A longitudinal investigation of selected pesticide metabolites in urine.

As part of a longitudinal investigation of environmental exposures to selected chemical contaminants, concentrations of the pesticide metabolites 1-naphthol (INAP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA), and atrazine mercapturate (AM) were measured in repeated samples obtained from 80 individuals in Maryland during 1995-1996. Up to six urine samples were collected from each individual at intervals of approximately 8 weeks over a 1-year period (i.e., one sample per participant in each of six cycles). INAP (median=4.2 microg/l and 3.3 microg/g creatinine) and TCPY (median=5.3 microg/l and 4.6. microg/g creatinine) were present in over 80% of the samples, while MDA and AM were detected infrequently (6.6% and <1% of samples, respectively). Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of INAP in urine did not vary significantly among sampling cycles. In contrast, GM concentrations of TCPY were significantly greater in samples collected during the spring and summer of 1996 than in the preceding fall and winter. Repeated measurements of INAP and TCPY from the same individual over time were highly variable. The average range of INAP and TCPY concentrations from the same individual were approximately 200% and 50% greater than the respective population mean levels. Geometric mean (GM) TCPY concentrations differed significantly between Caucasian (n=42, GM=5.7 microg/g creatinine) and African-American (n=11, GM=4.0 microg/g) participants and among education levels, but were not significantly different among groups classified by gender, age, or household income. In future research, environmental measurements of the parent compounds and questionnaire data collected concurrently with the biomarker data will be used to characterize the determinants of variability in the urinary pesticide metabolite levels.     

男孩青春期生长发育规律的追踪研究

目的探讨男孩青春期生长突增规律.方法对58名男生进行生长发育的追踪观察.结果男孩身高生长突增开始年龄为(10.01±1.04)岁,突增开始速度为(3.84±1.02)cm/年,突增高峰年龄为(12.59±0.86)岁,突增高峰速度为(10.14±1.57)cm/年;体质量生长突增开始年龄为(10.31±0.75)岁,突增开始速度为(2.24±1.15)kg/年,突增高峰年龄为(12.40±0.67)岁,突增高峰速度为(12.49±3.51)kg/年;身高生长突增增高峰年龄与交增高峰速度呈负相关关系,相关系数r=0.531(P＜0.01);身高生长突增高峰年龄与体质量生长突增高峰年龄呈正相关关系,相关系数r=0.350(P＜0.05);体质量突增开始速度与高峰速度呈正相关关系,相关系数r=0.479(P＜0.01)结论男孩生长发育速度的高峰年龄提前,高峰速度提高,生长发育有长期加速的趋势;身高突增高峰年龄越小,突增高峰速度越大.     

Safety of oral intake of vitamin E

A review of the literature concerning the safety of oral intake of vitamin E indicated that the toxicity of vitamin E is low. Vitamin E supplementation has resulted in inconsistent effects in serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Animal studies showed that vitamin E is not mutagenic, carcinogenic, or teratogenic. In human studies with double-blind protocols and in large population studies, oral vitamin E supplementation resulted in few side effects even at doses as high as 3200 mg/d (3200 IU/d).     

A longitudinal study of children's juice intake and growth: the juice controversy revisited

OBJECTIVES: To determine associations between children's longitudinal juice intake and growth parameters at age 72 months and to determine children's beverage intake patterns over time. SUBJECTS/SETTING: White children (n = 72) residing in the vicinity of a Southern US city participated in a longitudinal study. METHODS: Seven in-home interviews were conducted per child when each child was between 24 and 72 months of age. The 7 sets of 3-day dietary data were analyzed for beverage intake, categorized as juice (100% juice only), milk, carbonated beverages, and other drinks (e.g., lemonade, tea, juice drinks). The following growth parameters were determined for each child at age 72 months: height, weight, body mass index (measured as kg/m2), and ponderal index (measured as kg/m3); the 3 latter are measures of overweight. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Associations between longitudinal juice intake and each growth parameter were tested with general linear models. Repeated measures analysis of variance tested changes in beverage intakes over time. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant associations between juice and children's height, weight, or body mass index, as tested by general linear models. Children's longitudinal juice intake was negatively related to ponderal index (beta = 0.065, P = .050). Children's juice intake decreased significantly between ages 2 and 6 years, from 6.8 to 3.6 oz/day (P = .0001); intakes of carbonated beverages and other drinks increased from 1.7 to 3.8 oz/day (P = .0016) and from 2.7 to 6.2 oz/day (P = .0001), respectively. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Children's longitudinal juice intake was not associated with either short stature or overweight. As juice consumption decreased, intakes of less nutritious beverages increased. Consumption of 100% juices should be encouraged by health professionals and parents/caregivers.     

早产低出生体重儿行为问题及社会适应能力的追踪研究

目的:探讨早产低出生体重对儿童的行为和社会适应能力的影响。方法:选取某医院1999年6月~2005年6月出生的106例早产低出生体重儿作为研究对象的观察组进行随访;同时按照1∶1匹配选择对照;儿童的监护人也同时纳入为研究对象。采用问卷调查收集研究对象人口统计学特征及家庭环境状况;儿童的社会适应能力评定采用《婴儿-初中生社会生活能力量表》。并对3周岁以上儿童选用Conners父母用症状问卷(PSQ)评定其情绪及行为问题。结果:在行为方面,除了焦虑因子,其它各因子分在两组间差异均有显著性,行为问题的检出率早产组明显高于对照组;此外,早产儿童的社会适应能力低于对照组,其差异有显著性。结论:早产低出生体重儿童多存在多动等外向性行为问题,且社会适应能力低下和边缘的儿童也较对照组多,提示有必要对其进行早期干预,提高其总体健康水平。     

A longitudinal investigation of solid-food based dietary exposure to selected elements.

As part of a longitudinal investigation of environmental exposures to selected chemical contaminants, the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), food consumption and duplicate diet samples were obtained in each of six sampling cycles from up to 80 individuals in Maryland during 1995-1996. Duplicate diet samples were weighed and analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead and were used to derive average daily intakes of each element. Mean log-transformed concentrations of arsenic and cadmium in duplicate diet samples and derived intakes of chromium were found to vary significantly among sampling cycles. Repeated observations of dietary exposure metrics from the same individual over time were highly variable. The results suggest that distributions of dietary exposure to arsenic and cadmium do vary for a population within a 1-year period, while those for chromium and lead do not. This may result in single measurements of exposure being sufficient to characterize population variability for these latter two elements. However, even for those elements not displaying statistically significant temporal variability for the population, a single dietary exposure measurement may still not be sufficient to characterize accurately chronic dietary exposure levels for individuals.     

Analysis of aggregate exposure to chlorpyrifos in the NHEXAS-Maryland investigation

As part of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) in Maryland, we collected indoor air, carpet dust, exterior soil, and duplicate diet samples from a stratified random sample of 80 individuals to evaluate aggregate daily exposure, contributions of specific pathways of exposure, and temporal variation in exposure to chlorpyrifos. We collected samples from each participant in up to six equally spaced sampling cycles over a year and analyzed them for chlorpyrifos. We used chlorpyrifos concentrations in each medium and self-reported rates of time spent inside at home, time and frequency of contact with carpet, frequency of contact with soil, and weights of the duplicate diet samples to derive exposure to chlorpyrifos from each medium as well as average daily aggregate exposure (nanograms per day). The mean aggregate daily exposure to chlorpyrifos of 36 measurements obtained from 31 people was 1,390 ng/day (SD, 2,770 ng/day). Exposure from inhalation of indoor air accounted for 84.7% of aggregate daily exposure to chlorpyrifos on average. Chlorpyrifos concentrations in indoor air and carpet dust and the corresponding exposure rates were significantly correlated. Repeated short-term measurements of chlorpyrifos in carpet dust from individual residences were strongly correlated over time (reliability coefficient, R = 0.90), whereas the short-term measurements of chlorpyrifos in indoor air (R = 0.55) and solid food (R = 0.03) had moderate to weak reliability. Exposure to chlorpyrifos through those media and in aggregate based on direct measurements reported in this study can be used to understand better the accuracy of pesticide safety assessments.     

不同剂量铜摄入对大鼠血脂影响

目的 探讨铜摄入量对大鼠血脂的影响,为定量评价铜引发动脉粥样硬化(atherosc lerosis,AS)的危险性提供数据基础.方法 选择Wistar大鼠饲以缺铜饲料并给予不同剂量葡萄糖酸铜30 d,分析铜摄入量与大鼠体内总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)等血脂指标关系.结果 铜摄入量≤0.047 mg/kg时,大鼠血中ApoB为0.31~0.35 g/L、LDL-C为0.37~0.43 mmol/L,2者均高于正常对照水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);铜摄入量≤0.175 mg/kg时,大鼠血中TG为1.28~1.53 mmol/L,高于正常对照水平,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);铜摄入量为4.015 mg/kg时,ApoA1为(0.12±0.02)g/L,高于正常对照,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 铜摄入量异常可不同程度对大鼠各项血脂指标产生影响,进而对AS的发生与发展产生促进或抑制作用.     

铜缺乏状态下铜摄入量及铜锌比值对大鼠脂质过氧化的影响

目的在铜缺乏状态下,控制铜的摄入水平,探讨血中铜浓度及铜锌比值(Cu/Zn)与脂质过氧化各相关指标之间的关系,研究微量元素铜对大鼠脂质过氧化的影响。方法在铜缺乏状态下测定血中铜含量及血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性水平及丙二醛(MDA)含量,进行铜对脂质过氧化影响的相关性研究。结果铜摄入不足时给予不同剂量葡萄糖酸铜(Cu-G),各剂量组大鼠血中铜浓度呈现无规律波动,而Cu/Zn比值随着铜摄入量的增加呈递升趋势,结果有统计学意义(P0.01)。在铜缺乏状态下,大鼠血中SOD活性水平低于正常水平,随着铜摄入量的升高,即血中铜锌比值的升高,大鼠血中SOD活性水平呈现上升趋势。血中MDA含量随着铜摄入量的增加(即铜锌比值的升高)会有所下降,并保持在某一较低水平。血中铜锌比值的下降可能导致大鼠血中CAT活性水平下降,但铜锌比值与CAT活性的相关关系呈非线性相关。铜摄入量对大鼠血中GSH-Px无明显影响。结论在铜缺乏状态下,大鼠血中SOD活性下降,MDA含量上升;随着血中铜锌比值的升高,SOD活性呈上升趋势,同时血中MDA含量下降到较低水平。而铜摄入不足会使血中CAT的活性水平有所升高,对GSH-Px活性水平无明显影响。     

A study of the intake of zinc, copper and selenium by Moscow preschool children

The paper presents the results of comprehensive study of the provision of Moscow preschool age children with zinc, copper, and selenium, which involved assessment of their dietary intake of these substances, analysis of the provision with these trace elements by using non-invasive biochemical studies, and examination of the children's physical development and morbidity. Comparison of the data on the levels of zinc, copper, and selenium in the hair, nail, and saliva with scanty data available in the literature leads to the conclusion that Moscow preschool children show subnormal provision with these trace elements, which is not accompanied by clinical symptoms of their deficiency.     

Fast food intake: longitudinal trends during the transition to young adulthood and correlates of intake.

PURPOSE: Frequent fast food intake is associated with poorer diet quality and greater weight gain. The aims of this study were to describe changes in fast food intake during the transition from middle adolescence to young adulthood, and to identify baseline correlates of this eating behavior in early young adulthood. METHODS: Data were drawn from Project EAT, a population-based, longitudinal study in Minnesota. Surveys were completed by 935 females and 751 males in high school classrooms at baseline (1998-1999; mean age = 15.9 years) and by mail at follow-up (2003-2004; mean age = 20.5 years). RESULTS: Frequent intake of fast food (> or =3 times/week) was reported by 24% of males and 21% of females during adolescence. At follow-up, in early young adulthood the eating behavior increased among males (33%, p < .001), and there was no further increase among females (23%; p = .16). Baseline snack frequency was positively associated with frequency of fast food intake at follow-up among both genders. Baseline peer support for healthy eating among males and both concern about health and self-efficacy for healthy eating among females were inversely related to follow-up fast food intake. Among females, baseline perceptions of time and taste barriers to healthy eating, lunch frequency, television viewing, and unhealthy food availability at home were also positively associated with follow-up fast food intake. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions are needed to address the high prevalence of frequent fast food intake among adolescents and young adults. Health professionals should help young people identify convenient and healthful food choices for meals and snacks consumed away from home.     

Estimation of copper intake in moderate wine consumers in croatia

To estimate Cu exposure level from wine consumption and to assess possible health risk for moderate wine consumers, wine samples were collected from different wine-growing areas of Croatia. Median concentrations were 180 μg L-1, range (76 to 292) μg L-1, in commercial wines and 258 μg L-1, range (115 to 7600) μg L-1, in homemade wines (P>0.05). Maximum permitted level of 1000 μg L-1 was exceeded in three homemade wines. However, daily intake of Cu from wine (in the range from 0.02 mg d-1 to 1.52 mg d-1) estimated from Cu concentration in all wine samples is lower than the tolerable upper intake level of 5 mg d-1 proposed by the EU Scientific Committee on Food and does not present a risk to moderate wine consumers.     

口服来苏儿中毒11例

口服来苏儿(煤酚皂溶液)中毒致多脏器损害近年多有个案报道.我院自2002年8月至2006年3月收治11例口服来苏儿中毒患者,现报告如下.