臭氧-生物活性炭-纳滤膜深度处理饮用水试验研究

采用臭氧-生物活性炭-纳滤工艺去除城市管网供水中的污染物,使其达到饮用净水水质标准.研究表明:在臭氧投加量为3～4 mg/L,接触时间8～10 min,生物活性炭罐滤速3～4 m/s的运行条件下,臭氧-生物活性炭预处理能够大量去除原水中的污染物,保证纳滤工艺的正常运行;纳滤膜在操作压力0.7～0.8 MPa,膜通量为27.3 L/(m2·h)的条件下,既能去除无机污染物,又能够保证一些对人体有益的离子不被完全截留;且能够有效去除原水中的TOC、AOC、CODMMn、色度、浊度及细菌等,确保饮用水的安全性和生物稳定性.     

臭氧生物活性炭深度处理饮用水中抗生素的研究

介绍了饮用水中抗生素污染的来源及潜在危害,阐述了臭氧氧化及生物活性炭技术处理微量抗生素污染的机理,概括了最近几年国内外关于饮用水中抗生素物质控制技术的研究成果,指出臭氧生物活性碳技术在抗生素微污染水处理领域的广泛应用前景。     

臭氧—生物活性炭工艺处理高藻引黄水库水

以合溴离子的高藻引黄水库水为处理对象,采用预臭氧-常规处理-臭氧-生物活性炭组合工艺进行连续运行的中试研究.结果表明:组合工艺出水pH为7.8～8.1,出水色度、浊度、CODMn、UV254、TOC、藻类总数和叶绿素a的去除率分别为100%、97%、53.8%、83.7%、68.6%、99.6%和100%;出水检出BrO3-,但含量处于安全范围内.     

臭氧生物活性炭处理微污染水源水的工艺及其发展

介绍了臭氧生物活性炭处理微污染水源水的基本原理、工艺流程,以及国内外该技术的研究和发展状况,提出了应用该法时需注意的一些问题。研究表明,臭氧生物活性炭净水技术能够有效地去除水中的有机物、氨氮,对水中的无机还原性物质等也有很好的去除效果,并且能有效地降低出水致突变活性,保证饮用水安全,是一种值得推广的净水技术。     

充山水厂臭氧生物活性炭深度处理示范工程

由于太湖水质呈现高藻、高有机物、高氨氮的"三高" 特征,而常规处理工艺对原水中藻类、氨氮、有机物等的去除效果较差,因此充山水厂采用了生物预处理-气浮-臭氧-生物活性炭-砂滤-消毒组合工艺.一年多来的运行结果表明,出厂水水质达到<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB 5749-2006)的要求,运行成本较原常规工艺增加0.17元/m3.     

臭氧—生物活性炭处理效果的影响因素与工艺分析

桐乡市果园桥水厂深度处理工艺投入运行已逾五年。通过对二期臭氧—生物活性炭工艺长达五年的跟踪分析,阐述了臭氧接触、生物活性炭以及臭氧—生物活性炭工艺对耗氧量的去除效果,分析了水温、处理负荷、原水耗氧量、臭氧投加量等因素对耗氧量去除率的影响,并且从活性炭物理指标的下降程度说明了生物活性炭工艺的中后期以生物作用为主。总体而言,多因素综合影响着臭氧—生物活性炭工艺的处理效果。     

给水厂臭氧—生物活性炭深度处理生产性试验研究

针对引黄水库水有机微污染和高藻的水质特点,以济南某引黄水厂为基础,采用臭氧—生物活性炭(O3—BAC)深度处理技术进行生产性试验研究,确定O3—BAC深度处理工艺的最佳运行参数,包括臭氧两点投加分配比、臭氧投加量、臭氧接触时间、活性炭层厚度、活性炭空床停留时间等。为该水厂运行及其他类似水厂设计提供参考依据。     

臭氧生物活性炭系统调试水质变化研究

结合上海市金海水厂80万m³/d臭氧—生物活性炭系统的调试案例,研究不同洗炭模式、累计过滤时间、活性炭浸泡时间对不合格水水质的影响。结果显示,水质不同的不合格水应选择不同的排放途径。延长单次连续过滤和前期活性炭泡炭时间,有利于尽快降低出水pH和浑浊度。单侧滤池后期大水量同时过滤对出水pH下降作用更为明显,单侧过滤水质达标后单组滤池过滤出水水质稳定。并网后深度处理系统运行稳定,出水水质符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)。     

臭氧生物活性炭技术的工艺设计与运行管理

针对臭氧生物活性炭工艺应用中的关键问题,首先对工艺设计中的活性炭滤料选择、活性炭滤层结构设计、活性炭滤池选择、臭氧系统选择、臭氧接触池优化设计和复合预氧化设计等内容进行了分析和总结.然后对运行中存在的微生物安全性、大型微生物控制、活性炭滤池初滤水管理及pH控制、预臭氧和主臭氧工艺的运行管理等问题进行了总结,并提出了相应的解决方案.最后,建议今后应重点注意微生物安全性、臭氧副产物控制和工艺运行控制标准等问题.     

臭氧-生物活性炭工艺间歇性运行的生物量保持方法

研究臭氧-生物活性炭工艺在间歇性运行时炭层中生物量的保持方法以及不同保存方式对该工艺重新运行净化效能的影响。结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭工艺在停止运行后对生物活性炭柱采用浸泡保存时,活性炭层中的水质发生了很大的变化,活性炭层中的生物量发生了下降。同时周期性的换水能够延缓活性炭柱在浸泡保存时生物量的下降速度。在臭氧-生物活性炭工艺重新运行期间,周期换水减少生物量的下降虽然对浊度和UV254的去除效果影响不大,但是能够使得臭氧-生物活性炭工艺在短时间内对CODMn和NH3-N的去除率接近活性炭工艺在保存之前对其的去除率。     

反渗透处理高盐化工废水的试验研究

以经过两级混凝-超滤预处理后的化工废水为研究对象,通过试验考察了反渗透脱盐工艺处理高盐废水的效果和工艺稳定性。通过反渗透脱盐率和膜通量的变化来判定运行条件和进水水质对膜性能的影响。结果表明:系统稳定运行后对COD、电导率的平均去除率分别为94.38%、98.20%。在恒定压力(0.85 MPa)下,当进水TDS为3 500 mg/L时,膜性能稳定,膜通量衰减速率为0.008 6 L/(m2.h),在进水TDS>4 500 mg/L时脱盐率与膜通量随进水浓度的增大急剧下降。阻垢剂投加量为3.0~4.0 mg/L时,系统稳定运行150 h内压差稳定在0.04~0.07 MPa,出水满足该厂部分工艺用水的水质标准。     

Design considerations for wastewater treatment by reverse osmosis.

Reverse Osmosis is finding increasing use for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters due to the growing demand for high quality water in large urban areas. The growing success of membranes in this application is related to improved process designs and improved membrane products. Key factors which have been determined to result in successful operation of large-scale plants will be discussed. Factors which play a key role in the use of RO membranes include ultra or microfiltration pretreatment, low fouling membranes, flux rate, recovery and control of fouling and scaling. In particular, high flux rates can be used when UF or MF pretreatment is used. These technologies remove most of the suspended particles that would normally cause heavy fouling of lead elements. Typically, fluxes in the range of 17-21 lmh lead to cleaning frequencies in the range of 3-4 months. By combining the use of membrane pretreatment and chloramination of the feed water through chlorine addition, two of the primary sources of RO membrane fouling can be controlled. The use of chloramine has become a proven means to control biofouling in a membrane for wastewater applications. The other significant problems for RO membranes result from organics fouling by dissolved organics and scaling due to saturation of marginally soluble salts. The former can be a significant problem for membranes, due to the strong attraction forces. To some extent, these can be mitigated by making the membrane surface more hydrophilic or changing the charge of the membrane surface. To minimize fouling, many plants are turning to low fouling membranes. Extensive studies have demonstrated that the membrane surface is hydrophilic, neutrally charged over a broad pH range, and more resistant to organic adsorption. Also, an analysis of the potential scaling issues will be reviewed. In particular, calcium phosphate has been found to be one of the key scalants that will limit RO system recovery rate. Calcium phosphate concentrations can reach high values in many wastewaters, and scaling of this compound is not often modeled in most RO projection software. Various process options will be presented to evaluate the most economic means of avoiding phosphate scaling. Finally, data from major RO wastewater treatment plants will be presented to show how the RO membranes operate under actual conditions, utilizing many of these design features. Long-term data from the 2.6 mgd Bedok demonstration Plant demonstrate that the RO membranes operate consistently on wastewater. Experiences from the 8.5 mgd (32,000 m3/day) Bedok and 10.5 mgd (40,000 m3/day) Kranji plants will also be presented. These large plants started operation in the fall of 2002 and have demonstrated an effective means to reclaim high quality water from difficult source waters, such as municipal wastewaters.     

去除反渗透浓水中有机物的研究进展

随着污水管理及排放要求的日益严格,反渗透浓水(ROC)的处置及处理是反渗透工艺面临和亟待解决的关键问题。对其处理工艺,包括混凝/絮凝、高级氧化、磁性离子交换树脂、电容去离子技术和活性炭吸附等,进行综述及分析,比较了各工艺的处理效果及优缺点,探讨了工艺的发展方向。     

DT-RO处理垃圾渗滤液工程介绍

重庆长生桥垃圾卫生填埋渗滤液处理工程,是我国第一座采用碟管式反渗透(DT-RO)技术处理的工程。在半年多的运行中,该系统效能高且稳定。CODCr、TOC和电导率去除率均在99%以上,NH3-N去除率达98%,Ca2+、Ba2+、Mg2+截留率均在99.9%以上,出水中未检出SS。浓缩液回灌于垃圾填埋场,形成回灌型生物反应器。     

连续微滤应用于印染废水反渗透预处理的研究

采用连续微滤(CMF)作为反渗透(RO)的预处理工艺,对印染废水二级生化出水进行深度处理。结果表明:CMF处理系统运行稳定,对色度、膜污染指数值的去除率均达到RO系统进水的要求。RO系统对盐度的去除率达到98%以上,出水水质优于自来水,各项水质指标满足印染工艺回用的要求。     

Survey on production quality of electrodialysis reversal and reverse osmosis on municipal wastewater desalination

Water shortage has become an emerging environmental issue. Reclamation of the effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is feasible for meeting the growth of water requirement from industries. In this study, the results of a pilot-plant setting in Futian wastewater treatment plant (Taichung, Taiwan) were presented. Two processes, sand filter - ultrafiltration - reverse osmosis (SF-UF-RO) and sand filter - electrodialysis reversal (SF-EDR), were operated in parallel to evaluate their stability and filtrate quality. It has been noticed that EDR could accept inflow with worse quality and thus required less pretreatment compared with RO. During the operation, EDR required more frequent chemical cleaning (every 3 weeks) than RO did (every 3 months). For the filtrate quality, the desalination efficiency of SF-EDR ranged from 75 to 80% in continuous operation mode, while the conductivity ranged from 100 to 120 μS/cm, with turbidity at 0.8 NTU and total organic carbon at 1.3 mg/L. SF-EDR was less efficient in desalinating the multivalent ions than SF-UF-RO was. However for the monovalent ions, the performances of the two processes were similar to each other. Noticeably, total trihalomethanes in SF-EDR filtrate was lower than that of SF-UF-RO, probably because the polarization effects formed on the concentrated side of the EDR membrane were not significant. At the end of this study, cost analysis was also conducted to compare the capital requirement of building a full-scale wastewater reclamation plant using the two processes. The results showed that using SF-EDR may cost less than using SF-UF-RO, if the users were to accept the filtrate quality of SF-EDR.     

短程反渗透海水淡化工艺在海岛中的应用

根据海岛海水淡化的应用环境,分析了海岛对集约型海水淡化工艺的需求,提出了短程反渗透海水淡化工艺,从工艺原理、技术特点及在海岛中的应用优势进行了阐述,并通过300m3/d的工程案例从反渗透产水水质、压差能量回收装置性能和系统能耗等方面考察了短程反渗透海水淡化工艺的运行效果,处理效果验证了该工艺的可行性和技术优势。     

反渗透处理高含盐废水的实验研究与膜污染分析

试验以经过混凝-超滤预处理后的高含盐废水为研究对象,考察了一级两段反渗透处理工艺对CODcr、TDS等的去除效果以及操作压力、温度、pH等因素对反渗透去除效果的影响。研究表明:在最佳工艺条件下,CODcr的去除率大于90%,TDS的去除率大于99%。反渗透处理后出水达到工业循环冷却水水质要求(GB50330-2002)。膜受污染后采用化学清洗和水力清洗相结合的方法可使膜的透水量恢复97.53%。     

Investigation of microbial communities on reverse osmosis membranes used for process water production.

In the present study, the diversity and the phylogenetic affiliation of bacteria in a biofouling layer on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were determined. Fresh surface water was used as a feed in a membrane-based water purification process. Total DNA was extracted from attached cells from feed spacer, RO membrane and product spacer. Universal primers were used to amplify the bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The biofilm community was analysed by 16S rRNA-gene-targeted denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and the phylogenetic affiliation was determined by sequence analyses of individual 16S rDNA clones. Using this approach, we found that five distinct bacterial genotypes (Sphingomonas, Beta proteobacterium, Flavobacterium, Nitrosomonas and Sphingobacterium) were dominant genera on surfaces of fouled RO membranes. Moreover, the finding that all five "key players" could be recovered from the cartridge filters of this RO system, which cartridge filters are positioned before the RO membrane, together with literature information where these bacteria are normally encountered, suggests that these microorganisms originate from the feed water rather than from the RO system itself, and represent the fresh water bacteria present in the feed water, despite the fact that the feed water passes an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (pore size approximately 40 nm), which is able to remove microorganisms to a large extent.     

微滤-反渗透工艺在高品质再生水回用工程中的应用

北京经济技术开发区再生水工程一期规模为2万m3/d,采用微滤-反渗透双膜法工艺。介绍了工程的设计运行情况,包括前期的需水量与水质要求调查、再生水生产工艺的比选与确定、工程设计参数以及工艺的技术经济分析。分析结果表明,开发区再生水回用重点应考虑工业企业生产用水,双膜法工艺应用于高品质再生水的回用工程,技术可靠,经济可行。