多层螺旋CT多平面重建对小肺癌的基本征象检出

目的认识周围型小肺癌(SPLC)在多层螺旋CT多平面重建(MPR)中的基本征象,探讨MPR配合多层螺旋CT对SPLC基本征象的检出作用. 资料与方法搜集病理证实的SPLC 31例,良性小结节22例.多层螺旋CT扫描后MPR处理,并与横断薄层扫描对比分析. 结果 (1)SPLC的分叶征,棘突,毛刺征和支气管血管集束征在MPR中检出率高于横断薄层扫描.(2)MPR对于空泡征、支气管气相和支气管血管集束征的判别有其优势.(3)MPR能较真实地测定病灶大小. 结论 MPR能克服横断扫描角度限制,配合最新的多层螺旋技术达到各向同性成像获得高分辨率图像,可以为SPLC的诊断提供更多信息.     

多平面重建对支气管血管连接引起肿瘤切迹的检出

目的　从病理角度认识支气管血管切迹征 ,探讨多平面重建 (MPR)对该征检出的作用。方法　①观察病理证实的周围型小肺癌 91例 ,良性结节 5 5例。以及 9例周围型小肺癌 ,2例良性结节术后改良Heitzman法充气固定肺叶制成病理大切片 ,对良恶性支气管血管连接进行对比分析。②对恶性支气管血管连接 2 0例 ,良性 13例行MPR ,考察MPR显示切迹征的作用。结果　①支气管血管切迹征对恶性者特异性为 95 .2 %。②恶性支气管血管连接在MPR的切迹征检出率为 70 % ,与横断扫描之间有显著差异。结论　切迹征对于恶性支气管血管连接有高特异性诊断价值。MPR配合多层螺旋CT能提高此征检出率     

多层螺旋CT多平面重组对孤立性肺结节征象检出的价值

目的:比较多层螺旋CT多平面重组(MPR)对孤立性肺结节(SPNs)征象的显示,探讨各种征象对SPNs良恶性的诊断价值.方法:搜集51例进行多层螺旋CT扫描的SPNs (直径≤4 cm)及其完整的临床病理资料.对SPNs的征象(深分叶征、棘状突起征、胸膜凹陷征、胸膜切迹征、阳性支气管征、空泡征、毛刺征)行MPR,评价MPR对SPNs的前5种征象的显示.计算7种征象在恶性结节组检出率及出现频率.结果:MPR检出5种征象的数目明显多于轴面扫描所检出的数目,检出具有5种征象的结节数目明显多于轴面扫描检出该征象的结节数目,差异具有显著性意义(P＜0.05).在恶性结节中出现频率由多到少的征象依次为深分叶征、阳性支气管征、胸膜凹陷征、棘状突起征、胸膜切迹征、毛刺征、空泡征.7种征象在良、恶性结节组的检出百分比中最能提示恶性的征象依次为胸膜切迹征、深分叶征、胸膜凹陷征、毛刺征、阳性支气管征、棘状突起征、空泡征.结论:应用多层螺旋CT薄层扫描,对SPNs行MPR,能明显提高SPNs的征象检出率,获得更多有价值的诊断信息,深分叶征、胸膜切迹征是最有诊断价值的恶性征象.     

毛刺征在CT诊断周围型小肺癌中的价值

目的:探讨周围型小肺癌(SPLC)毛刺的CT表现、诊断价值及多平面重建(MPR)的检出作用。材料和方法:分析经手术或穿刺病理证实的135例SPLC及65例良性孤立性肺结节。统计CT边缘有毛刺征结节的例数,以宽度2mm为界将毛刺分为粗或细毛刺,以长度5mm为界分为长或短毛刺。对22例SPLC及15例良性结节进行MPR,并与横断薄层扫描对比分析。结果:细短毛刺明显多见于SPLC,敏感性为25.9%,特异性为98.5%,准确性为49.5%,阳性预测值(PPV)为97.2%。MPR对毛刺征的检出率高于横断薄层图像。结论:毛刺征对SPLC的诊断和鉴别诊断具有较高价值。     

气腔密度影诊断周围型小肺癌的价值及其病理基础

目的:探讨气腔密度影诊断周围型小肺癌(SPLC)的价值及其病理基础.材料和方法:分析经手术病理证实的46例SPLC及40例良性结节的空泡征、细支气管充气征和空洞的CT表现.结果:在SPLC中空泡征及细支气管充气征的出现率显著高于良性结节,且均在腺癌和细支气管肺泡癌中的出现率最高.空洞罕见于SPLC.SPLC的空泡征/细支气管充气征多位于SPN的中外2/3部,而良性结节均位于内中2/3部.横断薄层扫描和多平面重建判别SPLC中的空泡征/细支气管充气征无显著差异.结论:空泡征及细支气管充气征的位置对周围型小肺癌具有较高的诊断价值.     

胸膜凹陷征在孤立性肺结节MSCT诊断中的价值

目的:评价胸膜凹陷征在孤立性肺结节定性诊断中的价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术、病理或临床随访证实的60例周围型肺癌和40例良性结节的MSCT资料,并行MPR、VR、SSD等显示结节与胸膜之间关系的影像表现。结果:胸膜凹陷发生于肺肋胸膜面46例,纵隔面11例,膈面22例,叶间胸膜面13例,壁胸膜与叶间胸膜同时发生8例。图像后处理技术对胸膜凹陷征的检出率均显著高于轴位图像(P0.05)。周围型肺癌典型胸膜凹陷征和伴相关结节切迹的出现例数显著高于良性结节组(P0.05);良性结节粗线影和伴胸膜粘连增厚的检出例数高于周围型肺癌(P0.05)。结论:MSCT图像后处理显示胸膜凹陷征对孤立性肺结节的定性诊断具有指导意义。     

16层螺旋CT重建技术诊断周围型小肺癌临床价值分析

目的 探讨16层螺旋CT重建技术在周围型小肺癌（small peripheral lung cancer,SPLC）临床诊断中的应用价值.方法 收集2010年8月～2012年12月在我院经手术及病理证实的周围型小肺癌患者进行16层螺旋CT检查及MPR、SSD、SVR重建图像并进行分析,旨在提高对其CT征像的认识与诊断正确率.结果 采用MPR重建后对分叶征、细短毛刺征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷、空泡征等征象检出率均高于薄层扫描,但是其中MPR重建后对分叶征、细短毛刺征、血管集束征等征象检出率则明显高于薄层扫描,且差异具有统计学意义（x2 =8.05、8.25、4.61,P%0.05）.采用SVR重建后无空泡征检出,而对分叶征、细短毛刺征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷等征象检出率均高于薄层扫描,但是其中SVR重建后血管集束征检出率则明显高于薄层扫描,且差异具有统计学意义（x2=7.01,P＜0.05）.采用SSD重建后无空泡征检出,而在显示周围型小肺癌分叶征、细短毛刺征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷四项主要征象上敏感性均高于横断面薄层扫描,但是其中SSD重建后对胸膜凹陷检出率则明显高于薄层扫描,且差异具有统计学意义（x2=5.07,P＜0.05）.结论对SPLC进行MPR、SSD、SVR等三种不同的图像后处理,对分叶征、血管集束征及胸膜凹陷征的显示敏感性显著提高.     

3厘米以下孤立性肺结节胸膜凹陷征的CT评价

本文复习了经手术病理证实的3cm 以下孤立性肺结节的CT 影像40例(周圈性小肺癌30例、肺良性小结节10例)。结果显示胸膜凹陷征阳性率在小肺癌为66.7%,良性结节为70%,两者相近.此征象阳性的结节一胸壁间距平均6.8mm,而无此征象的结节一胸壁间距平均15mm,有胸膜凹陷者的结节一胸壁间距比无此征象者明显小。CT 一病理对照显示肺内小结节纤维组织增生与胸膜凹陷征的形成关系密切.此征象的形成与肺内结节的良、恶性关系不大.作者认为CT 像上单纯的胸膜凹陷征对周围型小肺癌与良性小结节鉴别诊断的价值不大.     

螺旋CT薄层扫描对肺内孤立小结节的诊断价值

目的:评价螺旋CT薄层扫描诊断肺内孤立小结节(sSPN)的价值。材料和方法:收集80例经手术病理证实的直径≤2cmsSPN,其中恶性肿瘤31例,炎性结节及结核结节各20例,良性肿瘤9例,所有病例均行常规及薄层平扫加增强扫描,分析sSPN的CT征象。结果:螺旋CT薄层扫描能显示常规扫描不能显示的部分细小钙化、毛刺征、空泡征、棘状突起及脂肪等,对sSPN有较大鉴别诊断价值的CT征象是毛刺征、分叶征、空泡征、钙化及胸膜凹陷征。增强扫描,恶性sSPN强化明显,多呈均匀强化,增强前后CT净增值大于20Hu;良性sSPN多数强化不明显,增强前后CT净增值小于20Hu(除炎性假瘤及血管瘤外),结核结节及肺囊肿呈环状强化,其余良性结节多呈均匀强化。结论:对于sSPN,螺旋CT薄层扫描比常规扫描能显示更多细微CT征象,是目前最有效的检查方法,有助于sSPN定性诊断。     

MSCT对孤立性肺结节(≤2cm)胸膜凹陷征的诊断及鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨MSCT对肺部2cm以下孤立性结节胸膜凹陷征的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法分析经手术病理、穿刺活检证实的良性结节16例和早期周围型肺腺癌20例,通过靶重建、最小密度投影(MIP)、表面遮盖显示(SSD)及容积再现(VR)等后处理显示病灶的胸膜凹陷征,将胸膜凹陷征分Ⅰ型,、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型,并比较良性结节及早期周围型肺腺癌胸膜凹陷分型差异。结果胸膜凹陷征Ⅰ型7例,良性结节2例,恶性结节5例;Ⅱ型18例,良性结节6例,恶性结节12例;Ⅲ型11例,良性结节8例,恶性结节3例。SSD图像中,2例良性结节和4例早期肺腺癌呈轻度胸膜凹陷;4例良性结节和12例早期肺腺癌胸膜凹陷呈星芒状改变,周围见多条扭曲、长短、粗细不一的凹槽,10例良性结节和4例早期肺腺癌胸膜凹陷呈圆洞样凹陷。12例良性结节见局部胸膜肥厚,3例早期肺腺癌见局部胸膜肥厚。良性结节及早期肺腺癌组的靶重建和MIP分型以及SSD胸膜凹陷分型差异具有显著性(P0.05),良性结节胸膜凹陷征主要以Ⅱ和Ⅲ型多见,且局部胸膜增厚比例显著高于早期肺腺癌(P0.001)。结论 MSCT靶重建配合各种后处理功能在显示肺小孤立性结节的胸膜凹陷征方面具有独特的优势,对肺结节良恶性的定性诊断提供了参考依据。     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme     

改进的定位技术在胸部肿瘤穿刺活检中的应用

目的：探索CT-SIM三维定位系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引定位技术在胸部肿瘤经皮穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法：对380例胸部肿瘤患者行改进的CT定位技术下的经皮穿刺活检术。根据肿瘤的大小、深度、毗邻关系、活动度以及患者的心肺功能状态,综合运用CT-SIM系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,为患者进行穿刺前定位。统计穿刺定位时间长度、成功率、确诊率、并发症发生情况,并与210例采用传统铅栅定位下胸部肿瘤穿刺活检的相应资料进行比较。结果：采用改进的CT定位技术的380例患者穿刺定位精确,平均定位时间（9.5 min）较传统方法（16.8 min）缩短7.3 min,活检成功率和确诊率分别是98.7%和95.3%,高于传统定位方法的93.3%和83.3%,两者差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。穿刺并发症发生率相似,气胸发生率分别为2.8%和2.9%,咯血发生率分别为11%和12.8%。结论：根据患者状态及肿瘤特点,在CT-SIM系统快速精确定位技术的基础上,综合运用体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,能显著缩短经皮穿刺活检的定位时间,提高活检成功率。