胡萝卜、油菜的通电加热烫漂研究

研究了通电加热烫漂对胡萝卜、油菜中维生素含量的影响,并与普通电炉加热进行了比较;研究了胡萝卜、油菜通电加热烫漂的最佳工艺条件。实验证明,随着烫漂时间的延长,胡萝卜中的β-胡萝卜素含量明显降低,油菜中VC的含量也明显降低;通电加热烫漂后的维生素含量明显高于电炉加热;而胡萝卜通电加热的最佳烫漂工艺为,烫漂时间3 min,颗粒尺寸10 mm,料液比(g:mL)1∶4,电压220 V;油菜通电加热烫漂的适宜工艺条件为料液比(g:mL)1∶4,烫漂时间0.5 min,电压220 V。     

大米通电加热特性的研究

研究了大米的通电加热工艺,并研究了大米通电加热后微观结构的变化,并与传统的加热方式进行了比较。结果表明大米经浸泡12h后,通电加热蒸煮20min口感最佳,通电加热蒸煮的米粒口感明显好于电炉加热。通电加热后的米粒微观结构与电炉加热的米粒微观结构有明显差异,通电加热的米粒糊化程度高于电炉加热。     

猪肉在接触式通电加热和浸泡式通电加热中的电导率比较

利用接触式和浸泡式通电加热实验装置对猪肉进行了通电加热,比较了两种通电加热方式对猪肉电导率的影响,结果显示:两种通电加热方式中猪肉的电导率曲线(随温度的变化曲线)基本相同,在60℃以上时,接触式通电加热中猪肉的电导率略高于浸泡式通电加热中的电导率。     

通电加热在食品加工中的应用

介绍了通电加热的基本原理、特点、通电加热设备及通电加热在杀菌、肉制品和豆腐以及解冻等食品加工中的应用,并对通电加热的应用前景进行了分析.     

肉的电导率研究

在研究了肉在通电加热和通电加热解冻过程中电导率的变化。认为肉的电导率与肌肉纤维在电场中的方向有关,肌肉纤维平行于电场方向时的电导率高于垂直电场时的电导率,肉泥的电导率介于二者之间;冻肉的电导率与冻肉内不冻结水分含量有关。     

食品的电导率以及通电加热技术的探讨

电导率是食品的电物性之一,其主要应用为食品的通电加热,本文阐述了食品电导率的概念,并对食品通电加热技术的发展进行了分析和探讨。     

通电加热中电场强度对猪肉电导率的影响

利用通电加热装置对猪肉进行了通电加热装置,比较了不同电场强度对试样加热速率和电导率的影响,结果显示在其它条件一定的情况下,电场强度越大试样的加热速率就越快;电场强度的不同对试样的电导率略有影响,但影响不大。     

食品通电加热技术及其装备的研发与应用

通电加热技术是食品工程中的一门新兴技术,本文介绍了通电加热技术的基本原理和特点,讨论了通电加热及其装备在杀菌、肉制品加工、淀粉糊化中的应用,指出了通电加热技术研究中存在的问题并对通电加热技术的应用前景进行了分析。     

食品通电加热速率控制系统设计与实验

加热速率对食品品质影响很大。通电加热为食品加工提供了一种全新的加热方法,但由于当前通电加热系统多采用恒压电源供电,因而加热速率控制一直是业界的难点。本研究设计了一个基于单片机的食品通电加热速率控制系统,该系统主要由单片机、调压电路、数据采集电路、功能按键、液晶显示屏、加热槽构成,可以设定加热速率,能实时监控加热过程中的温度变化。在加热过程中采用复合控制方法,根据温度变化实时调节加热槽两端电压,使加热速率保持在设定值。用该系统对牛奶进行了加热实验,结果表明,在设定加热速率分别为6℃/min、8℃/min、10℃/min、12℃/min时,通电加热过程中牛奶的温度与时间均保持良好的线性关系,实际加热速率与设定值之间的相对误差为0.5~3.83%。该研究为食品通电加热过程中加热速率的控制提供了参考。     

豆浆的通电加热

研究了温度和固形物含量对豆浆电导率的影响，以及固形物含量和施加电压对豆浆通电加热速率的影响。实验证明：豆浆电导率随温度和固形物含量的增高而增大，且电导率与温度为线性关系；加热速率随施加电压和固形物含量增大而加快，豆浆的温度与时间为指数关系。     

Comparative Effects of Ohmic,Induction Cooker,and Electric Stove Heating on Soymilk Trypsin Inhibitor Inactivation

During thermal treatment of soymilk, a rapid incorporation of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) into protein aggregates by covalent (disulfide bond, SS) and/or noncovalent interactions with other proteins is responsible for its fast inactivation of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA). In contrast, the slow cleavage of a single Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) peptide bond is responsible for its slow inactivation of TIA and chymotrypsin inhibitor activity (CIA). In this study, the effects of Ohmic heating (220 V, 50 Hz) on soymilk TIA and CIA inactivation were examined and compared to induction cooker and electric stove heating with similar thermal histories. It was found that: (1) TIA and CIA inactivation was slower from 0 to 3 min, and faster after 3 min as compared to induction cooker and electric stove. (2) The thiol (SH) loss rate was slower from 0 to 3 min, and similar to induction cooker and electric stove after 3 min. (3) Ohmic heating slightly increased protein aggregate formation. (4) In addition to the cleavage of one BBI peptide bond, an additional reaction might occur to enhance BBI inactivation. (5) Ohmic heating was more energy‐efficient for TIA and CIA inactivation. (6) TIA and CIA inactivation was accelerated with increasing electric voltage (110, 165, and 220 V) of Ohmic heating. It is likely that the enhanced inactivation of TIA by Ohmic heating is due to its combined electrochemical and thermal effects.     

食品的微波加工研究新进展

近年来,微波技术因其加热速度快、效率高等优势,在食品加工中得到了广泛的应用。本文从微波技术的原理着手,对微波技术在食品加热或烹饪、干燥、杀菌以及有效成分提取等方面的最新应用进展加以阐述,并探讨微波对食品颜色、质地、营养成分、生物化学成分、复水性、微观结构等食品品质的影响,以期为微波技术在食品领域的进一步开发及规模化应用提供参考,进而促进食品行业的发展。     

Pasting Properties of Ohmically Heated Rice Starch and Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Pasting characteristics were examined for conventionally or ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours. Brown rice flour showed the greatest cooking stability and least retrogradation potential. Brown rice flour also showed the greatest pasting temperature and lowest peak viscosity, whereas commercial starch had the lowest pasting temperature. Nonstarch components of the brown rice flour, such as fat and protein, may have acted as stabilizers delaying water access into the granules and reducing swelling of the starch. Ohmic heating reduced pasting temperature for commercial rice starch, resulting in a starch that swelled faster. Furthermore, ohmic heating produced better cooking stability in white rice flour 1 and 2 than in the native sample, and caused white rice flour 2 to have less potential for retrogradation than the conventionally heated sample. At lower electric field strength (20 V/cm), ohmic heating resulted in the greatest cooking stable starches compared to higher voltages (40 and 70 V/cm) because more starch granules were disrupted from a longer cooking time, so there were fewer intact granules for pasting. Ohmic heating has been shown to alter rice starch and flour pasting characteristics with an added influence of lipids, proteins, and amylose contents.     

液态食品通电加热速度与电导率的关系

通过对液态食品 (液体食品、亲水性胶体食品和含颗粒液态食品 )通电加热速度与电导率的试验研究 ,得出食品物料的电导率是影响加热速度的主要因素 ,电导率越大 ,通电加热速度越快 ;食品的 pH值对加热速度也有一定的影响 ,pH值越小 ,酸性越强 ,电导率越大 ,加热速度越快。     

Rapid Food Particle Temperature Mapping During Ohmic Heating Using FLASH MRI

A fast low angle shoot (FLASH) pulse sequence in combination with a multi-inversion procedure was used to rapidly acquire spin-lattice relaxation data for food particles undergoing ohmic heating. The relaxation data acquired by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were analyzed using a two-component exponential model to extract both short and long spin-lattice relaxation time, T₁. The longer T₁ showed a better linear relationship with temperature than the shorter T₁ and, therefore, was used to produce more reliable temperature maps. The MRI temperature maps constructed for ohmically heated food particulates showed an entirely different heating pattern than would be found for similar but conventionally heated particulates and indicated that the temperature inside the particulate could be higher than near the surface of the particulate.     

模拟传统柴火烹饪方式对米饭食味及蛋白质营养特性的影响

研究不同烹制方式对米饭食味品质、蛋白质营养特性的影响。结果表明,烹制方式对米饭食味品质和蛋白质营养特性具有较大影响,快速米饭和柴火米饭比传统柴火米饭滋味好,硬度大、黏弹性好,挥发性风味物质种类多。传统柴火米饭醛、醇挥发性物质总量、必需氨基酸指数较高。电饭煲烹制方式对米饭香气、滋味、挥发性风味物质、还原糖、质地、氨基酸组成均具有较大影响,柴火米饭香气、滋味较好,醛、酮、醇、酚挥发性物质总量较高,且质地柔软黏弹、必需氨基酸指数最高。主成分分析提取了前4个主成分,累计方差贡献率达到88.22%,表明不同烹制方式米饭食味与营养品质可以分为非必需氨基酸组成、挥发性风味物质与必需氨基酸组成、外观特性和黏弹性、感官品质4类,主成分综合评分得分顺序由高到低分别是传统柴火米饭、柴火米饭、快速米饭。     

The Effect of Electric Field on Important Food-processing Enzymes: Comparison of Inactivation Kinetics under Conventional and Ohmic Heating

ABSTRACT: This work deals with the determination of the inactivation kinetics of several enzymes, most of them used as time-temperature integrators in the food industry. The tested enzymes were polyphenoloxidase, lipoxygenase, pectinase, alkaline phosphatase, and p-galactosidase, and the inactivation assays were performed under conventional and ohmic heating conditions. The thermal history of the samples (conventional and ohmically processed) was made equal to determine if there was an additional inactivation caused by the presence of an electric field, thus eliminating temperature as a variable. All the enzymes followed 1st-order inactivation kinetics for both conventional and ohmic heating treatments. The presence of an electric field does not cause an enhanced inactivation to alkaline phosphatase, pectinase, and β- galactosidase. However, lipoxygenase and polyphenoloxidase kinetics were significantly affected by the electric field, reducing the time needed for inactivation. The results of the present work can be used industrially to determine processing effectiveness when ohmic heating technology is applied.     

SDS-PAGE电泳法对微波加热猪肉终点温度的鉴定及其品质特性的研究

在食品烹饪的应用方面,微波加热技术具有节约时间、无异味和营养成分保留率高等特点,是一种理想的烹饪技术。本研究以猪背最长肌切成5 cm×5 cm×1.5 cm的方块为材料,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE电泳)法对微波和水浴加热的样品进行蛋白变性终点温度鉴定,并对加热至终点温度之后的样品从蒸煮损失、色差、持水能力、剪切力及加热至终点所耗电量进行对比分析及方差分析和显著性分析。结果表明,对于变频微波炉,900 W与700 W加热均需70 s,500 W加热需120 s,而对于非变频品微波炉,100%功率加热需80 s,80%功率加热需100 s,50%功率加热需140 s。在此基础上,对加热至终点温度之后的样品品质及加热至终点所耗电量进行对比分析,得出700 W功率加热的样品质量最佳,消耗电能最少。