中华医学会系列杂志从2009年开始标注数字对象惟一标识符

数字对象惟一标识符(digital object identifier,DOI)是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具.在传统的出版物中,书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号(ISBN、ISSN、ISCN)及其条形码,作为出版物的惟一标识.     

中华医学会系列杂志从2009年开始标注数字对象惟一标识符

数字对象惟一标识符（digital object identifier，DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中，书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码，作为出版物的惟一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理，便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。数字信息标注DOI如同出版物的条形码，是一个永久和惟一的标识号。随着时间推移，     

中华医学会系列杂志从2009年开始标注数字对象惟一标识符

数字对象惟一标识符（digital object identifier，DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中，书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码，作为出版物的惟一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理，便于读者查找和利用。     

中华医学会系列杂志从2009年开始标注数字对象惟一标识符

数字对象惟一标识符（digital object identifier,DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中,书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码,作为出版物的惟一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理,便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。数字信息标注DOI如同出版物的条形码,是一个永久和惟一的标识号。随着时间推移,数字对象的某些有关信息可能会有变化（包括存储的物理位置）,     

中华医学会系列杂志从2009年开始标注数字对象惟一标识符

数字对象惟一标识符（digital object identifier，DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中，书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码，作为出版物的惟一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理，便于读者查找和利用。     

中华医学会系列杂志从2009年开始标注数字对象惟一标识符

数字对象惟一标识符（digital object identifier，DOI）是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。在传统的出版物中，书刊、磁带、光盘都有国际标准编号（ISBN、ISSN、ISCN）及其条形码，作为出版物的惟一标识。这些标识使出版物得到有效的管理，便于读者查找和利用。而网上的文档一旦变更了网址便无从追索。     

参考文献著录格式

专著格式:主要责任者.题名[文献类型标识].版本项.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码.连续出版物格式:主要责任者.题名[文献类型标识].连续出版物题名,年,卷(期):起止页码.学位论文格式:论文作者.题名[文献类型标识].学位授予单位所在城市:学位授予或论文出版单位,年份.     

中华医学会系列杂志已标注数字对象惟一标识符

数字对象惟一标识符(digital object identifier,D01)是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种工具。     

中华医学会系列杂志已标注数字对象惟一标识符

数字对象惟一标识符(digital object identifier,DOI)是对包括互联网信息在内的数字信息进行标识的一种T具。     

连续出版物中的析出文献类参考文献著录格式及示例

析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[文献类型标识/文献载体标识].连续出版物题名:其他题名信息,年,卷(期):页码[引用日期].获取和访问路径.数字对象唯一标符.     

中国2000-2006年5岁以下儿童死亡率和死亡原因分析

目的 了解中国5岁以下儿童死亡率的变化趋势.方法 利用全国5岁以下儿童死亡监测网资料,分析全国和不同地区5岁以下儿童死亡率的时间趋势和主要死因构成.结果 2000-2006年全国、城市、农村婴儿死亡率分别由32.2‰、11.8‰、37.0‰下降到17.2‰、8.0‰、19.7‰;全国、城市、农村5岁以下儿童死亡率分别由39.7‰、13.8‰、45.7‰下降到20.6‰、9.6‰、23.6‰.全国、城市、农村5岁以下儿童死于肺炎比例分别由2000年的19.5%、9.9%、20.1%下降为2006年的15.6%、9.8%、16.2%.全国、农村5岁以下儿童死于腹泻比例分别由2000年的4.9%、5.2%下降到2006年的3.7%、4.0%.结论 2000-2006年全国和各地区5岁以下儿童死亡率明显下降.     

1996至2000年全国5岁以下儿童死亡监测主要结果分析

目的了解1996至2000年全国5岁以下儿童年龄别和主要死因别死亡率的变化趋势。方法采用全国5岁以下儿童死亡监测网收集的1996至2000年以人群为基础的监测资料,计算不同地区的新生儿、婴儿、5岁以下儿童死亡率及5岁以下儿童主要死因别死亡率。结果2000年全国新生儿、婴儿和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别为22．8‰、32．2‰和39．7‰,较1996年(24．0‰、36．0‰和45．0‰)分别下降了5．0％、10．6％和11．8％;2000年城市新生儿、婴儿和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别为9．5‰、11．8‰和13．8‰,较1996年(12．2‰、14．8‰和16.9‰)分别下降了22．1％、20．3％和18．3％;2000年农村新生儿、婴儿和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别为25．8‰、37．0‰和45．7‰,较1996年(26．7％0、40．9％0和51．4％0)分别下降了3．4％、9．5％和11．1％。1996至2000年,全国5岁以下儿童的痢疾、肺炎、腹泻、神经管缺陷和溺水死亡率有明显下降趋势。结论1996至2000年,我国城市和农村的新生儿、婴儿、5岁以下儿童死亡率有明显的下降趋势,且肺炎、腹泻等可避免死因的死亡率下降在农村地区尤为明显。     

中国1996-2006年5岁以下儿童腹泻死亡及诊治情况分析

目的 了解1996-2006年中国5岁以下儿童腹泻死亡率的变化趋势及其死前诊治情况.方法 采用全国5岁以下儿童死亡监测网收集的1996-2006年以人群为基础的监测资料,计算不同地区5岁以下儿童腹泻死亡率并探讨死亡儿童的死前诊治情况.结果 全国、城市和农村5岁以下儿童腹泻死亡率分别由1996年的249.8/10万、11.6/10万、304.7/10万下降至2006年的75.6/10万、6.1/10万、94.3/10万,分别下降了69.7%、47.4%、69.1%.沿海、内地和边远地区5岁以下儿童腹泻死亡率分别由1996年的48.9/10万、178.9/10万、566.9/10万下降至2006年的6.2/10万、30.4/10万、199.2/10万,分别下降了87.3%、83.0%、64.9%.农村地区5岁以下腹泻死亡儿童就诊比例,在乡卫生院约为23.7%,在村卫生室约37.9%;15.1%腹泻死亡儿童未就医;腹泻儿童中约20%未治疗,50%～60%门诊治疗,仅约20%住院治疗.结论 1996-2006年中国5岁以下儿童腹泻死亡率呈明显下降趋势,但各类地区间的差距在加大.     

四川省2001-2009年婴儿死亡率变化趋势及死因分析

目的 了解2001-2009年四川省婴儿年龄别和主要死因别死亡率的变化趋势.方法 采用四川省5岁以下儿童死亡监测收集的2001-2009年监测点儿童死亡资料,计算城乡新生儿、婴儿死亡率及婴儿死因别死亡率.结果 2009年四川省新生儿、婴儿死亡率分别为7.6‰和12.1‰,较2001年(18.6‰和25.5‰)分别下降了...     

Infant mortality rates in single, twin and triplet births, and influencing factors in Japan, 1995–98

The infant mortality rate (IMR) was analysed among single, twin and triplet births during the period from 1995 to 1998 using Japanese Vital Statistics. This study also investigated the effects of order of multiple births and of birthweight on the IMR. Proportions of neonatal deaths among total infant deaths were about 1/2 for singletons and 3/4 for both twins and triplets. Thus, to reduce the IMR, intensive care of multiple births is likely to be very important during the first month of life. The IMR was higher in males than females for both singletons and twins, but not in triplets. Relative risks of the IMR in multiples relative to singletons were 5-fold in twins and 12-fold in triplets. The IMR was higher in the second-born (18 per 1000 live births) than the first-born (16) twin and higher in the third-born (51) than the first-born (31) and the second-born (34) triplet. The higher risk in the second-born than the first-born twin may be related to delivery complications. The IMR decreased rapidly as birthweight increased in singletons, twins, and triplets. IMRs for < or =1500 g were 2.4 per 1000 live births in singletons, 5.9 in twins and 6.1 in triplets. The corresponding proportions of infant deaths were 75%, 33% and 10% respectively. The higher relative risks of multiple births are almost entirely the result of the lower birthweight distribution among twins and triplets. To reduce the IMR, birthweight is an important factor in twins, triplets and singletons. The overall early neonatal death rate decreased as gestational age rose in singletons, twins and triplets. For birthweights <1000 g, higher IMRs were related to gestational ages of <28 weeks.     

Infant mortality in the Federal District, Brazil: time trend and socioeconomic inequalities

This study examined the trend in the infant mortality rate in the Federal District of Brazil (or Greater Metropolitan Brasilia, the national capital) from 1990 to 2000, analyzing the rate according to 5 administrative areas stratified by mean family income, from 1996 to 2000. An ecological time-series study was conducted using the Information Systems on Live Births and Mortality, produced by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased by 45.2% from 1990 to 2000, from 26.3 per 1000 live births to 14.4, or a mean annual reduction of 5.34% (R(2) = 0.9397; p < 0.0001). During this period there was a higher proportion of neonatal deaths. However, a higher percentage change occurred in the post-neonatal period (-59.0%, R(2) = 0.8452, p < 0.0001). Investigation of the IMR in the various areas of the Federal District showed a reduction in differences among the regions with respect to the component rates; however, substantial disparities persisted in relation to the income variable. The results suggest the need for effective interventions in the determinants of neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in order to improve maternal and infant health in all socioeconomic groups in the Federal District.     

Infant mortality in Israel during 1950-2000: rates, causes, demographic characteristics and trends

We evaluated the trends and risk factors in infant mortality in Israel over five decades (1950-2000), based on data obtained from the official notifications of live births, and death certificates. Until the 1960s the main cause of infant mortality was infectious disease; this was replaced by congenital anomalies in Moslems and Druzes, and preterm birth in Jews and Christians. In 2000, there were 746 infant deaths, and the national infant mortality rate (IMR) was 5.4 per 1000 live births (Jews 3.9; [95% CI 3.5, 4.3]; Moslems 9.2 [8.3, 10.3]; Christians 3.6 [1.4, 5.8]; Druzes 6.3 [3.6, 9.0]). Between 1955 and 2000 the overall IMR declined sevenfold (absolute declines of 56.8, 56.3, 45.0 and 28.3 per 1000 live births, in Moslems, Druzes, Christians and Jews, respectively). The reduction in IMRs between 1990 and 2000 in all religious groups (>45%) exceeded the goal set by the World Summit for Children in 1990 of 33%. In 2000, the main risk factors were birthweight < 1500 g [relative risk (RR) = 69], major congenital malformations (RR = 22.0 [18.8, 25.7], and multiple births (RR of 9.3 and 4.2 in triplets and twins respectively). We conclude that the marked decline in IMRs in Israel over five decades reflects a major improvement in population health. Today, infant mortality in Israel represents a unique combination of high rate of congenital malformations among Moslems, where consanguineous marriages are common, and medical termination of pregnancy of malformed fetuses are infrequent; and relatively high IMRs from preterm birth in Jews, associated with high rates of assisted reproduction.     

Certain aspects of infant mortality -- a prospective study in a rural community

A prospective study on infant mortality was conducted in the field practice area of Rural Health Training Center (RHTC), Jawan, Aligarh. A sample of 1792 registered families in 9 villages under RHTC with a population of 12,118 were selected. The household survey was done in March 1989 by a questionnaire on type and composition of family, socioeconomic status, family environment, age, parity, and interval between the births. All live births and infant deaths in these villages during the period of April 1989 to March 1990 were considered. There were 416 births in the study year, giving a birth rate of 34.02/1000 mid-year population. Male and female births were 52.8% and 47.12%, respectively. 33 infants died during the period, giving an infant mortality rate of 79.32/1000 live births. Infant deaths equalled 39.4% for males and 60.6% for females. Neonatal and postneonatal deaths made up 63.6% and 36.4%, respectively. 33.3% of the neonatal deaths occurred in the first 24 hours, 23.8% in the next 6 days, and 42.9% beyond this period. The mortality risk was high in 5th and higher parity births and lowest in 2nd to 4th parity births. Diarrhea (21.2%), pneumonia (18.18%), tetanus (15.15%), prematurity (9.1%), and unqualified fever (9.1%) constituted main causes of infant death. Pneumonia and prematurity were responsible for more than 70% of infant deaths. In the 2nd to 4th parity groups, diarrhea and tetanus were the main causes. Deaths during the first 24 hours were mainly caused by birth injury, while, during the next 6 days, pneumonia and tetanus were the leading causes. Beyond this period, in addition to the above causes, diarrhea played a major role. In the postnatal period, diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition were the main causes. To reduce infant mortality further, training of health workers, strengthening of delivery systems, maximum utilization of existing health infrastructure, environmental hygiene and health education regarding oral rehydration, and control of respiratory infection are needed.