R1234ze(E)在水平圆管内流动沸腾换热过程中摩擦压降特性实验研究

新型制冷剂R1234ze(E)(trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene)因较低的GWP而被广泛关注,有望在热泵中作为R134a的替代品。本文对R1234ze(E)在内径为8 mm水平管内流动沸腾过程中摩擦压降特性进行实验研究,并在相同实验工况下与R134a进行对比。实验研究的流动沸腾换热的饱和温度为10℃,热流密度为5.0 k W/m~2和10.0 k W/m~2,质流密度范围为300~500 kg/(m~2·s),并分析质流密度、热流密度对R1234ze(E)和R134a饱和流动沸腾过程中摩擦压降的影响。结果表明,在相同工况下R1234ze(E)的流动沸腾过程的摩擦压降略大于R134a,如质流密度为500 kg/(m~2·s)时,R1234ze(E)的平均摩擦压降值比R134a大8.4%左右。最后,将实验结果同四种摩擦压降经验关联式进行比较分析。     

新型制冷剂R1234ze(E)及其混合工质研究进展

低GWP值制冷剂R1234ze(E)(trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene)作为R134a较为理想的替代品而被关注,但其单一成分的热力学性能和传输特性并不理想,在R1234ze(E)中混入R32成分可以有效改善其热力学性能。本文概述了低GWP值工质R1234ze(E)及其与R32混合物的热物性特征、传输特性及系统运行性能方面的研究现状,并与目前常用的制冷工质进行比较分析,指出R1234ze(E)与R32混合工质有望成为新型低GWP值替代工质。     

R1234ze(E)在R134a离心式制冷压缩机中的直接替代研究

随着全球对环保要求的日益提高,以R1234yf、R1234ze(E)、R1233zd(E)等为代表的ODP为0且GWP较低的制冷剂得到广泛关注并应用。针对R134a离心式冷水机组,采用CFD数值方法,对采用R1234ze(E)直接替代的离心制冷压缩机进行了模拟,对机组性能进行了比较分析。结果表明：在同一转速下,当冷凝温度较小时,R1234ze(E)机组的制冷量和COP都小于R134a机组的,当冷凝温度较大时,R1234ze(E)机组的制冷量和COP都大于R134a机组的。当R134a机组与R1234ze(E)机组的蒸发温度、冷凝温度和制冷量都相同时,R1234ze(E)机组的COP比R134a机组的COP平均降低了约5.14%。     

R1234ze(E)与R32混合工质在热泵系统中替代R410A的实验研究

新型制冷剂R1234ze(E)因较低的GWP备受制冷行业关注,其与R32的混合工质作为热泵系统制冷剂的研究也在逐步展开,本文以R1234ze(E)/R32(质量配比:27%/73%,命名为L-41b,GWP=493)混合工质为研究对象,在人工环境室中设计并搭建了空气源热泵测试系统,对比研究了L-41b与R410A在热泵系统中的性能系数COP、压缩机功耗、制热量、排气温度和循环压比。结果表明:当恒定冷凝温度,蒸发温度从5℃增加到13℃时,R410A和L-41b的COP偏差从8.6%缩小到2.8%。当恒定蒸发温度,冷凝温度从30℃提高到42℃时,L-41b的运行性能系数COP的降幅小于R410A,变工况实验表明在相对高温区L-41b替代R410A具有较好的替代性能。     

微圆管内R1234ze(E)流动沸腾的环状流特性模拟研究

本文建立了制冷剂R1234ze(E)在微圆管内流动沸腾过程中的环状流模型,对传热和气液两相流动压降进行了模拟研究。综合考虑重力、表面张力及气液界面剪切力的影响,模拟分析了周向液膜不均匀分布特性及该特性对流动与换热的影响,经验证,计算结果与已有实验结果吻合较好。本文还研究了不同因素对环状流区域表面传热系数与压降的影响。模拟结果表明:在流动起始区域,截面液膜厚度的分布受重力作用影响,随着流动沸腾过程的进行,该影响作用开始减弱,且有重力作用时的环状流平均表面传热系数高于无重力作用时的环状流平均表面传热系数,随着重力加速度的增加,环状流的平均表面传热系数不断增大;随着质量流速的增大,表面传热系数与压降均随之增大;随着管径增大,表面传热系数与压降均随之减小。     

R1234ze(E)在冷藏车余热驱动型TORC-制冷循环系统运行性能分析

建立了冷藏车余热驱动型跨临界有机朗肯-制冷循环系统热力学计算模型,研究了R1234ze(E)在该循环系统中运行性能,系统地分析了冷凝温度为40℃、50℃、60℃时系统运行性能参数,得到冷凝温度为40℃时,对应发动机尾气温度约为140℃时,系统拥有最高的膨胀机做功量10.20 kW;对应发动机尾气温度约为165℃,系统拥有最优的TORC系统热效率9.49%和最大的TORC-制冷循环系统制冷量18.36kW以及最佳的热效率值19.12%。     

水平光滑细管内R1234ze冷凝换热特性实验研究

对流体R1234ze在内径2 mm 的水平光滑圆管内的冷凝换热特性进行了实验研究,设定流体饱和温度为35 ℃、40 ℃,质量流量为100~400 kg/(m2?s),热流密度为4~22 kW/m2。实验获得了R1234ze在不同工况下的冷凝换热系数和摩擦压降。发现R1234ze的冷凝换热系数范围在1.5到8 kW/(m2?K)之间,且随干度的增加而增加,随质量流量的增大而增大,随饱和温度的升高而降低,比在相同工况下R134a 、R32的换热系数分别平均低约22%和31%。R1234ze的摩擦压降随质量流量增加而增大,随饱和温度的升高而降低,高于相同工况下R32的摩擦压降。并将本次实验值与其它经典换热模型和压降模型进行了对比分析,发现Baird等人的模型对本次实验的换热系数预测较好,对其它文献中的相似数据点预测也较好。Müller- Heck模型对摩擦压降预测最好。     

天然制冷剂R290用于热泵干衣机能效实验研究

独立式热泵干衣机目前主流制冷剂以HFCs类R134a为主,其全球变暖潜值(GWP)高达1 430。天然制冷剂R290属于HCs类制冷剂,GWP小于20。本文基于天然制冷剂R290与R134a的物理和热力学性质对比分析,对独立式热泵干衣机热泵循环系统进行了优化设计和实验研究,最终确定蒸发器采用φ7 mm管径铜管和2.2 mm片距的亲水平片,冷凝器采用φ5 mm管径铜管和1.5 mm片距的非亲水平片,压缩机采用排量为8.1 mL的R290制冷剂压缩机,节流装置采用管径φ1.0 mm和长度820 mm的毛细管。测试结果表明：R290用于独立式热泵干衣机热泵循环系统,在满足国际、国家和欧洲标准中关于A3类制冷剂充注量限制的要求下,即对于A3类制冷剂,若其充注量不大于0.15 kg时,则没有房间体积限制。在R290充注量为0.15 kg时,热泵干衣机能效指标为23.0,可达到欧洲现行干衣机能效等级标准最高等级A+++。     

R1233zd(E)和R123的水平管外冷凝换热性能研究

针对制冷剂R1233zd(E)和R123,在饱和温度36. 1℃,冷凝水流速2. 12 m/s,2. 59 m/s和2. 90 m/s工况下,分别对水平光管和强化冷凝管GDHT-GDⅢ的管外冷凝换热系数进行测试。结果表明:R1233zd(E)的光管管外冷凝换热系数高于R123的6%～16%,R1233zd(E)的强化冷凝管GDHT-GDⅢ管外冷凝换热系数高于R123的19%～21%;采用强化冷凝管GDHT-GDⅢ时R1233zd(E)的管外冷凝换热系数是采用光管时的10. 8倍。指出R1233zd(E)可作为R123的替代物,强化冷凝管GDHT-GDⅢ能够很好地发挥R1233zd(E)的换热性能。     

R1233zd(E)在离心式冷水机组中的应用研究

针对使用R1233zd(E)的离心式冷水机组,从诸如压缩机气动设计的优化、配置优化、磁浮轴承新技术的应用以及换热器和吸排气管路的优化等多角度进行深入研究,从而在全新设计的离心式冷水机组YZ上充分体现使用R1233zd(E)的能效优势。     

Surface tension of low GWP refrigerants R1243zf,R1234ze(Z), and R1233zd(E)

The surface tension of R1243zf, R1234ze(Z), and R1233zd(E) were measured at temperatures from 270 K to 360 K by an experimental apparatus based on the differential capillary rise method. The deviation between the measured surface tension of R134a and R245fa and the calculated surface tension with REFPROP 9.1 (Lemmon et al., 2013) was ±0.13 mN m⁻¹, which is less than the estimated propagated uncertainty in surface tension of ±0.2 mN m⁻¹. Eleven points, thirteen points, and ten points of surface tension data were provided for R1243zf, R1234ze(Z), and R1233zd(E), respectively, in this paper. The measured data and the estimated surface tension using the methods of Miller, 1963, Miqueu et al., 2000, and Di Nicola et al. (2011) agree within the standard deviation of ±0.43 mN m⁻¹. The empirical correlations that represent the measured data within ±0.14 mN m⁻¹ were proposed for each refrigerant.     

Theoretical energy performance evaluation of different single stage vapour compression refrigeration configurations using R1234yf and R1234ze(E) as working fluids

R1234yf and R1234ze(E) have been proposed as alternatives for R134a in order to work with low GWP refrigerants, but this replacement results generally in a decrease of the performance. For this reason, it is interesting to explore ways to improve the system performance using these refrigerants. In this paper, a comparative study in terms of energy performance of different single stage vapour compression configurations using R1234yf and R1234ze(E) as working fluids has been carried out. The most efficient configuration is the one which uses an expander or an ejector as expansion device. On the other hand, using an internal heat exchanger in a cycle which replaces the expansion valve by an expander or an ejector could produce a detrimental effect on the COP. However, for all the configurations the introduction of an internal heat exchanger produces a significant increment on the cooling capacity.     

R1234ze(E) flow boiling inside a 3.4 mm ID microfin tube

R1234ze(E) has a GWP<1 and a normal boiling temperature approximately 7.3 °C lower than that of R134a; it represents an interesting candidate for its replacement as working fluid in refrigerating machines. The refrigerant charge minimization in refrigerating and air conditioning equipment is a key issue for the new environmental challenges. Mini microfin tubes represent an optimal solution for both heat transfer enhancement and charge minimization tasks. This paper presents an experimental study of R1234ze(E) flow boiling inside a mini microfin tube with internal diameter at the fin tip of 3.4 mm. The experimental measurements were carried out at constant saturation temperature of 30 °C, by varying the refrigerant mass velocity between 190 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and 940 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, the vapour quality from 0.2 to 0.99 at three different heat fluxes: 10, 25, and 50 kW m⁻². The experimental results are then compared with those obtained for the more traditional R134a.     

Condensation in two phase and desuperheating zone for R1234ze(E), R134a and R32 in horizontal smooth tubes

Condensation is usually assumed to begin when the bulk enthalpy reaches the saturated vapor enthalpy, which leads to discontinuity of heat transfer coefficient calculation in modeling. This paper addresses the discontinuity by showing the presence of condensation in desuperheating region when the wall temperature decreases below the saturation temperature at any operating condition. The experiments have been conducted with R134a, R1234ze(E) and R32 for mass fluxes of 100–300 kgm⁻² s⁻¹, saturation temperatures of 30^°C–50 °C and from x = 0.05 to superheat of 50 °C in a horizontal smooth tube with 6.1 mm inner diameter. R134a is observed to have approximately 10% higher and 20% lower HTC compared to R1234ze(E) and R32 respectively. Cavallini correlation predicted the data within an accuracy of 12% while Kondo-Hrnjak correlation predicted HTC for condensation in de-superheating zone within accuracy of 23%.     

Condensation heat transfer and two-phase frictional pressure drop in a single minichannel with R1234ze(E) and other refrigerants

R1234ze(E), trans-1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene, is a fluorinated propene isomer which may be a substitute of R134a for refrigeration applications. R1234ze(E) has a much lower GWP_100-years than that of R134a. In this paper, the local heat transfer coefficient during condensation of R1234ze(E) is investigated in a single minichannel, horizontally arranged, with hydraulic diameter equal to 0.96 mm. Since the saturation temperature drop directly affects the heat transfer rate, the pressure drop during adiabatic two phase flow of R1234ze(E) is also measured. Predictive models are assessed both for condensation heat transfer and pressure drop. A comparative analysis is carried out among several fluids (R1234ze(E), R32, R134a and R1234yf) starting from experimental data collected at the same conditions and using the Performance Evaluation Criteria (PEC) named Penalty Factor (PF) and Total Temperature Penalization (TTP) to rank the tested refrigerants in forced convective condensation.