, shoulder and elbow were positively correlated between GM and 3DMC, and IM and 3DMC. Although all three instruments were reliable, 3D motion analysis utilised different landmarks for most joints and produced different means. Changes in knee flexion angle from static to dynamic are attributable to changes in the positioning of the foot. Controlling for this factor, the differences are negated. It was demonstrated that 3DMC is not interchangeable with GM and IM, and it is recommended that 3DMC develop independent reference values for bicycle configuration.