亚微米级ε型CL-20的制备、表征与性能

采用超临界气体抗溶剂(gas anti-solvent, GAS)技术制备了平均粒径为721.9 nm的亚微米级ε型六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20),应用傅立叶变换红外光谱(Fourier translation infrared spectrum, FT-IR),对亚微米级CL-20的晶型进行了鉴别,并进行了小隔板试验、撞击感度和爆发点测试.研究结果表明,细化后的亚微米级ε型CL-20冲击波感度的隔板厚度降低了58.6%,撞击感度的特性落高提高了84.1%,而爆发点保持不变.     

燃烧向爆炸转变(DDT)抑制剂对于塑料粘结黑索今撞击感度的影响

塑料粘结炸药（PBX）的机械撞击感度远低于单纯炸药,这因为塑料包覆层改进了炸药晶体表面性质。本工作研究了含有燃烧向爆炸转变（DDT）抑制剂-三苯甲醇（TPC）对于黑索今（RDX）的机械感度影响,发现含TPC的RDX撞击感度低于不含TPC的。塑料粘结剂改进,并降低在撞击时热点产生的概率（P4）,而TPC则降低热点传播的概率（P2）。可以预期含有TPC类型化合物的PBX机械感度可能会大幅度地降低。     

亚微米炸药的感度选择性

采用亚微米粉体炸药 (0 .1～ 1 m )与普通粉体炸药 (1 0 m )进行了落锤撞击感度和冲击片 (高压短脉冲 )起爆感度对比试验 ,发现亚微米粉体炸药有在常见环境力 (一般的撞击、摩擦 )条件下比较安全 ,而在特定激励 (冲击片 )作用下起爆可靠性提高的感度选择性特点 ,并从理论上对上述特性进行了探讨。研究表明 ,亚微米粉体炸药具有非常好的应用前景。     

大药片落锤撞击感度研究

设计建立了一种炸药大药片撞击感度试验方法,落锤质量为20 kg、落高度为0~15 m,对规格20 mm5 mm、重约2.8 g的大药片进行撞击感度测试。试验测试了两种典型炸药Tetryl和JOB-9003炸药的落锤撞击感度,落锤撞击Tetryl炸药和JOB-9003炸药的爆炸阈值落高分别约3.5 m和6.5 m。对落锤撞击JOB-9003炸药样品的过程进行了数值计算,计算结果与试验值相符。试验结果表明,该试验方法可以测量炸药的落锤撞击感度。     

用水下卡片间隙试验法测定炸药冲击波感度

将炸药的水下爆炸能量测试方法与冲击波感度测试方法（小隔板法）相结合,研究了一种测试炸药冲击波感度的方法水下卡片间隙试验法,并用该方法得到了6种炸药冲击波感度的相对排序（从高到低）:炸药泰安、黑索金、8701、钝化黑索金、梯恩梯、膨化硝酸铵的冲击波感度依次降低,该试验结果与文献值、传统隔板试验结果一致,表明水下卡片间隙试验法的测试结果是可信的,水下卡片间隙试验法用于测定炸药冲击波感度是可行的,在一定程度上可代替传统的隔板试验法,此方法还可用于研究炸药装药密度对其冲击波感度的影响。     

粒度对HMX撞击感度的影响

采用12型工具法对炸药粒度与HMX(Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine,奥克托今)撞击感度的关系进行了研究,并对撞击起爆机理进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:HMX炸药粒度对撞击感度有显著影响,且随着炸药粒度的增大,其撞击感度呈增大趋势。点火阶段对撞击起爆过程起决定性作用,影响点火阶段的因素就是决定其撞击感度高低的关键因素。晶体内部的活性中心是炸药受撞击时的起爆点,而且大晶粒炸药中更易形成优先点火的活性中心。     

纳米RDX粉体的制备与撞击感度

将普通工业黑索今炸药溶解于混合溶剂中,通过喷雾干燥,制取纳米黑索今炸药粉体,得率达到50%以上,粒径为40～60nm。实验结果表明,随着粒径的减小,黑索今的机械撞击感度降低,纳米黑索今撞击感度的特性落高约为普通工业黑索今的两倍。     

对落锤仪中落锤运动的监测与分析

本文论述了火炸药撞击感度测定中对落锤运动状况进行监测的必要性,介绍了监测落锤运动的方法和装置。在不同的落锤重量、落高和润滑条件下,利用落锤运动监测系统实测了落锤经过导轨上两定点之间的时间间隔将△t(?)与△t(?)理想自由落体相对应的理论计算时间△t进行比较,分析与探讨各种不同因素影响的规律和机理,从而提出撞击感度测定中选择落锤重量、润滑条件的原则。     

OSTR试验下感度分布参数的推断

研究了OSTR试验数据的统计处理方法。给出了推断感度分布参数的两种方法 :条件推断与非条件推断方法。通过研究与模拟 ,得出条件推断方法适用于推断机械撞击作用火工品的一些R响应点的结论。     

一种射流源和炸药射流感度的研究

为了研究各种炸药射流感度,采用多种途径研制了能量输出较稳定的射流源;并用三种方法对射流源能量输出稳定性进行了判定。利用自行研制的射流源对TNT、B炸药、JB-B等多种炸药进行了射流感度的评定试验,获得了多种炸药射流感度的顺序排列结果,并与文献值符合得很好;利用X光机获得了射流头部速度与隔板厚度的关系,并拟合了经验公式。     

STUDIES ON THE AUTOIGNITION CHARACTERISTICS OF RP-3 AVIATION KEROSENE

在预加热到135℃的激波管反射激波后5区,以点火过程中OH自由基在306.5nm处特征发射光谱强度的急剧变化作为点火发生的标志,进行了RP-3航空煤油点火特性的实验研究.实验温度范围为800～1450K,当量比为0.5,1,1.5,压力为0.05,0.1,0.2MPa,O₂的摩尔浓度为空气含量20%.实验获得了低压条件下（0.05,0.1,0.2MPa）RP-3航空煤油点火延时与点火温度﹑压力﹑当量比以及煤油和氧气浓度的依赖关系.将低压实验结果与高压（0.55,1.1,2.2MPa）条件下煤油点火特性进行了对比.结果显示,当量比对煤油点火特性的影响存在一个临界温度.在临界温度以上的高温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而增长;在临界温度以下的低温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而缩短;这一临界温度随点火压力的降低而升高.采用3种煤油燃烧反应动力学机理对煤油点火过程进行了动力学数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.结果显示,Honnet等提出的煤油反应机理在高压（2.2MPa）下与实验结果吻合得很好,而在低压下有一些差异.对不同压力条件下的点火过程进行敏感度分析表明,三体反应H+O₂+M=HO₂+M在高压时对煤油点火起轻微抑制作用,而在低压时对煤油点火起促进作用.     

Experimental and numerical study of the ignition of hydrogen-air mixtures by a localized stationary hot surface

The ignition of hydrogen-air mixtures by a stationary hot glow plug has been experimentally investigated using two-color pyrometry and interferometry. The ignition process was characterized by the surface temperature at ignition, as well as by the location where the initial flame kernel was formed. The experimental results indicate that: (i) the ignition temperature threshold is a function of equivalence ratio; (ii) the ignition location is a function of the rate at which the glow plug is heated because high heating rates favor non-uniform heating. As a result, ignition occurs on the side rather than near the top face of the glow plug. Comparison with two-dimensional numerical simulations exhibits discrepancies in terms of the temperature threshold value and dependence on equivalence ratio. Simulations performed imposing a non-uniform surface temperature show that a temperature difference between the side and the top of the glow plug as low as 12.5 to 25 K resulted in side ignition for hydrogen-air mixtures. The effect of surface chemistry was estimated numerically by imposing a boundary condition of zero species concentration for intermediate species, H and HO₂, at the hot surface, which increased the ignition threshold by up to 50 K for an initial H₂ concentration of 70%. The present study shows that surface temperature non-uniformity, heterogeneous chemistry and reaction model used, could influence the experimentally reported and numerically predicted ignition threshold as well as the location of ignition.     

含RDX四组元HTPB固体推进剂的冲击起爆特性研究

为了研究含RDX四组元HTPB固体推进剂的冲击起爆行为和在低温条件下的适应性,在常温和低温条件下,对该固体推进剂进行了冲击加载拉氏分析实验。采用锰铜压力计测量了推进剂中不同位置处的压力变化历程,采用电离探针测量了固体推进剂的爆速。分析了固体推进剂的爆轰成长规律,获得了推进剂的临界起爆压力、爆速、爆压和爆轰成长距离等爆轰特征参量。通过对比不同条件下的特征参量发现,低温对固体推进剂的冲击起爆特性影响较小。此外,还对固体推进剂的冲击起爆过程进行了数值模拟,标定了固体推进剂点火增长模型的反应速率方程参数和推进剂的未反应JWL状态方程参数。     

Preparation and characterization of core-shell Al@PFHP with improving the combustion and ignition properties of aluminum powder

The dense alumina shell on the surface of aluminum powder will hinder the combustion of aluminum powder and increase its ignition temperature. In this study, the aluminum oxide shell layer on the surface of aluminum powder was removed with hydrofluoric acid by one-pot method, and 3-Perfluorohexyl-1, 2-epoxypropane (PFHP) (F₃C(CF₂)₅CH₂C₂H₃O) was coated to form a uniform and controllable core-shell Al@PFHP. The core-shell Al@PFHP showed better thermal reaction and ignition performance. The exothermic enthalpy of Al@0.15 PFHP was increased by about 1.9 times, with lower ignition temperature (reduced by about 140 °C) and longer burning duration (increased by about 1.5 times) after coating with PFHP, compared with raw aluminum powder. In addition, the formation of PFHP coating shell can effectively improve the hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of aluminum powder.     

Combustion in a horizontal channel partially filled with a porous media

Experiments were carried out to investigate the combustion propagation phenomenon in a horizontal channel partially filled with ceramic-oxide spherical beads. A 1.22 m long, 43 mm nominally thick layer of spherical beads is located at the ignition end of a 2.44 m long, 76 mm square channel. Tests were performed with 6.4 and 12.7 mm diameter beads. A flame is ignited at the bead end wall by an automotive spark ignition system. Flame propagation and pressure measurements are obtained via ionization probes and piezoelectric pressure transducers mounted on the top and bottom surfaces of the channel. High-speed schlieren video was used to visualize the structure of the explosion front. Experiments were performed with a 31% nitrogen diluted stoichiometric methane–oxygen mixture at room temperature and at an initial pressure in the range of 15–50 kPa. For initial pressures of 15 and 20 kPa the flame accelerates to a velocity close to the speed of sound in the combustion products. For initial pressure of 30 kPa and higher DDT occurs in the gap above the bead layer. An explosion front propagating at a velocity just under the CJ detonation velocity is detected in the bead layer even though the bead layer pore size is much smaller than the detonation cell size. It is demonstrated that flame propagation within the bead layer is the driving force behind the very rapid flame acceleration observed, however the DDT event occurring in the gap above the bead layer is not affected by the bead layer porosity. Schlieren video indicates that the structure of the explosion front varies across the channel height and with propagation distance down the channel.     

Low hydrocarbon mixtures ignition delay times investigation behind reflected shock waves

Ignition delays for low alkanes/oxygen mixtures highly diluted with argon were measured behind a reflected shock wave using ultraviolet emission spectrometry in wide ranges of temperature (1200–2700 K), pressure (0.1–1.8 MPa), equivalence ratio (0.5–2) and dilution (89–99%). For each alkane (methane, ethane and propane), a correlation between ignition delay time, temperature, pressure and concentration is proposed and compared with those obtained in previous studies. This correlation enables the estimation of the delay time with an accuracy better than 20% for all measurement ranges. Results are compared with those from a recent study of the detailed kinetic modelling of the alkane oxidation. Received 12 March 2001 / Accepted 28 August 2001     

RP-3航空煤油点火特性研究

在预加热到135℃的激波管反射激波后5区,以点火过程中OH自由基在306.5nm处特征发射光谱强度的急剧变化作为点火发生的标志,进行了RP-3航空煤油点火特性的实验研究.实验温度范围为800～1450K,当量比为0.5,1,1.5,压力为0.05,0.1,0.2MPa,O₂的摩尔浓度为空气含量20%.实验获得了低压条件下（0.05,0.1,0.2MPa）RP-3航空煤油点火延时与点火温度﹑压力﹑当量比以及煤油和氧气浓度的依赖关系.将低压实验结果与高压（0.55,1.1,2.2MPa）条件下煤油点火特性进行了对比.结果显示,当量比对煤油点火特性的影响存在一个临界温度.在临界温度以上的高温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而增长;在临界温度以下的低温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而缩短;这一临界温度随点火压力的降低而升高.采用3种煤油燃烧反应动力学机理对煤油点火过程进行了动力学数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.结果显示,Honnet等提出的煤油反应机理在高压（2.2MPa）下与实验结果吻合得很好,而在低压下有一些差异.对不同压力条件下的点火过程进行敏感度分析表明,三体反应H+O₂+M=HO₂+M在高压时对煤油点火起轻微抑制作用,而在低压时对煤油点火起促进作用.      

高温润滑脂中WS_2亚微米粒子的摩擦学性能研究

以新型润滑材料WS2亚微米粒子作为高温润滑脂添加剂,对其在高温润滑脂中于不同温度下所起的抗磨、减摩、抗极压等摩擦学性能进行了研究,并用电子探针显微镜和俄歇电子能谱仪分析了钢球磨斑表面形貌与表面典型元素的面分布和深度分布.结果表明:在不同温度尤其高温下,WS2亚微米粒子能显著提高润滑脂的摩擦学性能;在摩擦过程中,WS2亚微米粒子在摩擦副表面形成WS2吸附膜和含Fe、S的化学反应膜来有效减少摩擦磨损,增强润滑脂的抗磨、减摩和极压性能,从而更好地保护摩擦表面.     

高能炸药摩擦感度的数值模拟

为了研究炸药摩擦安全性,利用熔化摩擦模型对几种高能炸药的摩擦感度进行了数值模拟,结果符合实验,并根据热分解反应速率分析了感度规律。由于炸药熔点一般低于点火温度,所以基于一个考虑熔化现象的炸药摩擦模型,在炸药感度实验条件下进行了一维数值模拟,给出了炸药熔化结果和摩擦点火的时间:4种摩擦感度较弱的炸药包括DATB、NQ、TATB和TNT的点火时间的顺序即感度顺序符合实验结果,说明摩擦点火模型适应性。进一步结合炸药热分解反应速率的大小顺序,数值模拟证明,在一定摩擦强度下,点火顺序会发生交换,说明摩擦感度实验不能完全说明炸药摩擦感度强弱顺序。