前部缺血性视神经病变诊断要点探讨

目的：报告19例22眼前部缺血性视神经病变的多种临床表现，探讨本病诊断要点。方法：应用眼底血管荧光造影和静态定量视野检查的方法，探讨多种改变形式。结果：视盘荧光充盈延缓和视盘荧光充盈缺损为造影主要表现；半盲，象限盲或扇形视野缺损为视野主要改变。结论：本病我发于50岁以上老年患者，其诊断主要依据较有特点的发病史，眼底血管荧光造影和视野改变特点来判断。及时诊断与治疗有利于本病的恢复。     

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy as the presenting manifestation of primary antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by vascular thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. Ocular involvement in APS includes a broad spectrum of manifestations involving anterior and posterior segment or the presence of neuroophthalmologic features. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a very rare finding, and in this report a case having NAION as the prevailing sign of APS is presented. A middle-aged women who presented with visual disturbances in her left eye (LE) and turned out to have the diagnosis of primary APS with the help of rheumatological investigations is discussed. She was treated with oral steroids for NAION in her LE. With systemic and rheumatological work-up, primary APS was diagnosed, and hydroxychloroquine, coumadin, and aspirin were started, after which she remained stable under control. Due to the important diagnostic and therapeutic implications of APS, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of NAION, particularly when the etiology is uncertain.     

Familial non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

PURPOSE: Primary objective was to investigate clinical characteristics of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) in three families; secondarily, to test these families for a previously detected mitochondrial mutation in a pedigree with familial NA-AION. METHODS: Study comprised three families where more than one member developed NA-AION. All patients with NA-AION had a detailed ophthalmic, medical and family history, and comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation at initial visit and on follow-up. One patient from family 1, one from family 2, 41 non-familial NA-AION patients, 97 control subjects and 1,488 patients with suspected Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) were tested for the presence of mitochondrial mutation (G4132A) in a previously reported genetic study of family 3. RESULTS: Familial NA-AION was found in seven individuals of family 1, four of family 2 and six of family 3. Symptoms, signs and clinical findings of familial NA-AION were similar to classical NA-AION, with two exceptions: familial NA-AION had an earlier onset (47.3 + 8.6 years versus 60.1 + 13.6 years) and a higher frequency of bilateral disease. The G4132A mitochondrial variant was not detected outside family 3. None of the three major mutations associated with LHON (G3460A, G11778A, T14484C) was found among Familial NA-AION patients. CONCLUSIONS: The only difference in clinical features between familial NA-AION and classical NA-AION is that the former has an earlier onset and a higher frequency of bilateral disease. The G4132A mutation is not commonly associated with familial NA-AION, and was not detected in patients with non-familial NA-AION. The role of hereditary factors in familial NA-AION remains largely unknown.     

Trombophilic screening for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Background Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is an ischemic infarction of the optic nerve head, frequently leading to sudden, mostly irreversible loss of vision. In this study blood thrombophilic factors, as well as cardiovascular risk factors were investigated for their relevance to this pathology. Trombophilic risk factors so far not evaluated were included in the study. Patients and methods 37 NAION patients (4 with sequential second eye involvement) and 81 matched control subjects were examined. From blood, protein C, protein S, antithrombin, von Willebrand antigen levels (vWFAg), and factor V (Leiden) mutation, factor VIIIC level, plasminogen activity, lipoprotein (a) and fibrinogen levels, and presence of anticardiolipin antibodies were investigated. Possibly relevant pathologies [e.g. diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and ischemic heart disease] were also registered. Results Elevated Lp(a) and vWFAg levels, DM, F V (Leiden), hypercholesterolemia, and hyperfibinogenemia proved to be significant risk factors associated with NAION. Forward stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that high Lp(a), DM, and FV (Leiden) were the main predictive components, with odds ratios 16.88 (p=0.012), 5.78 (p=0.022) and 4.44 (p=0.033), respectively. Conclusions Based on our results it appears that thrombophilia is likely to contribute to the development of NAION besides vascular damage due to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Further data are needed, however, to justify the suggested use of secondary prophylaxis using anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy.     

Bilateral arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Background

Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is a disease of the optic nerve head seen in patients over the age of 50 and more commonly over the age of 70. With few exceptions, arteritic AION is caused by giant cell arteritis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with corticosteroids are essential for preventing potentially devastating visual loss from this disease.

Case Report

A 63-year-old white man presented with the complaints of blurred vision of the right eye and visual field loss of the left eye. Ocular examination found bilateral swollen optic nerve heads. Visual field testing showed altitudinal defects in each eye. Laboratory testing was significant for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The patient was treated with oral prednisone for arteritic AION and referred to a rheumatologist. At follow-up, the patient’s ESR and CRP levels showed significant improvement. The optic nerve head of the left eye showed a reduction in swelling, and the visual field finding was stable.

Conclusion

Arteritic AION is an ocular emergency. Optometrists need to be able to recognize and diagnose this condition quickly to initiate critical corticosteroid treatment.     

Optic disc structure in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

The etiology of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), when not associated with giant cell arteritis, is usually unknown. Clinical, pathologic, and experimental studies have not determined a cause. The optic disc appearance in both the involved and normal fellow eye was studied in 51 patients with acute nonarteritic AION. The number of discs (both involved and fellow) without a physiologic cup was significantly greater than would be expected from normal population studies. The etiology of nonarteritic AION may be related to the anatomic configuration of the optic nerve.     

前部缺血性视神经病变的回顾分析

目的:掌握前部缺血性视神经病变的临床检查、诊断、治疗方法,挽救视功能。方法:回顾性分析32例缺血性视神经病变患者的临床检查治疗过程,观察治疗前后的视力变化、视野变化、OCT、眼底荧光血管造影结果等。结果:32例前部缺血性视神经病变病例中,通过控制全身疾病,局部激素治疗,扩张血管药物促循环,营养神经治疗,大部分病例视力有所提高,视盘水肿减轻,视野不同程度扩大,患眼OCT示:盘周神经纤维层变薄。结论:前部缺血性视神经病变的正确诊断,及时系统的治疗,可有效提高视力,改善视盘缺血状态,扩大视野、提高视敏度。     

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with udenafil

We report a case of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with udenafil. A 54-year-old male presented with an acute onset visual field defect of the right eye after udenafil use. Examination revealed a relative afferent pupillary defect and a swollen disc. Automated visual fields revealed an enlarged blind spot and a narrowed visual field. Fluorescein angiography revealed both an inferior choroidal filling delay and an inferior sector filling delay of the optic disc in the arteriovenous phase as well as diffuse leakage of the optic disc in the late phase. Optical coherent tomography revealed increased thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer, especially in the area of the inferior disc. The patient was counseled to discontinue the use of udenafil and to monitor his blood pressure regularly. The disc swelling was resolved with residual optic atrophy one month after discontinuing the use of udenafil.     

前部缺血性视神经病变的不典型荧光素眼底血管造影表现

目的探讨前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)患者的非典型荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)表现。方法回顾性分析45例(52只眼)经临床确诊为AION患者的临床检查过程,比较分析其不典型的FFA表现等。结果45例(52只眼)呈典型AION表现者23例(25只眼),不典型表现者22例(27只眼)。不典型AION患者FFA表现为造影早中晚期均呈视乳头持续弱荧光等不典型表现。结论前部缺血性视神经病变有多种FFA表现。     

Uveal effusion syndrome complicated by anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and cystoid macular edema

The current paper presents a case of unique presentation of idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome. The 28 years old patient with combined bilateral choroidal and retinal detachment, recurrent in the left eye, underwent surgical procedures. He was treated with lamellar sclerectomy under the scleral flap in both eyes and another sclerectomy in the left eye later on. The apposition of the retina was achieved in both eyes and visual acuity improved significantly. Three months later, the patient developed anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in the right eye. In left eye after cataract phacoemulsification, persisted cystoid macular edema appeared.     

Studies on the pathogenesis of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

The pathogenesis of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) was investigated, on the basis of clinical findings from a patient with nonarteritic AION and experimental study of the vascular architecture of the human optic nerve head. The patient's visual field examination revealed a wide Bjerrum scotoma. This visual field defect suggests that the mechanism of the onset of nonarteritic AION might be similar to that of glaucoma. Fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) findings suggest that the peripapillary choroidal circulation might recover more easily from perfusion disturbance than the rest. Further, experimental study of the human optic nerve heads revealed that the circle of Zinn forms a complete vascular circle and that small branches from this circle extend to the peripapillary choroid or the optic nerve head, and that the intraneural vascular meshwork is less dense than that in the retrolaminar portion. Based upon the above clinical findings and experimental results, the pathogenesis of nonarteritic AION is postulated as follows: (1) The blood flow in the circle of Zinn is decreased by stenosis of the posterior ciliary artery (PCA). (2) Hypoperfusion is produced in the whole optic nerve head. (3) As in glaucoma, arcuate nerve fibers are first affected, resulting in the onset of nonarteritic AION with arcuate visual field defect or altitudinal defect.     

非动脉炎性AION中缺血部位及水肿程度对中心视力的影响

目的 :探讨非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变 (nonarteriticanteriorischemicopticneuropathy ,NAION)中视盘水肿程度、缺血部位对中心视力的影响 ,以利于疗效评定及预后判断。方法 :2 40例NAION患者 (160例接受住院治疗 )的临床资料 ,结合视野和荧光眼底血管造影 (fundusfluoresceinangiography ,FFA)检查进行治疗前中心视力与水肿程度、缺血部位两方面统计分析 ,并分析治疗效果。结果 :2 40例NAION患者发病时中心视力的损害程度 ,依视盘缺血部位、水肿程度之不同而均有显著的差异 (P <0 0 0 5 )。 160例住院患者 ,视盘水肿消退时间最长为 3 5天 ,最短 11天 ,平均时间 2 1 5天 ,FFA复查四项指标改善率 88 1% ,中心视力两行行上者 10 4例 ,占 65 %。结论 :视盘的缺血部位及水肿程度是影响NAION中心视力的重要因素之一 ,积极针对性的治疗对防止NAION致盲有重要意义。     

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变的危险因素分析

目的观察非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)的危险因素,为该病提供防治措施。方法对我院2009年至2013年5年间住院的并确诊为NAION的患者和同期体健中心的体检人群的实验室检查、24 h血压、全身及一般情况、眼部检查等进行分析,籍以说明其患病的危险因素,深入研究各种因素与该病的相互关系及特点,并通过临床干预性治疗,显现出该研究对此类疾病预后的影响。结果病例组发病年龄(57.89±10.32)岁,男性占47.84%,女性占52.16%。病例组中高血压、高血糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯、红细胞压积偏低及颈动脉超声异常的比例分别是49.07%、33.02%、23.53%、29.9%、8.25%及59.73%。对照组年龄(54.02±11.85)岁,男性占57.58%,女性占42.42%,高血压、高血糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯、红细胞压积偏低及颈动脉超声异常比例分别是23.64%、10%、16.97%、27.87%、7.57%及41.05%。结论病例组高血压、高血糖、高血脂、红细胞压积偏低、颈动脉超声异常及夜间低血压发病率明显高于对照组。且病例组发病年龄有年轻化的趋势,男性略高于女性,高血压、高血糖、血脂、颈动脉异常及夜间低血压等是主要的危险因素。对于NAION的患者应积极查找全身病因,并给予有效干预。对高危人群和已患病人群做出高发病例、治疗预后等情况做出科学的评估。     

尿激酶对前部缺血性视神经病变患眼的血动力学影响

目的　探讨尿激酶治疗对前部缺血性视神经病变 (anterior ischem ic optic neuropathy,AION)患眼血流动力学的影响。方法　应用彩色多普勒血流成像技术 (color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI) ,观察尿激酶治疗前部缺血性视神经病变 32例 (38只眼 )眼睫状后动脉 (posterior ciliary arteries,PCAs)、眼动脉 (ophthalmic arteries,OA )血流动力学的变化、并与对照组疗效进行比较。结果　尿激酶治疗组中治疗前后 PCAs的收缩期峰值速度(peak systolic velocity,PSV )、舒张末期速度 (end- diastolic velocity,EDV)分别由 (6 .10± 1.5 5 ) cm/ s、(1.96± 0 .19)cm / s增加到 (13.49± 1.5 8) cm/ s、(6 .0 5± 0 .71) cm / s,阻力指数 (resistance index,RI)由 0 .6 7± 0 .0 1降低至 0 .5 6±0 .0 3;尿激酶治疗组中治疗前后 OA的 PSV、EDV平均值分别由 (2 8.87± 3.11) cm / s、(12 .73± 1.38) cm / s增加到(34 .0 8± 2 .88) cm / s、(19.95± 2 .38) cm / s,阻力指数由 0 .72± 0 .0 2降低至 0 .6 5± 0 .0 2 (P <0 .0 0 1)。同对照组比较 ,尿激酶治疗组视功能改善率明显提高 (χ2 =2 8.12 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　尿激酶治疗可以改善 AION的血流动力学参数 ,对探寻一种简便、有效的治疗方法有着积极的意义     

Management of ischemic optic neuropathies

Ischemic optic neuropathies (IONs) consist primarily of two types: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION). AION comprises arteritic AION (A-AION: due to giant cell arteritis) and non-arteritic AION (NA-AION: due to other causes). PION consists of arteritic PION (A-PION: due to giant cell arteritis), non-arteritic PION (NA-PION: due to other causes), and surgical PION (a complication of several systemic surgical procedures). These five types of ION are distinct clinical entities etiologically, pathogenetically, clinically and from the management point of view. In the management of AION, the first crucial step with patients aged 50 and over is to identify immediately whether it is arteritic or not because A-AION is an ophthalmic emergency and requires urgent treatment with high-dose steroid therapy to prevent any further visual loss in one or both eyes. Patients with NA-AION, when treated with systemic corticosteroid therapy within first 2 weeks of onset, had significantly better visual outcome than untreated ones. Systemic risk factors, particularly nocturnal arterial hypotension, play major roles in the development of NA-AION; management of them is essential in its prevention and management. NA-PION patients, when treated with high-dose systemic steroid therapy during the very early stages of the disease, showed significant improvement in visual acuity and visual fields, compared to untreated eyes. A-PION, like A-AION, requires urgent treatment with high-dose steroid therapy to prevent any further visual loss in one or both eyes. There is no satisfactory treatment for surgical PION, except to take prophylactic measures to prevent its development.     

低分子肝素钠治疗前部缺血性视神经病变疗效观察

目的 观察低分子肝素钠治疗前部缺血性视神经病变的疗效.方法 临床病例系列研究.对2010年5月至2013年10月在河北大学附属医院眼科经临床确诊的前部缺血性视神经病变患者80例86只眼,分为治疗组(40例44只眼)和对照组(40例42只眼),2组均接受常规治疗,包括静脉滴注长春西汀、辅酶A、ATP,球后注射地塞米松、盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液、利多卡因注射液,配合维生素B1、甲钴胺片口服,14 d为1个疗程.治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用低分子肝素钠5 000单位腹壁脐周皮下注射,1次/d,连用14 d.两组患者用药后每天观察视力、眼底变化,治疗前有视野检查者复查视野.结果 治疗组治疗后的视力、视野均较治疗前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(分别为t =3.363,2.858,P=0.002和0.007,P＜0.05);治疗组视力提高的总有效率及显效率均高于对照组,两组间差异有统计学意义(x2=7.63,P=0.006,x2=4.63,P=0.034,P＜0.05).治疗组视野改善的总有效率及显效率均高于对照组,两组间差异有统计学意义(x2=9.77,x2=5.05,P=0.0314 P=0.025,P＜0.05).结论 低分子肝素钠治疗前部缺血性视神经病变能明显提高疗效,改善视功能.     

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变的治疗进展

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(non-arteriti canterior ischemic optic neuropathy,NAION)是中老年人群中最常见的急性视神经病变。目前NAION的病因学和病理生理学机制还不很清楚。大部分有关NAION的治疗研究都是基于回顾性或者前瞻性病例报告研究,疗效很确切的治疗方法尚未见报道。本文就目前的主要治疗方法作一综述。     

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变的临床治疗现状

非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变（NAION）是50岁以上人群常见的急性视神经病变,以突发、单眼、无痛性视力下降为特征。多种治疗方法被尝试用于治疗NAION,包括药物治疗和手术治疗,但是迄今为止尚无一种治疗方案被证实明确有效。近年的一项非随机前瞻性研究显示,患者急性期口服糖皮质激素可改善视力和视野,减轻视盘水肿,然而其确切疗效仍待证实。对于NAION患者进行的玻璃体腔内注射曲安奈德、抗血管内皮生长因子抗体、促红细胞生成素治疗的试验结果令人鼓舞,然而其所带来的风险不容忽视。目前,NAION的治疗尚缺乏有力的证据,有待更深入的研究,尤其要加强临床前的基础研究。     

前部缺血性视神经病变患者药物改善异常血流变对中心视力恢复的影响

目的 观察药物对缺血性视神经病变患者血流变异常指标改变后对患者中心视力恢复的影响。方法 对105例缺血性视神经病变患者依据血流变异常选择不同药物治疗，联合普通药物、降纤酶、藻酸双酯钠等改善血液流变治疗，并以未行血流变检测和血流变改善药物治疗的60例缺血性视神经病变患者的中心视力恢复情况进行对照分析。结果 105例缺血性视神经病变患者血流变异常指标经不同药物联合治疗后，血流变各项异常指标均有明显改善。改善血流变指标治疗组患者视力恢复明显优于未经改善血流变指标治疗组（P＜0．05）。结论 降低血液粘稠度，采用不同药物改善血流变的异常指标、对于缺血性视神经病变患者视力的恢复具有重要意义。     

白内障超声乳化吸出术后并发前部缺血性视神经病变(AION)危险因素分析

目的 筛选出白内障超声乳化吸出术后并发前部缺血性视神经病变(anterior ischemic optic neuropathy,AION)的危险因素,初步探讨术后并发AION的发病机制.方法 收集2010年9月1日至2016年9月1日在郑州大学第一附属医院眼科行白内障超声乳化吸出术的手术病例,符合条件的病例为11 206例(13 320眼),其中白内障术后并发AION 30例30眼(AION组),以1∶3比例在纳入的其余病例中随机选取90例90眼作为对照组.记录AION组和对照组小视盘、既往手术史、心脏病、糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、吸烟、颈动脉疾病、眼压等情况,采用x2检验、Logistic回归分析、t检验,筛选出白内障术后并发AION的相关因素及危险因素.结果 小视盘、糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、颈动脉疾病为白内障术后并发AION的相关因素.高脂血症、颈动脉疾病为白内障术后并发AION的危险因素.术前两组患者眼压差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后1d和7dAION组眼压均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05).结论 高脂血症、颈动脉疾病均为白内障术后发生AION的危险因素,术后眼压高可能是发生AION的诱因.