Finite-volume simulation of flows about a ship in maneuvering motion

A finite-volume method of computing the viscous flow field about a ship in maneuvering motion was developed. The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equation discretized in the generalized boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinate system is solved numerically. A third-order upwind differencing scheme, a marker and cell (MAC)-type explicit time marching solution algorithm and a simplified subgrid scale (SGS) turbulence model are adopted. The simulation method is formulated, including the movement of a computational grid fitted to the body boundary that allows computation of the flow field around a body under unsteady motion. To estimate the maneuvering ability of a ship, the accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic forces and moments of the hull is important. Therefore, experimental methods of finding the hydrodynamic forces of a ship in maneuvering motion, such as the oblique towing test, the circular motion test (CMT) and planar motion mechanism (PMM) test, were established. Numerical simulation methods for those captive model experiments were developed introducing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). First, numerical methods for steady oblique tow and steady turn simulation were developed and then extended to unsteady forced motion. Simulations were conducted about several realistic hulls, and the results were verified by comparisons with measured results obtained in model experiments. Hydrodynamic forces and the moment, the longitudinal distribution of the hydrodynamic lateral force, and the pressure distribution on the hull surface showed good agreement.     

Evaluation of added resistance in regular incident waves by computational fluid dynamics motion simulation using an overlapping grid system

A computational fluid dynamics simulation method called WISDAM-X was developed to evaluate the added resistance of ships in waves. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation was solved by the finite-volume method and a MAC-type solution algorithm. An overlapping grid system was employed to implement rigorous wave generation, the interactions of ships with incident waves, and the resultant ship motions. The motion of the ship is simultaneously solved by combining the solution of the motion of the ship with the solution of the flow about the ship. The free surface is captured by treatment by the density-function method. The accuracy of WISDAM-X is examined by a comparison with experimental data from a container carrier hull form, and shows a fairly good agreement with respect to ship motion and added resistance. Simulations were also conducted for a bow-form series of a medium-speed tanker to examine the effectiveness of the WISDAM-X method as a design tool for a hull form with a smaller resistance in waves. It was confirmed that the WISDAM-X method can evaluate the added resistance with sufficient relative accuracy and can be used as a design tool for ships.     

On nonlinear ship waves and wave resistance calculations

A finite difference method based on the Euler equations is developed for computing ship waves and wave resistances. Time marching is carried out using a time-splitting fractional-step method. The second-order central difference is used to discretize the spatial differentials, while the convection terms are discretized by the QUICK scheme. A body- and free-surface-fitted grid system with a cell-centered stencil is used. A Poisson equation for the pressure increment at each time step is solved to enforce mass conservation. The method is validated by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data for a Wigley parabolic hull. The characteristics of ship waves, such as the wave profile along the hull, the wave pattern on the free surface, the pressure distribution on the hull surface, and the wave-making resistance are reasonably predicted. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Received for publication on Oct. 13, 1998; accepted on Jan. 20, 1999     

数值波浪水池中船舶顶浪运动模拟研究

文献[1,2]进行了数值波浪水池波浪环境的模拟、规则波顶浪中船舶水动力的计算以及船舶辐射问题的模拟.文章在其基础上,基于N-S方程,对规则波中顶浪前进的Wigley船模运动进行了模拟.数值模拟的船模运动结果与DUT(Dem University of Technology)的试验数据进行了比较,分析,二者符合较好.文中与文献[1,2]的研究工作一起,初步构建了真正意义上的基于N-S方程的数值波浪水池.     

Large-amplitude motion responses of a Ro–Ro ship to regular oblique waves in intact and damaged conditions

This article presents a nonlinear time-domain simulation method for the prediction of large-amplitude motions of a Ro–Ro ship in regular oblique waves in an intact and a damaged condition. Numerical computations and model tests have been carried out to investigate the dynamic motion responses of Ro–Ro ship Dextra to various wave amplitudes at three different wave headings. The results of numerical and experimental investigations for stern quartering waves are reviewed. Comparisons between predictions and measurements show good agreement except in the roll-resonant region. Nonlinear effects are significant in horizontal modes of motion, and resonant roll motion, and there is strong coupling between all modes of motion in the roll-resonant region for large-amplitude responses. On the other hand, the time-domain simulation technique suffers from numerical drift in horizontal modes of motion as wave amplitude increases. This is due to nonlinear equations of motion and the lack of a restoring force and moment in horizontal motion. Received: April 30, 2002 / Accepted: August 9, 2002 Acknowledgments. II Programme of the European Community Commission under contract No. BRPR-CT97-0513. Address correspondence to: H.S. Chan (hoi-sang.chan@ncl.ac.uk)     

小水线面双体船耐波性能CFD不确定度分析

基于ITTC推荐的CFD不确定度分析规程,开展基于RANS方程的小水线面双体船(SWATH)波浪中纵向运动计算结果的不确定度分析。分别验证计算模型的网格收敛性和时间步长的收敛性,发现相比于网格的疏密,该数值求解模型对于时间步长更为敏感。通过与试验数据进行对比,计算结果基本得到确认,并由此建立了顶浪规则波中SWATH船纵向运动数值计算结果的确认等级。在此基础上,进一步开展了该SWATH船在2个波高多个波长条件下的运动求解,计算结果均与试验结果吻合较好,说明所采用的数值计算模型对于求解SWATH船在波浪中的运动问题具有较好的适用性和可靠性。     

顶浪规则波中小水线面双体船纵向运动特性数值分析

基于RANS方程和VOF模型求解船体粘性兴波流场,采用Overset技术处理船体运动,开展了小水线面双体船(Small Waterplane Area Twin Hulls,SWATH)迎浪规则波中运动响应特性及其产生机理的研究.通过数值计算结果与模型试验结果的对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性;在此基础上,分析了船体运动响应曲线中各峰值产生的原因及片体间相互干扰对SWATH船在波浪中运动响应的影响,发现其中一个峰值出现的原因为遭遇频率接近船体运动固有频率,由此发生共振;另一个峰值的出现则可能与SWATH特殊的船型及附体配置有关.由于SWATH船片体间的水动力干扰效应,SWATH船在波浪中运动响应峰值较单个片体响应峰值明显减小,且出现的位置向低频方向移动.     

舰船操纵运动时高频波浪力的算例

  目的  切片理论方法在舰船耐波性设计中有着广泛的工程应用,该方法是针对切片平均位置来计算水动力,本质上缺少船体垂荡、纵摇与横摇的运动耦合性。为有效耦合船体垂荡、纵摇与横摇的运动,  方法  基于广义纵倾角和广义吃水增量的参数,以及船体坐标系下瞬时波面方程的解析表达式,以满足波面处压力为零的条件修正波面下压力分布的计算公式（史密斯效应）;基于波面方程和压力分布修正公式,给出瞬时波面下船体切片的静水力与傅汝德-克雷洛夫波浪扰动力之和的计算方法,惯性水动力和阻尼力则采用经验公式估算。建立船体垂荡、纵摇与横摇耦合的时变系数动力学方程,采用AutoCAD图形面域技术开发计算软件,数值计算规则波浪中舰船的耦合摇荡运动。  结果  数值计算结果表明,大波高时横摇幅频曲线呈现出较为显著的因摇荡耦合导致的非线性效应,同时在横摇共振区内有明显的波浪传播方向的横摇偏摇现象。  结论  所得计算方法对于舰船高海况下的耐波性预报将产生积极的作用,计算软件可以作为耐波性设计选型的评估手段。     

基于二维半理论的船舶水动压力预报方法研究

  目的  为了研究船舶在波浪中运动预报的非线性切片方法,从线性时域切片方法出发进行初步探究。  方法  在切片假设前提下,推导二维剖面满足的边界条件,求解二维剖面的水动力系数,进而求解全船的受力及运动响应,并采用方向导数的数值差分方法计算速度势沿船长的偏导数。计算Wigley I船的水动力系数及KVLCC2船、8 000 TEU集装箱船的运动响应,并与其他相关方法的计算值及试验值开展对比研究。  结果  结果显示,所得结果与模型试验结果总体上吻合良好,具有良好的适用性。  结论  所做研究对后续开展船舶非线性时域切片运动预报具有一定的借鉴意义。     

数值波浪水池及顶浪中船舶水动力计算

基于粘流理论建立了三维数值波浪水池,模拟了非线性波浪,并对规则波顶浪中前进的拘束船模的水动力进行了计算.数值模拟中,控制方程-RANS方程和连续性方程使用有限体积法离散,非线性自由面采用VOF方法处理;在入口边界模拟柔性造波板运动产生入射波,使用位于波浪水池尾部的人工阻尼区消波.给出了非线性规则波的模拟结果以及规则波顶浪中前进的拘束船模的水动力计算结果,并与理论解及DUT(Delfi University of Technology)的试验数据进行了比较,二者吻合良好.     

规则波浪中舰船操纵与横摇耦合运动模拟及特性分析

采用六自由度舰船操纵性方程与横摇波浪力矩耦合构成动力学模型,对舰船在规则波浪中的操纵与横摇耦合运动特性进行了模拟研究.其中操纵性方程采用MMG模型,波浪力矩由切片法计算,舰船航向按PD控制.模拟计算了某船正横规则波浪下保持航向的横摇运动,计算结果与单自由度理论结果进行了比较,其幅频曲线与相频曲线两者符合较好,间接证明了耦合构成动力学模型的有效性.在此基础上计算了不同浪向角和航速下的横摇运动,以横摇等值极坐标曲线表征舰船规则波浪中的横摇特性,从而给出了规则波浪下舰船耦合动力学所描述的运动特征.     

基于 CFD 技术某超大型复杂腔体流场数值研究

为研究复杂腔体内航行体在出筒过程中的燃气流场和腔体内部压力建立情况,采用计算流体力学方法和动网格技术,对航行体出筒过程进行数值模拟。将安置在腔体内的航行体作为运动实体,随着航行体的运动,相应的流场计算边界发生变化。计算过程根据当前时刻喷管内流场及燃气流场计算航行体受力情况,确定航行体在任意计算时刻的运动速度,并由相应的运动边界更新网格,计算新网格下的流场参数分布。计算结果与实验结果符合较好,说明文中方法能够有效地揭示航行体出筒过程中燃气流的动力特性,通过分析这些流动现象,为工程应用提供有意义的参考。     

CFD动态网格技术在水下航行体非定常操纵运动预报中的应用研究

针对水下低速航行体非定常操纵运动中雷诺数及水动力系数随时间变化这一特点,文章采用基于动态网格技术的CFD数值方法对其进行运动模拟.通过对传统动态混合网格模型进行发展,提出了一种改进的动态混合网格模型,以此建立了非定常操纵运动数值预报方法.为验证所建立的数值预报方法对水下低速航行体操纵运动水动力的预报精度,并以带攻角均匀直航的滑行状态为研究对象,应用动网格技术对一典型水下低速航行体缩比模型主体及带附体的水动力进行了计算,结果与风洞模型试验结果吻合较好;文中进而将其应用于一水下滑翔机自航模非定常运动的预报,结果与试验符合较好,初步验证了动网格技术的应用能力和所建立的预报方法的有效性.文中的工作可以为水下航行体及其自航模非定常操纵运动的数值模拟提供基础.     

两层介质中运动潜体内波的数值计算

基于势流理论,采用Hess-Smith方法,对两层介质中运动潜体内波的进行数值计算研究,得到表面波和内波波形与水深佛鲁德数、潜深之间的对应关系。并通过计算无限水深中运动椭球体引起的兴波阻力对自编程序进行验证。     

微小型潜器空间运动建模与仿真(英文)

对自主式潜器空间运动进行精确建模和仿真对研究其操纵和控制特性有重要意义,本文以开发的"MAUV-Ⅱ"微小型潜器为对象,基于动量定理和动量矩定理建立了潜器空间运动的非线性数学模型,将潜器受力分解为各个模块并表达为矩阵形式.在运动非线性数学模型的基础上,结合虚拟现实技术建立了运动仿真系统,针对所研究潜器的特点,采用S面控制方法对此"MAUV-Ⅱ"水下运动的艏向控制和深度控制进行了仿真研究,同时进行了基于目标规划的长距离航行仿真试验.仿真结果反映了潜器具有较好的空间操纵性能,也验证了控制软件的可行性和可靠性.     

系泊Spar平台波浪中耦合运动的数值模拟及模型试验

为了研究恶劣环境载荷引起海洋结构物的非线性运动响应,文章基于三维时域格林函数理论,提出了采用时域物面非线性理论方法直接模拟系泊浮体时域耦合分析所需的水动力,建立了系泊浮体波浪中时域耦合运动的数学模型.该方法充分考虑了每时每刻浮体在瞬态波面下湿表面的变化,并计及平均水线面下瞬时空间位置的改变,系统研究了系泊Spar平台波浪中的耦合运动响应及系泊线张力.最后,将数值模拟结果与模型试验结果进行了比较,计算结果令人满意.     

船舶在波浪中阻力增加预报研究进展

从数值计算和模型试验两个方面,介绍船舶在波浪中阻力增加预报的研究进展,分析各种方法的基本原理,提出阻力增加预报的发展方向.     

Determination of attainable regions in ship maneuvers: an application of differential inclusions to the modeling of ship dynamics

A commonly used mathematical tool in vehicle dynamics simulation is the ordinary differential equation. However, in some situations, these equations may not be sufficient to solve problems. For robust flight, surface ship or submarine control design, safety assessment, missile and aircraft guidance, the influence of disturbances, and differential games of pursuit–evasion, more versatile tools are needed. The differential inclusion (DI) is a generalization of a differential equation that can be extremely useful. The solution of a DI is not just a model trajectory or a set of trajectories obtained by a randomization of the original problem. The solution is a reachable set, and it is a deterministic object. A differential inclusion solver and its application to vessel movement are described. Compared to previous publications on the DI solver, the new feature is an implementation of the fuzzy sets technique to improve the resulting images. It is pointed out that the reachable sets cannot be assessed properly while treating the uncertain variables as random. The application of the DI solver can give a proper view of the regions in the state space where all the possible model trajectories belong.     

集装箱船LNG燃料加注与装卸货同时操作的安全区域分析

大型LNG燃料船舶的LNG加注量大,为了减少靠港时间,需要考虑在LNG燃料在港加注的同时进行船舶装卸货操作。以一艘10 000 m3 LNG加注船对一艘18 000 TEU LNG燃料动力集装箱船的在港加注为研究对象,基于失效频率分析拟定了4个LNG泄漏场景,采用三维计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLACS分析了LNG泄漏后的可燃气体影响范围,最终得到了一个矩形危险区域,将此危险区域范围之外的区域作为LNG燃料加注与装卸货同时操作的安全区域。研究表明,LNG燃料船对船加注与装卸货同时操作的安全区域设定不可一概而论,不同的设计和作业条件将有不同的安全区域,在该类问题分析中,不能忽视LNG加注软管泄漏和加注船液货舱安全阀排放两种场景。     

基于体积力法的船舶回转运动水动力数值研究

船舶的回转性能是船舶操纵性能的一个重要方面,准确预报船舶回转运动时的水动力对于船舶的安全操纵设计具有重大意义。对照试验数据,应用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,基于商用软件FLUENT 数值求解RANS方程,采用定常旋转坐标系,运用一种便捷的描述型体积力模型代替实体螺旋桨的作用,预报船舶做单平面定常回转运动时的受力和力矩。计算结果与理论值吻合较好,研究表明应用本文所采取的体积力法数值研究船舶定常回转运动是高效、可行的。