根尖周炎引起的牙源性上颌窦炎的治疗

目的:探讨根管治疗/根管再治疗治疗根尖周炎引起的牙源性上颌窦炎的可行性.方法:临床确诊的根尖周炎引起的牙源性上颌窦炎病例5例,根管治疗/根管再治疗3个月、6个月和12个月复查CBCT.结果:根管治疗/根管再治疗后5例临床病例临床症状消失,3个月和6个月CBCT显示5例临床病例根尖周、上颌窦底和上颌窦内变化不明显,12个...     

上颌磨牙根尖周囊肿致上颌窦底骨板破坏行显微手术1例

上颌后牙根尖周病损常导致牙槽骨破坏并累及上颌窦.本文报道1例上颌第一磨牙因根管治疗后根尖周囊肿导致牙源性上颌窦炎及窦底骨质缺损,通过显微根尖手术联合上颌窦提升术实现了疾病的治愈、患牙保存,为临床上大范围根尖周囊肿及牙源性上颌窦炎的诊治提供参考.     

根管塑化棉捻治疗后牙512例

作者1989～1996年采用根管塑化棉捻方法治疗后牙牙髓炎及根尖周炎512例，平均随访时约2～3年，随访率达90％，现报道如下：临床资料1．一般资料：根管塑化棉捻治疗512例，其中男性250例，女性262例，上颌后牙412例，下颌后牙100例。2．适应症的选择：不可复性牙髓炎、残髓炎、根尖周炎、根管器折断未超出根尖孔者。3、随访时间：2～3年。4．疗效评价：治愈标准：经塑化治疗后，患者牙齿疼痛等自觉症状消失，2～3年随访X线牙片对照根尖无暗影或继续扩大现象。无效标准：病人自觉症状没有改善或改善后在随访时间复发或者是X片示：根尖暗影继…     

塑化治疗后牙慢性根尖周病10年后临床观察

通过临床观察和X线检查37例40颗患有慢性根尖周炎塑化治疗10年后的后牙,并利用根尖周指数(PAI)评定术前、术后X线片以评估塑化治疗后牙慢性根尖周病的远期疗效,结果表明:塑化治疗慢性根尖周炎10年后治愈率为72.5％,成功率为82.5％;根尖病变的纤维性愈合也是治疗成功的一种表现,不必重新做牙髓治疗;塑化治疗和根管治疗方法治疗后牙慢性根尖周炎远期疗效结果相似,统计学比较无显著性差异。本研究结果说明塑化治疗法治疗慢性根尖周炎远期疗效满意。用根尖周指数量化评定X线片结果值得临床推广使用。     

CBCT在根管治疗后疾病诊治中的临床应用研究

目的：评估CBCT影像系统在根管治疗后疾病诊治中的应用。方法：对41颗完成根管治疗的牙齿进行回访,拍摄X线片,进行CBCT扫描重建,对比研究患牙根管治疗前以及回访时病变区域的变化,了解根管治疗后疾病的发生情况,评价根管治疗效果和预后。结果：17例临床术前诊断为根尖周病的病例在CBCT上均可见根尖周组织存在破坏,而X线上仅8例可见根尖区存在破坏。回访病例中根据X线片和CBCT影像诊断为根管治疗后疾病分别为17.03%和39.02%（P〈0.05）。结论：CBCT有利于评估根管治疗程序的可靠性,对根管治疗后疾病诊断及再治疗方案的选择具有重要的临床参考价值,值得在牙髓病诊治中推广应用。     

根管治疗期间疼痛问题的临床观察

目的 探讨根管治疗期间疼痛发生的原因。方法 对330例临床病人366颗根管治疗的牙齿进行临床观察。结果37颗牙（10.1％）发生了不同程度的根管治疗术后疼痛,其中死髓牙、后牙、根尖阴影小的牙和近期有过疼痛史的牙齿发生疼痛的比例较高。结论 与根管治疗术后疼痛发生关系较为密切的因素有牙髓坏死、牙位、根尖阴影和疼痛史等,确切原因尚有待于进一步研究。     

左上第一磨牙慢性根尖炎合并上颌窦炎1例

上颌窦炎可直接侵犯牙根或牙槽神经，引起同侧面颊及上颌牙齿酸痛或阵发性神经痛，而罹患慢性根尖周炎的上颌牙齿，在根管治疗术中也可能会因上颌窦穿通导致上颌窦炎。笔者曾遇见1例左上第一磨牙慢性根尖炎并发左上颌窦炎的患者，现报告如下：     

年轻恒前牙感染根管内血管再生的动物实验研究

目的通过建立根尖周炎模型观察年轻恒前牙根管内血管再生的组织学状况。方法选择4个半月龄杂种犬1只,建立上颌未发育完成的恒前牙根尖周炎模型,将6颗上颌恒前牙随机分组,对照组3颗采用根尖诱导成形术,实验组3颗采用根管内血管再生术。将术后1、4、8周的X线片分别与术前X线片进行对比,观察牙根继续发育及根尖炎症的愈合情况。术后8周处死动物,利用苏木精-伊红（HE）染色观察根尖闭合情况及根管内容物的构成。结果X线观察,术后1、4周,2组牙根的根尖孔大小及根尖透射区范围未见明显改变。术后8周,实验组根尖透射区范围缩窄较明显,并出现根尖孔缩窄的趋势,但管壁厚度无明显变化;而对照组根尖透射区变化不一。组织学检查,实验组管腔内可见肉芽组织,其中包含有大量的不规则的类牙本质、类牙骨质和类骨质样钙化物,钙化物以根尖部和管腔内侧壁尤为明显。对照组管腔未见软组织,根尖部有少量的硬组织沉积。结论血管再生术可促使年轻无髓恒前牙的慢性根尖周炎症消退,根管内再生的肉芽组织中有硬组织沉积。     

甲硝唑联合Vitapex辅助治疗皮肤窦道型根尖周炎的临床效果

目的探讨甲硝唑联合Vitapex辅助治疗皮肤窦道型慢性根尖周炎的临床效果。方法皮肤窦道型慢性根尖周炎患者30例,患牙30颗,根管预备后,0.5%甲硝唑注射液冲洗根管至窦道口流出,Vitapex糊剂根管充填,1个月内每2周复诊1次,若窦道未愈合给予窦道刮治术。治疗后1～3个月复诊,进行临床检查,拍根尖X线片,对根尖周暗影缩小或消失、无临床症状、窦道已完全消失的患牙,完成根管充填,牙体充填修复或全冠修复。结果 30例患者中28例经1～3次辅助治疗后皮肤窦道愈合,患牙无松动或叩痛。2例治疗后仍有窦道行窦道刮治术后愈合,患牙无松动或叩痛。治疗后1～3个月复查,无临床症状,X线片上未见根尖暗影扩大,完成根管侧压充填,牙体充填修复或全冠修复。随访6～12个月,3例复发,2例行根尖切除及窦道刮治术后愈合,1例患牙松动无功能而拔除。结论甲硝唑联合Vitapex辅助治疗皮肤窦道型慢性根尖周炎效果良好,能减少手术治疗的创伤和痛苦。     

锥形束CT与根尖片对实验性根尖周炎根管治疗结果的评估

目的：???观察一次法根管治疗的短期临床疗效,并比较锥形束CT（CBCT）与根尖片在根管治疗结果评估中的差异。方法??选择4只比格犬的24颗上颌前磨牙（56个根管）为研究对象,所有牙齿形成实验性根尖周炎后,随机分为2组,一组采用一次法根管治疗,另一组采用两次法根管治疗,术后6个月应用CBCT和根尖片评估根管治疗疗效。结果 CBCT显示：一次法根管治疗成功率为28.57%,二次法根管治疗成功率为53.57%,两组间的成功率差异无统计学意义（P=0.057）。根尖片显示：一次法根管治疗成功率为67.86%,二次法成功率为78.57%,两组间差别无统计学意义（P=0.365）。CBCT显示的根管治疗总成功率为41.07%,根尖片显示的总成功率为73.21%, CBCT与根尖片在根管治疗后疗效评估中的差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）。结论??在针对实验性根尖周炎的治疗中,一次法根管治疗的近期治愈率与两次法根管治疗的近期治愈率相比较,其差异无统计学意义;然而,CBCT与根尖片的检查结果,在根管治疗后的疗效评估上,存在着一定差异。由此可见,CBCT这种三维检查手段相较于根尖片的二维影像来说,在根管治疗后对疾病的诊断评估中的准确性以及灵敏度更高。     

Resolution of maxillary sinus mucositis after endodontic treatment of maxillary teeth with apical periodontitis: a cone-beam computed tomography pilot study

Introduction

Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory response that can affect the maxillary sinus. This study characterized maxillary sinus mucositis adjacent to teeth with AP and assessed its resolution after endodontic treatment.

Methods

Thirty maxillary sinuses in subjects (n = 29) who had AP associated with maxillary posterior teeth were imaged with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). When mucositis was detected, its resolution was assessed with CBCT scanning 3 months after treatment, and periapical healing was assessed using the periapical index (PAI) after 6 months.

Results

Excluding 5 sinuses obscured by sinusitis, mucositis was detected in 14 of 25 sinuses (56%). Nonsignificant inverse association was observed between the mucosal lining thickness and the distance from the sinus to root apices with AP. Four noncompliant subjects were discontinued. Three months after treatment, mucositis was fully resolved in 3 of 10 subjects (30%), partially resolved in 3 of 10 subjects (30%), unchanged in 3 of 10 subjects (30%), and worsened in 1 subject (10%). Six months after treatment, 6 of 10 subjects (60%) had reduced PAI scores classified as healed or healing. The subject with expanded mucositis at 3 months was not healing at 6 months.

Conclusions

Within the limited sample of this pilot study, CBCT imaging revealed a lower-than-expected prevalence of mucositis adjacent to teeth with AP. Fully resolved mucositis was not common 3 months after endodontic treatment, suggesting that in specific cases it might linger beyond 3 months after the elimination of the endodontic infection. Because of the low statistical power, the association between the resolution of mucositis and periapical healing could not be explored.     

Frequency and Risk Factors of Maxillary Sinusitis of Endodontic Origin Evaluated by a Dynamic Navigation and a New Filter of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the frequency and risk factors of maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin (MSEO) on posterior maxillary teeth evaluated using dynamic navigation and a novel filter of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging.MethodsCBCT scans of 453 patients (814 teeth) were selected. Data were divided into 4 groups: (1) root canal treatment (RCT), (2) relation of the root apex to the maxillary sinus, (3) apical periodontitis (AP), and (4) maxillary sinus inflammation (no inflammation, periapical osteoperiostitis, periapical mucositis, partial obstruction, or total obstruction). Frequency distribution and cross-tabulation were used for data analysis. The association of maxillary sinus abnormalities with other variables was analyzed using the chi-square test. The significance level was set at 5%, and the association between dependent and independent variables was analyzed using robust Poisson regression models.ResultsMSEO was found in 65.6% of the cases, and the highest frequency rates were in the periapical mucositis (44%) and partial obstruction (15.8%) groups. The rates of risk factors were highest in the cases of RCT (54.9%), AP (34.3%), and the root apex in contact with the maxillary sinus (53.8%). The most frequent sex and age group were female (55.8%) and 41–50 years (30.5%).ConclusionsThe frequency of MSEO was high and positively associated with RCT, AP, and the root apex’s position in contact with the floor of the maxillary sinus. The maxillary sinus filter of the CBCT software provides a clear image of maxillary sinus abnormalities.     

Relationship between maxillary sinus pathologies and maxillary posterior tooth periapical pathologies

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of odontogenic maxillary sinus pathologies and their relationship with periapical pathologies in the maxillary posterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Method

Maxillary posterior CBCT scans of consecutive patients aged 20–77 years were evaluated retrospectively. Patients with at least one maxillary posterior tooth were included. Patients with edentulous maxillae or having one or more maxillary implants were excluded. Finally, 461 CBCT images were evaluated. Demographic data, such as age and sex, and pathologic findings of the right and left maxillary sinuses and adjacent teeth were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi square test and binary logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence of right and left odontogenic maxillary sinusitis was 59.5 and 64 %, respectively. Maxillary sinus pathology was more common in males, and there was no relationship with age. Regarding the maxillary sinus pathology, 64 % had mucosal thickening, 19 % had partial opacification, 5 % had total opacification, and 12 % had polypoidal mucosal thickening. Right and left maxillary sinus pathologies were approximately twice as prevalent in patients with periapical pathology in at least one maxillary posterior tooth. Periapical pathologies in the right maxillary first molar and left maxillary first and second molars significantly increased the risk of maxillary sinus pathology with odds ratios of 2.53, 1.83, and 3.12, respectively.

Conclusions

Odontogenic maxillary sinus pathologies were present in >50 % of the study population. Periapical pathologies in the maxillary first and second molar teeth significantly increased maxillary sinus pathologies.

     

上颌窦对上颌后牙显微根尖手术的影响

显微根尖手术是临床上保存牙髓根尖周病患牙的有效手段之一,也是治疗其疑难病例的必备技术。但由于位置靠后操作空间狭小、根尖与上颌窦毗邻,导致在上颌后牙区进行根尖外科手术仍存在一定挑战。本文就上颌窦与上颌后牙解剖关系、对显微根尖手术影响以及辅助技术如:3D打印手术导板、超声骨刀等在上颌后牙区手术中的应用进行总结。文献复习结果表明,上颌后牙根尖与上颌窦空间关系通常分3类:根尖突进上颌窦底;根尖与上颌窦底相接触;根尖和上颌窦底之间有间隙或空间。术前CBCT检查后结合患牙根尖周和上颌窦状态以及根尖病损到上颌窦距离评估手术难度,术中应用导板、内窥镜、超声骨刀等以使手术更加安全可靠和精准微创,但后者在临床上的普及仍需进一步推广。目前尚缺乏高质量的上颌后牙区现代显微根尖手术长期疗效的临床研究。     

Evaluation of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis using cone-beam computed tomography: three case reports

Introduction

Ten to twelve percent of all cases of maxillary sinusitis derive from odontogenic origin. The purpose of this study was to report the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning in elucidating dental pathology as an etiology of maxillary sinusitis.

Methods

Intraoral periapical radiographs and CBCT scanning were performed in the evaluation of three patients presenting with pain, sinus congestion, or respiratory complaints. In the first case, extractions of impacted third molar and adjacent nonrestorable tooth were performed. In the second two cases, endodontic therapy was done. Radiologic follow-up with CBCT scanning or medical computed tomography scanning was performed 6 to 12 months after dental procedures were performed.

Results

All three patients presented with severe sinusitis that resolved after appropriate dental treatment. The first patient also showed marked improvement of chronic bronchitis after completion of dental treatment. In all patients, complete or near total resolution of sinusitis, including eradication of mucous retention cyst, was confirmed by post-treatment CBCT or computed tomography scanning.

Conclusions

These cases show the utility of CBCT scanning in evaluating patients presenting with concurrent sinus and dental complaints. In these three patients, maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin responded well to the eradication of dental etiology.     

Cone-beam computed tomographic evidence of the association between periodontal bone loss and mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus

Background: The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between dental findings and mucosal abnormalities of the maxillary sinus among dental patients, using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Two hundred fifty CBCT scans of dental patients were studied. Dental findings of the upper posterior teeth, including periodontal bone loss, periapical lesions, and root canal fillings, were assessed. The presence of mucosal thickening and mucosal cysts of the maxillary sinus was recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influence of periodontal bone loss, periapical lesions, and root canal fillings on these sinus mucosal abnormalities. Results: Mucosal thickening was present in 42% of patients and in 29.2% of sinuses studied. Mucosal cysts were observed in 16.4% of patients and in 10% of sinuses studied. Both abnormalities were present more frequently among males than females. Severe periodontal bone loss was significantly associated with mucosal thickening (odds ratio: 3.02, P <0.001), whereas periapical lesions and root canal fillings were not. There was no association between dental findings and mucosal cysts. Conclusions: Severe periodontal bone loss was significantly associated with mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus. Sinuses with severe periodontal bone loss were three times more likely to have mucosal thickening. Mucosal cysts were not associated with any dental findings.     

Cone beam computed tomographic analysis of maxillary premolars and molars to detect the relationship between periapical and marginal bone loss and mucosal thickness of maxillary sinus

Background

This study assessed the relationship between mucosal thickness (MT) of the maxillary sinus and periodontal bone loss (PBL) and periapical condition of related teeth. We also aimed to identify the association between root apices and the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Material and Methods

In this study, CBCT images of 205 patients with 410 maxillary sinuses were examined, retrospectively. A total of 582 maxillary molars and 587 premolars were observed. The relationship of each root with maxillary sinus and apical lesions of these roots were classified, PBL was examined and the situations of adjacent teeth were estimated. The effect of these conditions on sinus mucosal thickness (MT) was evaluated.

Results

There was a significant correlation between MT of maxillary sinus and both PBL and age (r = 0.52, p=0.000 and r = 0.111, p= 0.002, respectively). The frequency of MT increased as the severity of apical lesion enlarged. A positive correlation was found between MT and degree of PBL and periapical lesions. To reveal the association between MT and pulpoperiapical condition bivariate correlation was done and a significant relationship between the pulpoperiapical condition and MT was found (r = 0.17, p=0.000).

Conclusions

This retrospective study showed that MT of the maxillary sinus was common among patients with PBL and MT was significantly associated with PBL and apical lesions. The relationship of maxillary sinus to adjacent teeth had also positive correlation with MT. CBCT imaging enabled better evaluation of maxillary sinus, posterior teeth and surrounding structures compared to other imaging tools. Key words:Maxillary sinus mucosal thickness, apical periodontitis, periodontal bone loss, CBCT.     

Correlation of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) findings in the maxillary sinus with dental diagnoses: a retrospective cross-sectional study

This study was conducted to assess the coincidence of mucosal hyperplasia in the maxillary sinus and related clinical diagnoses of posterior maxillary teeth found in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. A total of 204 patients who underwent CBCT examinations between 2006 and 2008 were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical and CBCT findings were correlated using patient records. Absolute frequencies, odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for statistical evaluations. There was a pronounced association between periodontitis and radiological signs of sinusitis. Basal mucosal wall thickening was more likely in patients with decayed and non-vital teeth compared to patients with sound teeth (OR = 5.2; 95% CI = 1.2-23.1). Basal mucosal wall thickening was also more likely than total mucosal thickening (OR = 10.4; 95% CI = 2.6-42.2). Patients with decayed and endodontically treated teeth were more likely to exhibit involvement of the basal wall (OR = 9.2; 95% CI = 3.3-25.2) than were patients with healthy teeth. CBCT examinations revealed a correlation between basal mucosal thickening in the maxillary sinus and decayed posterior maxillary teeth or periodontitis. Chronic symptoms involving the sinuses are one of the most common reasons for patients to consult physicians. One reason for chronic orofacial pain is the prevalence of undiagnosed sinus conditions.     

基于锥形束CT对上颌窦分隔分布的影像学分析

目的：运用InVivo Dental软件对北京第二炮兵总医院口腔科锥形束CT（CBCT）影像学资料进行回顾性分析,研究2012年7月至2013年10月期间就诊于我院口腔科成人人群中上颌窦底壁分隔与年龄,性别以及缺牙情况的关系,以期为上颌窦底提升术提供解剖学依据和手术指导。方法：选取538例研究对象的上颌窦CBCT影像资料,其中上颌后牙区缺失牙与不缺牙组各269例,分别按照性别、年龄分组。将所有数据导入In-VivoDental软件中,通过三维重建,测量记录上颌底壁分隔的发生率,位置,高度,方向及形态学变化,采用SPSS18．0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：538例研究对象中,89例有窦分隔,发生率16．54％;29例出现多个窦分隔（5．39％）,25例双侧同时出现分隔（4．64％）;在测得的1076个上颌窦中,116个出现窦分隔,发生率为10．78％;男性中年不缺牙组的窦分隔出现率最高;原发性分隔出现率远远超出继发性分隔出现率;窦分隔的发生与性别、年龄及牙缺失无关。窦分隔主要出现在上颌窦中部,占51．720／0;平均高度左侧为（6．17±3．35）mm,右侧为（6．50±4．22）mm,平均长度右侧为（10．87±2．96）mm,左侧为（10．05±4．27）mm。结论：北京第二炮兵总医院口腔科2012年7月至2013年10月期间就诊患者成人人群中,16．54％出现窦分隔;上颌窦分隔出现率与缺失牙,不考虑年龄及性别。     

Endoscopic minimally invasive management of a periradicular lesion invading the maxillary sinus

A referred patient presented with a lesion of endodontic origin located at the apex of tooth #27. The tooth had been endodontically treated and re-treated. A periapical radiograph revealed a close relationship between the lesion and the maxillary sinus. A cone-beam computed tomography scan confirmed that the lesion had invaded the sinus cavity. The treatment plan consisted of periapical surgery using an endoscope as a magnification device. Due to a sinus membrane perforation, a new sinus membrane repair technique was performed. Twelve months after surgery, a cone-beam computed tomography scan revealed successful healing of the lesion. The continuous preservation of the sinus physiology was also observed. The use of an endoscope as a magnification device and a tailored technique for sinus membrane management allowed us to achieve a successful treatment outcome in the case of an endodontic lesion invading the maxillary sinus.