连铸中间包钢液中凝聚态氧化铝夹杂物运动行为的数值模拟

在Euler-Lagrange框架下,基于应用分形理论对凝聚态Al₂O₃夹杂物形貌结构进行定量分析的基础上,数值模拟研究了连铸中间包钢液中不同形貌凝聚态Al₂O₃夹杂物的运动行为.研究发现中间包钢液流场和夹杂物形貌尺寸共同影响夹杂物在钢液中的运动行为.随着尺寸的变大,簇群状和致密球形两种形貌Al₂O₃夹杂物上浮去除率都逐渐增加.在相同尺寸下,簇群状Al₂O₃夹杂物上浮去除率比致密球形Al₂O₃夹杂物低;随着尺寸的增加,簇群状Al₂O₃夹杂物上浮去除率相比于同尺寸致密球形Al₂O₃夹杂物降低得就越多.计算结果显示,与同尺寸的致密球形Al₂O₃夹杂物相比,直径为20、40、60和80μm的簇群状Al₂O₃夹杂物上浮去除率分别降低了4.8%、5.7%、6.4%和12.5%.      

钢中不同形状夹杂物在超重力场中上浮模拟研究

超重力可促使夹杂物快速上浮,缩短其在钢液中的上浮时间.为研究夹杂物形状对其在钢液中的上浮行为的影响,本文使用流固耦合方法跟踪计算流体与固体界面状态,在二维纵切面中构建了三种具有不同形态比的夹杂物并在超重力场中进行上浮行为模拟研究.结果表明,夹杂物的上浮速度与自身形状和上浮角度有关,形态比越趋近1或上浮角度越接近垂直,上浮速度越快.在重力系数G=1000的超重力场中,长度为1μm的夹杂物未发生旋转.长度为10、20μm的夹杂物会自初始角度（45°、90°）旋转至水平后稳定上浮.超重力系数会影响夹杂物的旋转状态,随着重力系数的降低,夹杂物的旋转速度逐渐降低.当G=50时,长度为20μm的夹杂物（初始角度90°）未能完全旋转;同时也证明相较于垂直角度,初始即倾斜的夹杂物更易发生旋转.最后,指出通过模型预估离心处理时间应以水平状态下夹杂物的上浮速度为准,并基于该结论给出了夹杂物上浮去除的大致时间.     

底吹氩钢包内夹杂物粒子上浮行为的水模实验研究

将修正伽利略准数作为对钢包内夹杂物上浮规律模拟的判据,以某厂150t底吹氩钢包为原型,建立了模型与原型尺寸比为1:4的物理模型。通过实验研究了吹气量、吹气孔与钢包中心距离、两吹气孔与钢包底中心连线的角度,对夹杂物粒子上浮去除的影响规律。实验结果表明:合理的吹气量为300 L/min;吹气孔靠近钢包中心、吹气孔与钢包中心连线角度小时,夹杂物上浮去除时间短,有利于夹杂物去除。     

无取向电工钢WG350生产过程中夹杂物的行为与控制

为了更好地控制WG350无取向电工钢中的夹杂物,采用扫描电子显微镜、Aspex系统分析了精炼、连铸过程和成品板中夹杂物的类型、数量及尺寸的演变规律。结果表明,氩站开始出现大尺寸含P复合夹杂物,该类型夹杂物大部分在RH脱碳后会上浮去除。RH加铝脱氧时生成的Al_2O_3以团簇状和块状为主,前者尺寸范围为0.5～5μm且大部分被去除,而块状Al_2O_3会一直遗留至成品中。RH合金化后,钢液中夹杂物数量达到最大,夹杂物类型除Al_2O_3外,主要还有复合氧化物、复合氧硫化物。成品板中夹杂物种类及数量关系为:氧硫化物氧化物氮化物氮化物+氧化物氮化物+硫化物氮-氧-硫复合物硫化物。钢中氧硫(质量分数)由49×10~(-6)降低至13×10~(-6)时,夹杂物种类及数量均会大幅度减少。     

无取向电工钢WG350生产过程中夹杂物的行为与控制

摘要：为了更好地控制WG350无取向电工钢中的夹杂物,采用扫描电子显微镜、Aspex系统分析了精炼、连铸过程和成品板中夹杂物的类型、数量及尺寸的演变规律。结果表明,氩站开始出现大尺寸含P复合夹杂物,该类型夹杂物大部分在RH脱碳后会上浮去除。RH加铝脱氧时生成的Al2O3以团簇状和块状为主,前者尺寸范围为0.5~5μm且大部分被去除,而块状Al2O3会一直遗留至成品中。RH合金化后,钢液中夹杂物数量达到最大,夹杂物类型除Al2O3外,主要还有复合氧化物、复合氧硫化物。成品板中夹杂物种类及数量关系为：氧硫化物＞氧化物＞氮化物＞氮化物+氧化物＞氮化物+硫化物＞氮 氧 硫复合物＞硫化物。钢中氧硫(质量分数)由49×10-6降低至13×10-6时,夹杂物种类及数量均会大幅度减少。     

非钙处理铝脱氧车轮钢夹杂物形成及变形行为

 通过采用扫描电镜对BOF-LF-RH-CC非钙处理工艺生产车轮钢系统取样样品中夹杂物的形貌、尺寸及组成的分析,研究了精炼和凝固过程氧化物夹杂的形成、上浮去除和析出过程,以及轧制过程夹杂物的变形行为。研究发现,在非钙处理条件下,LF精炼过程会形成大量MgO-Al2O3夹杂和CaO-Al2O3夹杂,并且在RH精炼过程中存在MgO-Al2O3夹杂向CaO-Al2O3夹杂的转变过程,最终导致铸坯中出现低变性CaO-Al2O3夹杂;在软吹和镇静过程中,炉渣或空气对钢液的二次氧化与钢液中夹杂物上浮去除存在动态平衡;在钢液凝固过程中,固液界面的Al2O3等氧化物夹杂为MnS的析出提供了异质形核点,形成半包裹状的Al2O3-MnS类复合夹杂物;在轧制过程中,团簇状Al2O3夹杂容易被轧碎在板卷中形成点链状,高熔点半包裹的Al2O3-MnS类复合夹杂物被轧制成小尾巴状,而低熔点的CaO-Al2O3-MnS的复合夹杂形成连续的条状。     

气泡尾流去除钢液中夹杂物机理的水模型研究

采用水模型和高速摄像机研究了气泡尾流去除夹杂物的过程,分析了气泡尾流去除夹杂物的规律和气泡大小及夹杂物的尺寸和浓度对气泡尾流去夹杂的影响。结果表明,气泡尾流有利于促进夹杂物上浮;气泡尾流中存在尾流边界区和上升区;尾流去除夹杂物的过程分为3个子过程:(1)夹杂物靠近和进入气泡尾流边界区产生扰动;(2)进入气泡尾流上升区和(3)夹杂物继续上升或脱离气泡尾流上升区;气泡直径D_b和粒子浓度C_p增大有利于尾流去夹杂;粒子直径D_p越小越容易被尾流去除。     

超重力场下钢液中夹杂物上浮行为的数值模拟

 超重力技术可以有效提高固液两相间的重力差,在冶金领域,超重力场的引入可以大幅度增加金属熔体中夹杂物的去除效率。基于超重力冶金装置模型,根据动网格与流-固耦合理论,建立了不同重力场下固态夹杂物在钢液中上浮的流体动力学模型。该模型模拟了夹杂物在不同系数的重力场中上浮的运动状态,研究了超重力场中的重力系数与夹杂物尺寸等因素对颗粒上浮和流场分布的影响。模拟结果表明,在重力场系数恒定时,夹杂颗粒经短暂的加速上浮过程后,后续的上浮运动将趋于匀速,夹杂物的上浮速度会随着施加重力场的增大而增长,夹杂物附近的钢液也会被更快地“推开”,从而出现改变流动状态的趋势。尺寸d为1、10 μm的夹杂物颗粒由于其尺寸较小,在施加一定的超重力场后仍满足Stokes上浮模型;尺寸d为100 μm的大尺寸夹杂物则仅在约10倍重力场作用下符合Stokes上浮模型,当施加更大的重力场时,夹杂物附近的流场会由层流流动转变为湍流流动,不再满足Stokes定律。在研究不同系数重力场中夹杂物上浮的模型时发现,当重力场的系数大小随时间变化时,尺寸为1 μm量级的小尺寸夹杂上浮速度的变化幅度与重力场的变化幅度呈正比;而尺寸为10、100 μm的夹杂物在脱离层流流场后,上浮速度与重力场不再呈线性关系。     

无取向硅钢钙处理前后夹杂物的行为研究

研究了无取向硅钢钙处理前后夹杂物的行为,重点考察了钙处理前后夹杂物的成分、类型、形貌和尺寸研究的变化情况,为实际生产中无取向硅钢的钙处理提供理论指导。试验发现:钙处理前夹杂物主要以Al2O3、Al2O3-MgO为主,且在夹杂物表面有AlN析出,钙处理后夹杂物以Al2O3-MgO-CaS-CaO系复合夹杂物为主,还含有少量的SiO2或AlN;钙处理前后,夹杂物形貌由多边形或不规则形逐渐向球形或近似球形转变,并且夹杂物尺寸不断增大;钙处理前后,含钙夹杂物的比例发生突变,由10%增大到74.5%,且随着钙处理时间的延长,含钙夹杂物比例下降,表明钙处理使夹杂物变性后易聚集长大并上浮去除。     

中间包结构对钢液流动及夹杂物去除的数值模拟研究

依据河钢集团唐钢新区72 t中间包建立三维数值模型，讨论对比了不同中间包结构包括湍流抑制器、挡墙和挡坝对钢液液位波动、速度分布、停留时间以及夹杂物上浮去除的影响。钢液湍流运动通过求解Realizable k-ε模型实现，钢液停留时间通过求解浓度标量方程(User-Defined Scalar, UDS)实现，夹杂物上浮去除则通过求解离散相模型(Discrete Phase Model, DPM)得到。结果表明，带檐湍流抑制器和开口湍流抑制器下中间包上水口附近的液面波动较大，是不设置湍流抑制器的情况的3～4倍；而带挡板湍流抑制器下钢液在挡板之间形成循环流动，液位波动较小，甚至小于无湍流抑制器的情况；中间包内挡墙和挡坝同时存在时增加了钢液在中间包的移动距离，有利于夹杂物的上浮去除；在目前条件下，挡墙和挡坝分别距离中间包宽度中心1 060 mm和2 000 mm时钢液平均停留时间较长以及夹杂物上浮去除率较高。     

CAS工艺条件下钢包内夹杂物上浮规律的理论研究

根据理论分析提出了夹杂物对钢水流动的跟随性判别准数，并据此对实际钢包内的夹杂物上浮情况进行了深入的探讨，为钢水中夹杂物去除的水模型模拟研究提供了理论依据。     

Quasi-Static and High-Strain-Rate Experimental Microstructural Investigation of a High-Strength Aluminum Alloy

The damage mechanisms associated with the deformation and failure of high-strength Al 2139-T8 were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy at strain rates ranging from the quasi-static, 10⁻³ s⁻¹, to the high strain rate, at approximately 2350 s⁻¹. Deformation was more uniform at the lowest strain rate of 10⁻³ s⁻¹, where nanocracking nucleated at coarse inclusions and clustered dispersed particles. Deformation was more localized as the strain-rate increased, with microvoid nucleation, resulting from particle-matrix interfacial decohesion and particle cracking, observed at higher strain rates. Dispersed particles and coarse inclusions were observed on the fracture surfaces of the deformed samples subjected to high rates of strain. Coarse inclusions were associated with inclusion cracking and shear deformation. The dispersed particles were associated with dimpled rupture, and the orientation of the particles determined the amount of plasticity prior to failure of the alloy.     

Residual stresses and their effects on deformation

Residual stresses induced by thermal expansion mismatch in metal-matrix composites are studied by three-dimensional (3-D) elastic-plastic finite element analyses. Typically, the stress-free state is 150 to 300 K above room temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the matrix is 3 to 5 times larger than that of the ceramic inclusion, resulting in compressive stresses of order 200 MPa in the inclusions. Both compressive and tensile stresses can be found in the matrix. Since the stress may exceed the matrix yield strength near the particles, plastic flow occurs. The authors find a significant influence of this flow on the elastic and plastic properties of the composite. The calculated residual strains in TiC particles due to thermal expansion mismatch and external loads compare well with recent neutron diffraction experiments (Bourkeet al.) The present work is the first reported three-dimensional analysis of spherical inclusions in different arrays (simple cubic (sc) and face-centered cubic (fcc)) that permit a study of particle interactions.     

Numerical Method for Modelling the Microstructure of Granular Materials

Modelling of the structure of powder materials with dense packing of nonspherical particles is considered. A numerical method is suggested based on an original computer model of packing for particles of complex shape (spherical polyhedra that are considered as smooth convex polyhedrons). Numerical experiments are provided for packing of particles with lamellar, cylindrical, and cubic shape. A dependence is established for coordination number and packing porosity on particle surface area and shape.     

Inclusion Growth and Removal in Gas‐Stirred Ladles

A static modelling approach was used to study the growth and removal of inclusions during gas stirring in a ladle. A mathematical model of a gas‐stirred ladle was used to predict the data necessary to calculate growth and removal of inclusions. Results indicated that inclusion growth resulting from laminar shear collisions is negligible in comparison with growth from turbulent and Stokes collisions. Furthermore, the need for a model describing inclusion flotation by spherical‐cap bubbles was identified. Since the existing models presented in the literature are only valid for spherical bubbles, a model for the removal of inclusions by spherical‐cap bubbles was developed. Inclusion removal to the slag, refractory and by bubble flotation was compared. The mechanism determined to be responsible for the removal of the majority of inclusions larger than 25 μm was Stokes flotation and for the majority of the smaller inclusions, bubble flotation by spherical‐cap bubbles (assuming plane contact between the inclusion and the bubble).     

吹氩精炼钢包内非金属夹杂物去除机理

 通过物理模拟试验,研究分析了底吹氩精炼钢包内夹杂物去除机理以及吹氩量对其的影响规律。结果表明：钢包中夹杂物的上浮主要是通过上升的钢液流携带,底吹氩量对夹杂物在钢包表面的钢-渣界面去除行为存在重要影响。吹氩量较小时,钢-渣界面稳定,夹杂物在浮力、毛细作用力等共同作用下穿过平坦的钢-渣界面而被吸收;吹氩量较大时,钢-渣界面波动大,渣眼周围发生卷渣,夹杂物被卷入的液滴吸收,随液滴进入渣层;吹氩量大,渣眼周围形成渣泡,夹杂物被渣泡吸收,随渣泡进入渣层。吹氩量达到一定时,夹杂物被钢-渣界面的吸收成为其被去除的限制性环节,且吹氩量较大时夹杂物去除效果最差,为实际吹氩精炼过程吹气量的控制提供了指导。     

FeSiB非晶薄带中夹杂物的来源及形成机理

 为了制定合理的夹杂物控制工艺从而改善FeSiB非晶薄带的质量与性能,分析了FeSiB非晶薄带中夹杂物来源及其演变。结果表明,工业纯铁原料中存在组成为Al₂O₃、SiO₂的球形和椭球形夹杂。在冶炼过程中,尺寸为20～30 μm椭球形夹杂通过上浮去除,尺寸为1～3 μm的球形夹杂则会与母合金冶炼过程的脱氧产物结合,形成Al₂O₃质量分数更高的硅酸铝和硅酸铝钙夹杂物。这些夹杂物在喷带过程中一部分会聚集于喷嘴内壁形成结瘤物,而另一部分则会随合金熔体流出喷嘴进入非晶薄带中。     

Separation of Fine Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Inclusion from Liquid Steel with Super Gravity

An innovative approach of super gravity was proposed to separate fine Al₂O₃ inclusions from liquid steel in this study. To investigate the removal behaviors of inclusions, the effects of different gravity coefficients and time on separating the inclusions were studied. The results show that a large amount of Al₂O₃ inclusions gathered at the top of the sample obtained by super gravity, whereas there were almost no inclusions appearing at the bottom. The volume fraction and number density of inclusions presented a gradient distribution along the direction of the super gravity, which became steeper with increasing gravity coefficient and separating time. As a result of the collision between inclusions, a large amount of inclusions aggregated and grew during the moving process, which further decreased the removal time. The experimental required removal time of inclusions is close to the theoretical values calculated by Stokes law under gravity coefficient G ≤ 80, t ≤ 15 minutes, and the small deviation may be because the inclusion particles are not truly spherical. Under the condition of gravity coefficient G = 80, t = 15 minutes, the total oxygen content at the bottom of the sample (position of 5 cm) is only 8.4 ppm, and the removal rate is up to 95.6 pct compared with that under normal gravity.     

Fluid flow and inclusion removal in continuous casting tundish

Three-dimensional fluid flow in continuous casting tundishes with and without flow control devices is first studied. The results indicate that flow control devices are effective to control the strong stirring energy within the inlet zone, and other zones are with much uniform streamline. By dividing tundish into two zones with different inclusion removal mechanisms the inclusion removal is calculated. Three modes of inclusion removal from molten steel in the tundish, i.e., flotation to the free surface, collision and coalescence of inclusions to form larger ones, and adhesion to the lining solid surfaces, are taken into account. The Brownian collision, Stokes collision, and turbulent collision are examined and discussed. The suitable coagulation coefficient is discussed, and a value of 0.18 is derived. Calculation results indicate that, besides flotation, collision of inclusion and adhesion to the lining solid surfaces are also important ways for inclusion removal from molten steel in tundish especially for the smaller inclusions. The flotation removal holds 49.5 pct, and the adhesion removal holds 29.5 pct for the tundish with flow control devices; the collision effect is reflected in improving flotation and adhesion. Finally, industrial experiment data are used to verify the inclusion removal model.