印度-亚洲碰撞大地构造

印度-亚洲碰撞是新生代地球上最为壮观的重大地质事件.碰撞及碰撞以来,青藏高原的广大地域发生了与碰撞前截然不同的变形,地貌、环境及其深部结构都发生了深刻地变化.根据青藏高原形成、周缘造山带崛起以及大量物质侧向逃逸的基本格局,作者从大陆动力学视角出发,将"印度-亚洲碰撞大地构造" 与"前碰撞大地构造"区别开来进行研究,将印...     

印度-亚洲大陆碰撞过程中新特提斯洋岩石圈的命运

印度-亚洲大陆碰撞之后的新特提斯洋板片的断离过程及其产生的岩浆作用一直是青藏高原南部地质研究中受到广泛关注但存在极大争议的问题.分析了青藏高原南部拉萨地块上新特提斯洋板片断离存在的问题,总结了目前用于限制板片断离过程的岩石学方法.对拉萨地块南部典型地区早新生代镁铁质岩石开展了详细的地质年代学、主微量元素和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素地球化学分析,厘定了~57 Ma和~50 Ma与新特提斯洋板片断离过程密切相关的两套岩石.~57 Ma的镁铁质岩石显示出高的Zr/Y和Ti/Y比值,不同于拉萨地块南部广泛分布的岛弧岩浆地球化学特征,表明它们形成于板内伸展背景下,很可能代表了新特提斯板片断离的开始.~50 Ma的镁铁质岩石为富闪深成岩,反映了印度-亚洲大陆碰撞后南拉萨地块岩石圈中的富水环境,暗示大洋板片断离后仍然持续释放流体至上覆岩石圈地幔中.结合拉萨地块上已有的镁铁质岩石的年代学和地球化学数据,重建了新特提斯洋在印度-亚洲大陆碰撞之后从初始撕裂至板片完全断离的全过程,即新特提斯板片在~57 Ma开始发生初始撕裂,随后以高角度俯冲并与印度大陆岩石圈脱离,导致中拉萨和南拉萨地块同时出现广泛的镁铁质岩浆作用,在~50 Ma大洋板片完全断离.拉萨地块内部岩石圈地幔地球化学组成存在极大的不均一性,中拉萨地块和南拉萨地块东部的局部地区存在古老的岩石圈物质组成,而南拉萨地块中部主要为亏损的岩石圈.拉萨地块内局部古老富集岩石圈可能受到新特提斯洋板片断离后深部地幔物质上涌的影响转变为新生的亏损岩石圈,这一过程很可能促进了拉萨地块的中酸性岩浆大爆发作用和大陆地壳生长.      

再论印度—亚洲大陆碰撞的启动时间

利用沉积响应来识别印度－亚洲大陆碰撞启动时间是最直接和有效的方法之一。西藏仲巴错江顶群被甄别为碰撞型三角洲沉积，曲下组可能代表了碰撞启动时期的建造，藏南定日的海相白垩－古近系沉积演化，锶和碳同位素变化也支持两大陆碰撞启动时间大约在K／T界线时期，对比喜马拉雅西段碰撞启动时间并考虑大印度北缘失掉的宽度，提出两大陆量可能的碰撞启动时间是65Ma左右。     

印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的时限

印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的起始时间是国际地学界争论的热点,至今尚无一致的认识,从主张晚白垩世(约70Ma)到主张始新世/渐新世之交(约34Ma)等各种观点都有。根据主碰撞带中具同碰撞性质的林子宗火山岩(40.84～64.47Ma)、南冈底斯花岗岩(47～52.5Ma,峰值50Ma左右)、白云母型强过铝花岗岩(56～50Ma),以及沉积学和地层学的综合证据,特别是横贯整个冈底斯带延伸达1500km的巨大区域性角度不整合的时间(约65Ma),认为印度-亚洲大陆开始碰撞的时间在西藏为65Ma左右,完成碰撞的时间在40/45Ma左右。     

五大连池裂谷型富钾火山岩带的岩石学与地球化学

以五大连池火山群为中心的小古里河—科洛—五大连池—二克山近SN向的裂谷型富钾火山岩带,除了科洛火山群的火山活动从晚第三纪持续到第四纪,其它火山主要限于第四纪的喷发活动。按照岩石学和化学成分,晚第三纪和第四纪富钾火山岩分别命名为白榴碧玄岩和白榴玄武岩。富钾火山岩的岩石学、主微量元素和SrNdPb同位素地球化学特征表明,富钾火山岩来自交代的EMI地幔。     

塔里木板块北缘活动陆陆缘型侵入岩带的岩石学与地球化学

在塔里木板块北缘，断续出露一条侵入岩带，总长度800多公里。岩石组合是：橄榄辉长岩－辉长岩－辉长闪长岩－闪长岩－石英闪长岩－花岗岩。各种类型岩石的组成显示了清晰的钙碱性岩浆演化趋势。稀土元素配分曲线均为轻稀土富集型，而且，重稀土元素配分曲线相对平坦。Sr、K、Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素强烈富集，而Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf、Ti等高场强元素显著贫化。这些岩石学与地球化学特征均表明，该侵入岩带形成于活动大陆边缘。     

印度-亚洲碰撞带东段喜马拉雅期铜-钼-金矿床Re-Os年龄及成矿作用

青藏高原东段三个斑岩型矿床(玉龙、马厂箐和西范坪)产出于大陆碰撞环境,与喜马拉雅期埃达克质斑岩有关,并为新生代大规模走滑断裂所控制.在印度-亚洲碰撞带东部3个斑岩Cu-Mo-Au矿床已识别出3个明显的成矿幕次①玉龙矿区,石英-绢云母蚀变带中的硫化物石英脉辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为40.1±1.8Ma, 与赋矿围岩二长花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP年龄40.9±0.1 Ma一致,表明Cu-Mo 矿化发生在斑岩岩浆作用的晚期阶段(约40Ma), 但热液系统至少延长到约36Ma,热液系统持续时间大于4Ma, 其间,构造控制的高级泥化蚀变叠加于早期斑岩型矿体中高硫化物矿化之上形成富矿体.②马厂箐矿区,辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为35.8±1.6Ma, 与容矿花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP和全岩Rb-Sr 年龄 (35～36Ma)一致,但早于含金石英正长斑岩的全岩K-Ar 年龄 (31～32 Ma),表明马厂箐斑岩热液系统的寿命为约4Ma, 其间,约36Ma有钾硅酸盐蚀变和Cu-Mo矿化, 而同Au 矿化密切的高级泥化蚀变发生在晚期 (31～32Ma).③西范坪矿区,钾硅酸盐蚀变带内辉钼矿等时线年龄32.1±1.6Ma最年轻,晚于热液蚀变黑云母和角闪石的K-Ar年龄33.5～34.6Ma, 很可能反映了斑岩热液系统在约32 Ma终止,如此短时的热液系统正是导致西范坪绢云母化蚀变微弱和高级泥化蚀变的缺失的原因.斑岩热液系统的寿命与矿床金属吨位(规模)的正相关,本区巨量玉龙斑岩铜矿可能与其热液活动时期延长有关.而热液系统的延长又与多期次的岩浆侵入有关.因此,从走滑挤压场(55～40Ma)到走滑拉张场(24～17Ma)的构造应力转换期内,幕式的应力松弛引起多期岩浆侵入是导致印度-亚洲碰撞带内热液系统的延长和叠加成矿作用发生的关键.     

太古宙绿岩带岩石学和地球化学：实例与探讨

绿岩带是太古宙大陆地壳重要的构造单元。 按照岩石组合特征, 绿岩带可划分为 3 个类型：1） 巴伯顿型, 主要由基性-超基性火山岩组成, 含少量酸性火山岩及沉积岩, 中性火山岩很不发育;2） 苏必利尔型, 主要由中性火山岩和中-基性火山岩组成, 含沉积岩; 3） 达尔瓦尔型, 以广泛发育的沉积岩为特征。 其中, 巴伯顿型绿岩带在世界范围内分布较广, 且组成较为复杂, 表现出一系列独特的岩石学和地球化学特征：1） 基性-超基性火山岩在绿岩带层序中占主导地位;2） 发育具有异常高的地幔潜能温度的科马提岩类;3） 存在太古宙亏损型和富集型玄武岩等。 华北克拉通清原地区的表壳岩虽然经历高级变质作用, 但仍 具有清晰的层序, 与巴伯顿型绿岩带岩石组合特征类似, 因此我们倾向于将其厘定为清原绿岩带。 清原绿岩带主体形成于 2.5 Ga, 与广泛分布的新太古代花岗质片麻岩形成时代一致, 并不存在大规模的中太古代地质体。 清原绿岩带的岩石学和地球化学研究表明新太古代晚期原始地幔柱模型可以较为合理的解释清原地区及华北克拉通东部陆块其它新太古代基底岩石的成因, 但太古宙原始地幔柱与显生宙地幔柱在某些方面有所不同。     

昆中蛇绿岩岩石学和地球化学

作为昆南变质地体与柴达木-中阿尔金地块边界的中昆仑缝合带,沿带断续出露蛇绿杂岩.本次研究涉及布青山蛇绿岩、诺木洪蛇绿岩和阿其克库勒湖西缘蛇绿岩,通过对其岩石学、岩石化学和微量元素与稀土元素地球化学特征分析,确定其属蛇绿岩类,证明蛇绿杂岩带性质属板块缝合带.     

Early Eocene Radiolarian Fauna from the Sangdanlin, Southern Tibet: Constraints on the Timing of Initial India-Asia Collision

This is a new report on the early Eocene radiolarian fauna from the Sangdanlin section in the Gyirong region, along the southern margin of the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone. The Sangdanlin section measured in this study is divided into three lithostratigraphic units from bottom to top: the Zongzhuo, Sangdanlin, and Zheya formations. Abundant radiolarian fossils were obtained from the Sangdanlin section and 54 species of 30 genera were identified and assigned as follows: Cryptamphorella conara-C. macropora the late Cretaceous Zone and Amphisphaera coronate, Buryella tetradica-Bekoma campechensis, and B.bidartensis-B. divaricata the Paleocene-early Eocene Interval Zones. The Paleocene–early Eocene radiolarian zones are comparable to the radiolarian zones RP4-RP8 in New Zealand. Based on the data of radiolaria and lithofacies, it is suggested that the Zongzhuo Formation should be deposited along the base of the north-facing, continental slope of the Greater Indian continental margin, and the Sangdanlin Formation should be a deep marine, sedimentary sequence located in a foreland basin. The early Eocene radiolarian fauna in the Sangdanlin Formation constrains the initial age of the India-Asia collision to no later than 53.6 Ma.     

南帕米尔喀拉苏沟韧性剪切带构造变形特征及年代学分析

帕米尔西构造结经历了古生代—中生代多个地体的复杂拼合过程, 又遭受了新生代印度-亚洲碰撞的改造, 在整个青藏高原构造演化中扮演了重要的角色, 但该地区中生代构造演化的研究仍然相对较少。通过研究南帕米尔一条北西—南东走向宽约1.5 km的韧性剪切带中野外和显微变形特征, 判定剪切带为左行剪切, 剪切以走滑分量为主, 兼具部分逆冲分量, 韧性变形呈现中心强, 边缘弱的特点。根据剪切带中花岗岩岩株的形态、变形、岩石地球化学特征以及与区域其它岩体的对比, 判定其为同构造花岗岩。该同构造花岗岩中测得的两个锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为(233.2±1.8) Ma和(235.7±1.4) Ma, 代表韧性剪切带形成于晚三叠世初期, 指示南帕米尔地块内部在乳山洋闭合初期已经发生明显的构造变形。     

藏南彭错林硅质岩地球化学特征及沉积环境分析

通过野外地质调查和系统的岩石化学、常量元素、微量元素以及稀土元素等研究,探讨了藏南彭错林硅质岩的地球化学特征及其沉积环境。研究表明,呈厚层状产出的绿色、棕褐色硅质岩具有较高的SiO₂含量,局部受Fe、Mn矿化,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值小,在Fe-Mn-Al三角成因判别图解中,大部分硅质岩样品落入热水沉积区域,微量元素Sr、Zr、Cu、Zn和Ba含量较高,稀土元素∑REE较低,Ce负异常,Eu正异常,北美页岩标准化后配分模式稍向左倾,体现出热水沉积特征;在沉积环境判别图100×Fe₂O₃/SiO₂-100×Al₂O₃/SiO₂、Fe₂O₃/(100-SiO₂)-Al₂O₃/(100-SiO₂)和Fe₂O₃/TiO₂-Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃)中,硅质岩样品投影到洋中脊和深海区域,说明形成于大洋中脊和深海盆地环境;硅质岩常量和稀土参数变化特征图显示,在剖面中PCL-1、PCL-5和PCL-7采样位置更接近热液中心;硅质岩的形成与板块的汇聚消减产生的以洋中脊和海底热点为中心的洋壳热水系统有关。     

藏南定日地区晚白垩世−古近纪地层和盆地演化：对印度和亚洲初始碰撞时间的暗示

This is an extended abstract of Hu et al., 2012. The timing of the initial collision between India and Asia remains a matter of considerable debate, with views ranging from ~70 Ma to ~35 Ma. Here the initial In-dia-Asia contact is defined as the time at which the edge of the Indian continent margin first underthrust the Asian trench, leading to the complete consumption of the Neo-tethyan lithosphere, followed by continental subduction.     

西藏山南努日铜钼钨矿床矽卡岩地球化学特征及成因

西藏山南地区努日Cu-W-Mo多金属矿床位于冈底斯火山-岩浆弧构造带东段南缘,属于冈底斯铜钼成矿带的南亚带,是新近探明的一个大型矽卡岩型的铜钨钼矿床,也是西藏冈底斯带首例钨矿床.对矿区内出露的矽卡岩、大理岩和灰岩的地球化学组成研究表明:在主量元素方面,Ca、Ti、Al、Mg、Mn、Fe及Si等元素在灰岩、大理岩和矽卡岩...     

Indosinian Tectonic Transition in Yunkai Massif: Petrological and Geochemical Constraints from Two-mica Granite in Yangchun Area,South China

The tectonic background of the Indosinian granites in South China Block remains highly debated. The Yunkai massif, connecting the Paleo-Tethys and Paleo-Pacific tectonic domains, is a key site for studying the tectonic background of the Indosinian granitoids in South China. In this paper, we select a two-mica granitic pluton from the Yangchun area of the Yunkai Massif to conduct comprehensive researches including petrology, geochronology, and geochemistry. Zircon U-Pb dating yield two concordant 206Pb/238U ages of 426.4±1.7 Ma (MSWD=2.4, n=8) and 239.1±1.7 Ma (MSWD=1.2, n=4), respectively. A further monazite U-Pb dating gives only one concordant 206Pb/238U age at 239.0±0.3 Ma (MSWD=1.2, n=31), consistent with the younger zircon U-Pb age. We therefore conclude that the Yangchun two-mica granite was formed during Triassic (ca. 239 Ma). The granite rocks belong to S-type granite with a peraluminous affinity. They also show enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and depletion in high field strength elements and relatively flat chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns with negative Eu anomalies, and have low zircon saturation temperature of 725–747 ℃ as well. The bulk-rock and monazite Nd and zircon Hf isotope analyses yield whole-rock εNd(t) values from –10.8 to –9.4, monazite εNd(t) values from –10.9 to –8.4, and zircon εHf(t) values from –13.2 to –7.8, with depleted model age ranges of 1.8–1.9 Ga for whole rock tDM2(Nd), 1.7–1.9 Ga for monazite tDM2(Nd) and 1.8–2.1 Ga for zircon tDM2(Hf). The consistent Nd and Hf isotope data among the bulk rock, monazite and zircon in the Yangchun two mica granite indicate that the granite was derived from ancient recycled crustal components. The parent magma experienced a dominated fractionation of plagioclase and monazite which resulted in the negative Sr and Eu anomalies and low LREE concentrations. Considering the regional geological background, we propose that the two-mica granite in the Yangchun area formed during the tectonic transition between the oceanic slab subduction and orogenic collapse: The late Permian shallow-marine sedimentary sequences and I-type granitic magmatism indicate the subduction of Paleo- Tethys Ocean; the early-middle Triassic crustal shortening and thickening triggered the crustal anatexis to form the S-type granitic magmas such as the Yangchun two-mica granitic pluton; the late Triassic terrestrial red deposits and the occurrence of A2-type granite suggest a stage of orogenic collapse and the resultant lithospheric extension. © 2023 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Genesis of the Gold Deposit in the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo Suture Zone, Southern Tibet: Evidence from Geological and Geochemical Data

The Nianzha gold deposit,located in the central section of the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo suture(IYS) zone in southern Tibet,is a large gold deposit(Au reserves of 25 tons with average grade of 3.08 g/t) controlled by a E-W striking fault that developed during the main stage of Indo-Asian collision(~65-41 Ma).The main orebody is 1760 m long and 5.15 m thick,and occurs in a fracture zone bordered by Cretaceous diorite in the hanging wall to the north and the Renbu tectonic melange in the footwall to the south.High-grade mineralization occurs in a fracture zone between diorite and ultramafic rock in the Renbu tectonic melange.The wall-rock alteration is characterized by silicification in the fracture zone,serpentinization and the formation of talc and magnesite in the ultramafic unit,and chloritization and the formation of epidote and calcite in diorite.Quartz veins associated with Au mineralization can be divided into three stages.Fluid inclusion data indicate that the deposit formed from H_2O-NaCl-organic gas fluids that homogenize at temperatures of 203℃-347℃ and have salinities of 0.35wt%-17.17wt%NaCl equivalent.The quartz veins yield δ~(18)O_(fluid) values of 0.15‰-10.45‰,low δD_(V-SMOW)values(-173‰ to-96‰),and the δ~(13)C values of-17.6‰ to-4.7‰,indicating the ore-forming fluids were a mix of metamorphic and sedimentary orogenic fluids with the addition of some meteoric and mantle-derived fluids.The pyrite within the diorite has δ~(34)S_(V-CDT) values of-2.9‰-1.9‰(average-1.1‰),~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb values of 18.47-18.64,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb values of 15.64-15.74,and ~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb values of 38.71-39.27,all of which are indicative of the derivation of S and other ore-forming elements from deep in the mantle.The presence of the Nianzha,Bangbu,and Mayum gold deposits within the IYS zone indicates that this area is highly prospective for large orogenic gold deposits.We identified three types of mineralization within the IYS,namely Bangbu-type accretionary,Mayum-type microcontinent,and Nianzha-type ophiolite-associated orogenic Au deposits.The three types formed at different depths in an accretionary orogenic tectonic setting.The Bangbu type was formed at the deepest level and the Nianzha type at the shallowest.     

Post-collisional Adakitic Porphyries in Tibet: Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb Isotopic Constraints on Partial Melting of Oceanic Lithosphere and Crust-Mantle Interaction

The distribution of Neogene felsic porphyries intruding in earlier granitic batholiths was mainly controlled by north-south-tending rifting zones and normal faults. The main rock types of the felsic porphyries include granodiorite-porphyry, monzonitic granite-porphyry and quartz monzonitic porphyry. The porphyries are characterized by high SiO2 ((?)64.26%) and Al2O3 (>15% at 70% SiO2), low Y and HREE (Yb) contents, strong enrichment of LILE and LERR, especially K and ST. Geochemical features of the porphyries show distinct adakitic magma affinity. Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic compositions of the porphyries form a linear alignment from MORB to EM2, suggesting a mixing of the MORB reservoir with the metasomatized mantle reservoir. Considering also the geochemical characteristics of the porphyries and the sequence of observable structural-thermal-magmatic events at Gangdise, it is thought that the Neogene porphyries were formed by partial melting of dead subducted oceanic crust in a post-collision setting. K-enr     

碰撞前印度大陆北缘古地理轮廓——藏南晚白垩世堆拉灰岩古地磁研究

堆拉灰岩的古地磁数据为重建碰撞前印度大陆北缘轮廓提供了重要制约,但也留下了一些疑点,为此,本文对该地区晚白垩世海相沉积开展了进一步的古地磁研究。通过对10个采点样品的系统退磁及统计分析,得到宗山组最下段经地层校正后的特征剩磁分量为D=168.2°,I=-7.3°,α95=7.5°。该分量与前人从该地区宗山组中、上段得到的古地磁结果无显著区别,并在95%的置信水平上通过褶皱检验,表明剩磁是褶皱前获得的。尽管如此,堆拉晚白垩世灰岩统一的负极性特征与其沉积期间(Turonian-Maastrichtian)对应的古地磁标准极性柱不符,表明该地区宗山组不同层位可能普遍遭遇了重磁化,不能用来约束喜马拉雅地体的古地理位置。基于以上考虑,本文仅用前人从岗巴宗山地区获得的古地磁结果对晚白垩世期间特提斯喜马拉雅地体的古地理位置进行了计算和修正,结果显示该地体在宗山组上段沉积期间(约71~65Ma)的古纬度约为9°S,计算得到当时大印度的北向延伸量为1500km,与前人从宗浦组得到的古地磁结果一致。