基于颅骨骨窗的国人大脑功能区定位

目的 探讨基于颅骨骨窗划分的国人大脑重要功能区定位关系。方法 选取13具成人尸头,保留颞上线、鳞状线、矢状缝、冠状缝、人字缝、前囟点、冠状点、鼻根等骨性标志,形成额骨上窗、额骨下窗、顶骨上窗、顶骨下窗、颞骨窗、枕骨窗共六个骨窗,观测中央前回、中央后回、额下回等重要脑功能区以及脑膜中动脉在各骨窗内的定位和分布情况。结果 中央前回分布于额骨上窗、顶骨上窗,其中点在中线上位于前囟点后方约4.2 cm[右侧（4.17±0.92）cm,左侧（4.31±1.1）cm],与矢状缝夹角约54°[右侧（53.6±7.47）°,左侧（54.63±3.54）°]。中央后回位于顶骨下窗,其中点在中线上位于前囟点后方约6.2 cm[右侧（64.51±0.87）°,左侧（63.63±1.76）°],与矢状缝夹角约64°[右侧（64.51±0.87）°,左侧（63.63±1.76）°]。额下回位于额骨下窗,而颞上回及颞横回的大部分位于颞骨窗,距状沟则位于枕骨窗;脑膜中动脉仅分布在顶骨上、下窗,其出现率分别为73.12%、67.42%。结论 基于颅骨骨窗划分的大脑重要功能区的定位关系对于术前规划及术中定位有一定指导意义。     

太溪和丘墟穴捻针时不同脑功能区的激活

A number of previous studies of acupuncture acupoint specificity have used sham acupoints,sham acupuncture or meridian acupoints at a great distance from each other as controls in functional MRI (fMRI) experiments.However,few studies have compared different meridian acupoints within the same segment,which are associated with similarly intense needle sensations.We performed fMRI on 12 healthy young volunteers and observed differences in brain activation elicited by acupuncture of the Taixi (KI 3) and Qiuxu (GB 40) acupoints.Acupuncture was applied at the Taixi and Qiuxu acupoints,using a multiple-block fMRI design with three blocks,involving three alternations of resting and task phases.After scanning,needle sensation was assessed.The behavioral results revealed that the subjective needle sensation was similar between the Taixi and Qiuxu acupoints.The fMRI results revealed that acupuncture at the right Taixi acupoint activated the right superior temporal gyrus (BA 22),left middle frontal gyrus (BA 46) and inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45),bilateral parietal lobe postcentral gyrus (BA 2),right parietal lobe (BA 3),and left parietal lobe (BA 40).Acupuncture at the right Qiuxu acupoint activated the left superior temporal gyrus (BA 42),right parietal lobe postcentral gyrus (BA 40,BA 43),right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47),bilateral superior temporal gyrus (BA 22),and right insula BA13.These results suggest that the right Taixi and Qiuxu acupoints activated different brain areas.     

Analysis of Altered Baseline Brain Activity in Drug-Naive Adult Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder Using Resting-State Functional MRI

Objective

We hypothesize that the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) is involved in the altered regional baseline brain function in social anxiety disorder (SAD). The aim of the study was to analyze the altered baseline brain activity in drug-naive adult patients with SAD.

Methods

We investigated spontaneous and baseline brain activities by obtaining the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 20 drug-naïve adult SAD patients and 19 healthy controls. Voxels were used to analyze the ALFF values using one- and two-sample t-tests. A post-hoc correlation of clinical symptoms was also performed.

Results

Our findings show decreased ALFF in the bilateral insula, left medial superior frontal gyrus, left precuneus, left middle temporal gyrus, right middle temporal pole, and left fusiform gyrus of the SAD group. The SAD patients exhibited significantly increased ALFF in the right inferior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, bilateral middle occipital gyrus, orbital superior frontal gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, right medial superior frontal gyrus, and left parahippocampal gyrus. Moreover, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale results for the SAD patients were positively correlated with the mean Z values of the right middle occipital and right inferior occipital but showed a negative correlation with the mean Z values of the right superior temporal gyrus and right medial superior frontal gyrus.

Conclusion

These results of the altered regional baseline brain function in SAD suggest that the regions with abnormal spontaneous activities are involved in the underlying pathophysiology of SAD patients.     

Brain functional changes in facial expression recognition in patients with major depressive disorder before and after antidepressant treatment A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used during emotion recognition to identify changes in functional brain activation in 21 first-episode, treatment-naive major depressive disorder patients before and after antidepressant treatment. Following escitalopram oxalate treatment, patients exhibited decreased activation in bilateral precentral gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, bilateral postcentral gyrus, left cingulate and right parahippocampal gyrus, and increased activation in right superior frontal gyrus, bilateral superior parietal lobule and left occipital gyrus during sad facial expression recognition. After antidepressant treatment, patients also exhibited decreased activation in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, bilateral cingulate and right parahippocampal gyrus, and increased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus, left fusiform gyrus and right precuneus during happy facial expression recognition. Our experimental findings indicate that the limbic-cortical network might be a key target region for antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder.     

Cortical folding patterns are associated with impulsivity in healthy young adults

Impulsivity is associated with distinct mental disorders but is also considered as a personality trait exhibited by healthy individuals. Current studies suggest that early stressful life events might cause higher impulsivity in the adulthood. Morphological features, which reflect early brain development, could provide valuable information regarding the origin of impulsive behavior. However, none of the previous MRI studies employed a methodology specifically designed to investigate the relationship between impulsivity and markers of brain development. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the relationship between cortical folding and the three distinct factors of impulsivity (attention, motor, and non-planning) in young healthy adults. Fifty-four right-handed healthy individuals were recruited for the study and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 Tesla. A surface-based analysis was used to calculate a local gyrification index (LGI). Impulsivity was examined by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and related to LGI. Associations between LGI and BIS-11 scores were assessed using within-group correlations (p?<?0.05, “cluster-wise probability” [CWP] corr.). BIS subscores were positively correlated with cortical folding in several distinct areas: Total and attention scores were positively correlated with LGI in the left postcentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, precentral gyrus, pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, pericalcarine gyrus, and lateral occipital gyrus (each p?<?0.05 CWP corr.). BIS motor score was positively correlated with LGI in the left superior temporal, lingual and supramarginal gyrus (each p?<?0.05 CWP corr.). BIS non-planning score showed a positive correlation with LGI in the pars opercularis of the right inferior frontal gyrus and the left middle temporal, precentral and superior parietal gyrus (each p?<?0.05 CWP corr.). Furthermore, we found gender-specific differences in BIS-11-LGI-correlation in the middle and inferior frontal gyrus. Our findings illustrate the advantages of cortical folding as a marker of early brain development when investigating structural brain correlates of impulsivity in young adulthood. Further, they lend additional support to the notion that alterations in early neurodevelopment comprising fronto-temporo-parietal regions might give rise to higher impulsivity in healthy individuals.     

Altered regional homogeneity in post-traumatic stress disorder: a restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Objective Little is known about the brain systems that contribute to vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Comparison of the resting-state patterns of intrinsic functional synchronization, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), between groups with and without PTSD following a traumatic event can help identify the neural mechanisms of the disorder and targets for intervention. Methods Fifty-four PTSD patients and 72 matched traumatized subjects who experienced the 2008 Sichuan earthquake were imaged with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI and analyzed using the measure of regional homogeneity (ReHo) during the resting state. Results PTSD patients presented enhanced ReHo in the left inferior parietal lobule and right superior frontal gyrus, and reduced ReHo in the right middle temporal gyrus and lingual gyrus, relative to traumatized individuals without PTSD. Conclusion Our findings showed that abnormal brain activity exists under resting conditions in PTSD patients who had been exposed to a major earthquake. Alterations in the local functional connectivity of cortical regions are likely to contribute to the neural mechanisms underlying PTSD.     

注意缺陷/多动障碍工作记忆的bold-功能磁共振成像研究

目的应用bold-功能磁共振成像(bold-fMRI)技术来研究注意缺陷/多动障碍(AD/HD)患者的工作记忆。并探讨使用哌醋甲酯1个月治疗前后AD/HD患者的脑部激活的改变情况。方法利用倒数n刺激模式(n-back)对7例AD/HD(注意缺陷为主型)和7名正常人进行blod-fMRI检查,对照研究AD/HD患者在工作记忆时涉及的各脑区的激活情况。结果AD/HD组治疗后的1-back任务较治疗前1-back任务在右额下回和右额中回激活明显,二者有显著性差异(P<0.05);AD/HD组在治疗后的2-back任务较治疗前2-back任务在左额下回和左顶叶后下部激活明显(P<0.05)。正常组的1-back任务与患者组治疗前的1-back任务比较没有显著性差异,正常组的2-back任务与患者组治疗前2-back任务比较在左额下回和左顶叶后下部激活明显(P<0.05)。结论AD/HD障碍患者存在执行功能方面的缺陷,AD/HD患者的语义性工作记忆缺损可能与前额叶和顶叶的功能缺陷有关。     

Brain activity and desire for Internet video game play

Objective

Recent studies have suggested that the brain circuitry mediating cue-induced desire for video games is similar to that elicited by cues related to drugs and alcohol. We hypothesized that desire for Internet video games during cue presentation would activate similar brain regions to those that have been linked with craving for drugs or pathologic gambling.

Methods

This study involved the acquisition of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 19 healthy male adults (age, 18-23 years) following training and a standardized 10-day period of game play with a specified novel Internet video game, “War Rock” (K2 Network, Irvine, CA). Using segments of videotape consisting of 5 contiguous 90-second segments of alternating resting, matched control, and video game-related scenes, desire to play the game was assessed using a 7-point visual analogue scale before and after presentation of the videotape.

Results

In responding to Internet video game stimuli, compared with neutral control stimuli, significantly greater activity was identified in left inferior frontal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus, right and left parietal lobe, right and left thalamus, and right cerebellum (false discovery rate <0.05, P < .009243). Self-reported desire was positively correlated with the β values of left inferior frontal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus, and right and left thalamus. Compared with the general players, subjects who played more Internet video game showed significantly greater activity in right medial frontal lobe, right and left frontal precentral gyrus, right parietal postcentral gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, and left parietal precuneus gyrus. Controlling for total game time, reported desire for the Internet video game in the subjects who played more Internet video game was positively correlated with activation in right medial frontal lobe and right parahippocampal gyrus.

Discussion

The present findings suggest that cue-induced activation to Internet video game stimuli may be similar to that observed during cue presentation in persons with substance dependence or pathologic gambling. In particular, cues appear to commonly elicit activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal, orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and thalamus.     

Greater superior than inferior parietal lobule activation with increasing rotation angle during mental rotation: An fMRI study

Mental rotation is a task known to activate the parietal cortical regions. The present study aimed to investigate whether there is differential activation of regions within the parietal lobe and to reveal functional subspecialisation of this region by examining the effects of increasing angle of rotation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in nine healthy female subjects whilst undertaking a parametric mental rotation task. The task comprised 6 alphanumeric characters presented in their normal or mirror-reversed orientation. Behaviourally, subjects showed increased reaction times with increased angle of rotation, with differential effects between the alphanumeric characters; numbers having greater reaction times than letters. BOLD signal increase was observed bilaterally in the middle occipital gyrus and medial frontal gyrus, in the right superior and inferior parietal lobules and in the left superior temporal gyrus. Parametric increases in activation with increasing angle of rotation were observed bilaterally in the superior and inferior parietal lobules and in the right medial frontal gyrus, with greater parametric effects in the superior parietal lobules compared to the inferior parietal lobules. Our findings suggest subspecialisation of the posterior parietal lobules during mental rotation, with differential responses in the superior and inferior regions.     

抑郁症患者情绪图片刺激早期低频脑磁图研究

目的：探讨抑郁症患者给予视觉情绪图片刺激早期0～100ms、100～200ms、200～300ms3个时段8～30Hz的神经磁场激活特征。方法：8例抑郁症患者及12例健康右利手对照者,在给予国际情绪图片库（IAPS）正性、中性、负性情绪图片刺激同时记录脑磁图信号,使用SPM8b软件进行数据分析：设两样本t检验P〈0.01（未校正）和K值≥10个体素范围为差异有统计学意义。结果：与对照组相比,抑郁组在正性情绪图片刺激下,100～200ms内的左侧额下回,右侧的终板旁回、额内侧回、海马回激活增强。在中性情绪图片刺激下,抑郁组在0～100ms的右侧豆状核、岛叶、额上回,左内侧额叶,100～200ms内的右侧岛叶、豆状核壳核及屏状核,左侧额下回、额上回、颞上回,200～300ms内的右侧岛叶、豆状核、尾状核体激活增强。负性情绪图片刺激下抑郁组在0～100ms内的右侧颞上回、岛叶、尾状核头部、额中下回激活增强,100～200ms内的右侧额中回、尾状核体,200～300ms内右额下回激活增强。此外还比较一致的发现抑郁组在楔前叶、后扣带回等顶叶脑区激活降低。结论：抑郁个体起注意调节功能的顶叶脑区如楔前叶功能不足,对视觉皮质向前部脑区情绪信息颞叶底部传递通路抑制不足,腹侧前额皮质、岛叶过度的激活,可能是抑郁症的一个发病基础。     

Brain structure and function in patients with ovarian cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy: a pilot study

Women with ovarian cancer often undergo chemotherapy involving multiple agents. However, little is known about treatment-related central neurotoxicity in this population. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to assess brain structure and function and neurocognitive abilities in patients with ovarian cancer following first-line chemotherapy. Eighteen patients with ovarian, peritoneal and fallopian tube cancer and eighteen healthy controls matched for gender, age and education participated in the study. The patients were evaluated 1–4 months following completion of first-line taxane/platinum chemotherapy. All participants underwent structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and completed neuropsychological tests of attention, memory and executive functions. Neuroimaging assessments included voxel-based morphometry (VBM) for measuring gray matter (GM) volume, and functional MRI (fMRI) during the N-back working memory task. The results of VBM showed that patients had significantly reduced GM volume compared to healthy controls in the right middle/superior frontal gyrus, and in the left supramarginal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule. fMRI results indicated significantly decreased activation in patients relative to healthy controls in the left middle frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule during the N-back task (1/2/3-back >0-back). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on the neuropsychological tests. This is the first study showing structural and functional alterations involving frontal and parietal regions in patients with ovarian cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy. These findings are congruent with studies involving women with breast cancer, and provide additional supporting evidence for central neurotoxicity associated with taxane/platinum chemotherapy.     

Neural correlates of maintenance working memory,as well as relevant structural qualities,are associated with earlier antiretroviral treatment initiation in vertically transmitted HIV

There is evidence of HIV affecting cognitive functioning across age groups, with adult studies showing related deficits in frontostriatal and hippocampal regional activity. Additionally, delayed initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been associated with poorer cognitive outcomes in HIV-infected youth. Little is known, however, of the neural correlates underlying such cognitive deficits in youth populations. We investigated maintenance working memory–related brain activity in South African HIV-infected youth and controls, and the effect of ART initiation age on underlying structures. Sixty-four perinatally infected youth (ages 9–12) and 20 controls (ages 9–13) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while completing 1-back and 0-back blocks of the N-back task. At an uncorrected p value threshold of 0.001, the HIV-infected group showed decreased activation in the left superior temporal gyrus, pre- and postcentral gyri, insula, and putamen as well as bilateral hippocampus, and mid cingulum. The HIV patients with delayed ART initiation showed less activation during processing conditions in the mid cingulum; left inferior parietal gyrus; and right inferior frontal, bilateral thalamic, and superior temporal regions. When these regions were tested for structural differences, the mid cingulum and right inferior frontal gyrus, insula, and thalamus were found to have less cortical thickness, surface area, or volume in the group with delayed ART initiation. Regional differences between HIV-infected youth and controls noted in the N-back task are consistent with impairments in structures involved in maintenance working memory. These data support earlier ART initiation in perinatally infected individuals.     

Neuroanatomy of vulnerability to psychosis: a voxel-based meta-analysis

Background

Individual structural imaging studies in the pre-psychotic phases deliver contrasting findings and are unable to definitively characterize the neuroanatomical correlates of an increased liability to psychosis and to predict transition to psychosis.

Method

Ninenteen voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies of subjects at enhanced risk for psychosis and healthy controls were included in an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis.

Results

The overall sample consisted of 701 controls and 896 high risk subjects. Subjects at high risk for psychosis showed reduced gray matter (GM) volume as compared to controls in the right superior temporal gyrus, left precuneus, left medial frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampal/hippocampal regions and bilateral anterior cingulate. High risk subjects who later developed a psychotic episode showed baseline GM volume reductions in the right inferior frontal gyrus and in the right superior temporal gyrus.

Conclusions

GM volume reductions in temporo-parietal, bilateral prefrontal and limbic cortex are neuroanatomical correlates of an enhanced vulnerability to psychosis. Baseline GM reductions in superior temporal and inferior frontal areas are associated with later transition to psychosis.     

Altered tryptophan and alanine transport in fibroblasts from boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an in vitro study

Background

It is known that chronic fatigue is associated with sympathetic hyperactivity. However, the relationship between autonomic function and mental fatigue caused by a prolonged mental load in healthy humans is still unclear. Thus, in order to clarify the mechanisms underlying mental fatigue, we examined the association between mental fatigue and autonomic functions.

Methods

The study group comprised 10 healthy participants. To induce mental fatigue, participants performed mental tasks, which consisted of the advanced trail making test, kana pick-out test and mirror drawing test, for 8 hr, corresponding to a normal work day. Autonomic functions were measured by accelerated plethysmography before and after the fatigue-inducing mental tasks. As a control, the same participants completed an 8-hr relaxation session 4 weeks before the fatigue session.

Results

After the 8-hr relaxation session, low-frequency component power (LF), high-frequency component power (HF) and low-frequency component power/high-frequency component power ratio (LF/HF ratio) were not changed from baseline. In contrast, after the fatigue session, the HF and LF/HF ratio were significantly changed from baseline; specifically, the HF was lower and LF/HF ratio was higher as compared to those after the relaxation session.

Conclusions

Sympathetic hyperactivity based on decreased parasympathetic activity is associated with mental fatigue induced by prolonged cognitive load.     

捻转和非捻转刺激太溪穴后脑激活状态的功能磁共振成像研究

目的：观察功能磁共振成像了解捻转刺激太溪穴和非捻转刺激所引起的脑激活区状态。 方法：纳入健康青年志愿者12名,选取右侧太溪穴,采用组块刺激模式,静息阶段与刺激阶段交替出现,重复3次,分为3个组块。刺激为手法捻转行针或非捻转,非捻转即手放在针柄,但不进行任何操作。扫描后图像使用SPM2进行后处理。 结果：捻转刺激太溪穴主要激活了右侧颞上回BA22,左侧的额中回BA46,其次为左右顶叶的中央后回BA2,BA3,左额叶的额下回BA45和左顶叶的顶下小叶BA40;而非捻转刺激则没有激活。 结论：捻转刺激太溪穴和非捻转刺激的激活不同,与本经相关的经络、脏腑联系密切相关。     

Correlation between white matter damage and gray matter lesions in multiple sclerosis patients

We observed the characteristics of white matter fibers and gray matter in multiple sclerosis patients, to identify changes in diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy values following white matter fiber injury. We analyzed the correlation between fractional anisotropy values and changes in whole-brain gray matter volume. The participants included 20 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 20 healthy volunteers as controls. All subjects underwent head magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Our results revealed that fractional anisotropy values decreased and gray matter volumes were reduced in the genu and splenium of corpus callosum, left anterior thalamic radiation, hippocampus, uncinate fasciculus, right corticospinal tract, bilateral cingulate gyri, and inferior longitudinal fasciculus in multiple sclerosis patients. Gray matter volumes were significantly different between the two groups in the right frontal lobe(superior frontal, middle frontal, precentral, and orbital gyri), right parietal lobe(postcentral and inferior parietal gyri), right temporal lobe(caudate nucleus), right occipital lobe(middle occipital gyrus), right insula, right parahippocampal gyrus, and left cingulate gyrus. The voxel sizes of atrophic gray matter positively correlated with fractional anisotropy values in white matter association fibers in the patient group. These findings suggest that white matter fiber bundles are extensively injured in multiple sclerosis patients. The main areas of gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, caudate nucleus, parahippocampal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus. Gray matter atrophy is strongly associated with white matter injury in multiple sclerosis patients, particularly with injury to association fibers.     

DTI and impulsivity in schizophrenia: a first voxelwise correlational analysis

Compromised white matter (WM) integrity in inferior frontal WM has been related to impulsivity in men with schizophrenia. However, these relationships may be more widespread. Fractional anisotropy (FA) derived from diffusion tensor imaging of 25 men with schizophrenia was transformed into Talairach space. Correlations between FA and impulsiveness were examined on a voxelwise basis. We found negative correlations between FA and impulsivity in inferior frontal WM, anterior cingulate, caudate, insula, and inferior parietal lobule. Positive correlations were obtained in the left postcentral gyrus, right superior/middle temporal gyrus, and bilateral fusiform gyrus. These areas may comprise a fronto-temporo-limbic circuit that modulates impulsivity. The voxelwise correlation method can serve as a hypothesis-generation method for relating target behaviors to their underlying neural networks.     

Altered neural circuits related to sustained attention and executive control in children with ADHD: An event-related fMRI study

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the neural basis of sustained attention, executive processing, and cognitive control in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to compare brain activation of 28 medication-naïve children with ADHD aged 7–12 years and 31 healthy controls during a cued continuous performance task (AX-CPT) in three stimulus context conditions (Go, NoGo, Lure).

Results

The children with ADHD showed increased activation in the left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left precuneus and right cerebellum posterior lobe under the Lure condition compared to the controls. In the Lure condition, in contrast to the NoGo condition, an increased activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus and right inferior parietal gyrus was observed in ADHD children.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that medication-naïve ADHD children show spatial and temporal abnormalities in neural activities involved in sustained attention and executive control.

Significance

These findings show that there are distinct alternations in neural circuits related to sustained attention and executive control in children with ADHD, and further improve our understanding of the neural substrates of cognitive impairment in children with ADHD.     

Different localizations underlying cortical gelastic epilepsy: Case series and review of literature

BackgroundGelastic seizures (GS) are classically observed with hypothalamic hamartomas but they can also be associated with cortical epileptogenic foci.ObjectiveTo study the different cortical localizations associated with GS.MethodsWe reviewed the data from all patients with cortical GS investigated in our epilepsy unit from 1974 to 2012 and in the literature from 1956 to 2013.ResultsSixteen cases were identified in our database and 77 in the literature. Investigations provided confident focus localization in 9 and 18, respectively. In our series, the identified foci were located in the mesial temporal structures (2 left, 1 right), lateral temporal cortex (1 right), superior frontal gyrus (1 left), and operculoinsular region [3 right (orbitofrontal or frontal operculum extending into the anterior insula) and 1 left (frontal operculum extending into the anterior insula)]. In the literature, the identified foci (13 right/5 left) were located in the temporal lobe of 4 (1 right inferior, 1 right medial and inferior, 1 right posterior middle, inferior extending posteriorly to the lingual gyrus, and 1 left middle, inferior, and medial), in the frontal lobe of 12 [10 (6 right/4 left) medial (i.e., superior, medial frontal, and/or anterior cingulate gyri), 1 lateral (right anterior inferior frontal gyrus), and 1 right medioposterior orbitofrontal cortex] and in the parietal lobe of 2 (1 left superior parietal lobule and 1 right parietal operculum) patients.ConclusionIctal laughter is a poorly lateralizing and localizing feature as it may be encountered in patients with a focus in the left or right frontal, temporal, parietal, or insular lobe.     

汉语单字词音、义加工的脑激活模式

目的：研究汉字音、义加工的脑机制。方法：采用汉字单字词为实验材料，通过功能磁共振成像扫描执行语音和语义两种认知任务的脑区。结果：语音任务激活的脑区有，左侧顶叶下部和颞上回(BA 40／39／22，BA：Brodmann Area，即布鲁德曼分区，下同)，左侧枕中回(BA18／19)，右侧枕下回(BA18／19)，以及左中央前回(BA6)。语义任务激活的脑区有，左侧顶叶下部(BA40／39)和左侧颞上回(BA22)，左侧额下回(BA10／47)，右侧额中回和额上回(BA10／11)，以及左侧额中回(BA11)。语义任务减去语音任务激活的脑区有，左侧额下回(BA47)，左侧海马(BA36)和右侧海马旁回(BA36)。语音任务减去语义任务没有发现任何脑区的显著激活。结论：在语义任务中与语音有关的脑区得到激活；而在语音任务中与语义有关的脑区没有激活。