NOD/SCID孕鼠脾脏和胎盘CD45+细胞内细胞因子的表达

目的研究NOD/SCID孕鼠胚胎吸收率（Resorption rate,RR）与母-胎界面局部免疫状况的关系。方法计算并比较孕13.5天同基因妊娠NOD/SCID×NOD/SCID小鼠和非免疫缺陷的BALB/c×BALB/c小鼠的RR,并采用4色流式细胞术检测NOD/SCID小鼠非孕期和孕13.5天脾脏和胎盘细胞内细胞因子的表达状况,以明确其与妊娠耐受相关的淋巴细胞功能亚群。结果NOD/SCID小鼠的RR与对照组BALB/c小鼠相比无显著差异。与此相应,虽然能够证实NOD/SCID小鼠具有多重免疫缺陷,但是孕期母-胎界面多种功能性细胞亚群的百分率发生自发性改变。结论NOD/SCID小鼠脾脏和胎盘某些细胞百分率的自发性改变可能对妊娠结局有利。     

NOD/SCID小鼠胎盘DX5+CD25+细胞水平

为了研究胎盘DX5+CD25+细胞在维持母-胎耐受状态中的潜在作用。采用流式细胞术检测免疫功能正常的BALB/c和免疫缺陷的NOD/SCID小鼠外周血和胎盘DX5+CD25+细胞,评价这些细胞与小鼠妊娠预后的关系。结果:虽然NOD/SCID小鼠存在严重的免疫缺陷,但是其胚胎吸收率和平均每窝产仔数等生育力指标均基本正常,并且其孕13 d胎盘DX5+CD25+/DX5+细胞百分率与免疫功能正常小鼠相比无显著性差异,并均呈高百分率分布特征(约占DX5+细胞总数的90%)。NOD/SCID小鼠胎盘中高百分率的DX5+CD25+细胞可能是正常生育力预后的免疫学基础。     

脑胶质瘤浸润淋巴细胞的分离,培养,NK细胞活性和T细胞表型研究

本文应用酶消化和不连续密度梯度离心法,从9例原发性脑胶质瘤手术切除的瘤组织中分离出胶质瘤浸润淋巴细胞(GIL),在含IL-2培养液内培养4周,GIL 平均扩增48.4倍,最高达118倍;新制备GIL 的NK 活性极低,经过1周培养,NK 活性明显升高;新制备GIL 中CD_3~+细胞为71.0士11.9%,其中CD_8~+细胞多于CD_4~+细胞。     

癫痫患者淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞活性的研究

本文以单克隆抗体间接免疫荧光法检测了58例癫痫患者和22例同龄健康献血者的外周血T细胞亚群、B细胞单核巨噬细胞.用~(s1)Cr释放法测定外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中的自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性。结果表明癫痫患者T_3和T_4细胞百分率均低于对照组,T_8细胞百分率增高,T_4/T_8比值显若降低,B细胞和单核巨噬细胞未见明显改变.NK细胞活性降低。提示本病存在细胞免疫功能异常。     

应用LDH试剂盒检测NK细胞活性

本文应用测定LDH的成套试剂盒检测NK细胞活性。经与~125Ⅰ,工标记的VdR法平行对照正常人40例;肿瘤,SLE,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者各20例,结果表明两法相关性良好。本法的批内CV值1.5%,批间CV4.6%。其突出优点是省去了临时配制试剂的烦琐手续,且可用自动分析仪测定批量标本。结果迅速可靠,适宜在基层单位应用。     

早孕外周血及蜕膜中NK细胞表型及T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的: 检测孕妇外周血及蜕膜中T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞表型, 探讨它们与母-胎界面免疫耐受的关系.方法: 收集20例早孕同一患者的蜕膜组织及外周血, 密度梯度离心法分离出淋巴细胞, 流式细胞术(FCM)检测两组中NK细胞、 T细胞含量及其表面分子CD16、 NKG2A、 NKG2D表达水平.结果: 蜕膜自然杀伤(dNK)细胞占蜕膜淋巴细胞(57.15±4.0)%, 外周血自然杀伤(pNK)细胞占外周血淋巴细胞(11.46±1.58)%; dNK细胞表面CD16的表达明显低于pNK细胞, 二者分别(10.3±3.9)%与(95.6±2.6)%(P＜0.05); dNK细胞表面NKG2A的表达明显高于pNK细胞, 二者分别为(87.10±4.5) %与(27.5±4.2)% (P＜0.01), dNK细胞NKG2D的表达水平与外周血NK细胞相近, 分别为(88.70±4.1)%与(93.10±3.6)% (P＜0.05); 蜕膜中的CD4 T淋巴细胞的表达低于外周血中CD4 T淋巴细胞, 二者分别为(13.70±1.0)%与(15.85±2.4)% (P＜0.05), 蜕膜中CD8 T淋巴细胞表达明显低于外周血中CD8 T淋巴细胞, 二者分别为(15.23±1.5)%与(18.85±1.73)%(P＜0.01).结论: 妊娠期蜕膜中的NK细胞及T淋巴细胞可能是同维持母-胎界面的免疫耐受的重要原因.     

子宫内膜异位症患者NK细胞和γδT淋巴细胞分析

目的：探讨子宫内膜异位症患者外周血、腹腔液中NK细胞和γδT淋巴细胞的数量和杀伤功能。方法：取15例子宫内膜异位症患者的外周血和腹腔液,用荧光染色法、流式细胞术和酶标法等测定NK和γδT细胞的数量和杀伤功能。取10例非内异症者外周血和腹腔液作为对照。结果：1．与对照组相比,病例组外周血和腹腔液中的NK细胞数量无明显改变,γδT细胞数量在外周血中无明显差异,但在腹腔液中明显增加（P＜0．05）。病例组中外周血和腹腔液之间NK和γδT细胞数量均有差异,表现为腹腔液中两种细胞所占的百分比明显增高（P＜0．05）。2．病例组与对照组相比,除外周血的γδT细胞外,外周血的NK细胞及腹腔液的NK和γδT细胞的功能均明显下降（P＜0．05）。同一个体中,病例组腹腔液中的NK和γδT细胞的功能比外周血中的明显降低（P均＜0．05）。结论：内异症患者NK和γδT细胞杀伤功能的下降可导致机体清除异位子宫内膜细胞的功能下降,其改变可能在子宫内膜异位症发病过程中起一定的作用。     

早期脂多糖干预对大鼠树突状细胞表型和功能的影响

目的探讨早期脂多糖(LPS)干预对大鼠树突状细胞(DC)表型和功能的影响。方法用rrIL-4和rrGM-CSF体外诱导骨髓前体细胞,成熟组于第6天加入LPS1μg/mL,干预组分别于第0、3、6天连续加入LPS1μg/mL,对照组不加LPS,第7天收集细胞。采用免疫细胞化学方法、流式细胞术、同种淋巴细胞刺激试验和RT-PCR进行表型和功能鉴定。结果与对照组相比,MHC-Ⅱ、CD80、CD86、IL-12的表达和刺激同种T淋巴细胞增殖的能力在成熟组明显增高而干预组明显降低(P<0.01),Dextran-FITC摄取能力在成熟组明显降低而干预组明显增高(P<0.01)。结论早期LPS干预可抑制大鼠DC成熟,获得纯度更高的未成熟DC,为进一步研究免疫耐受奠定了基础。     

培养前后脐血CD34~＋细胞在NOD/SCID鼠体内造血重建功能的比较

目的:以NOD/SCID小鼠为模型, 经半致死剂量照射后输注新鲜或培养后的造血细胞, 以比较培养前后脐血CD34 细胞的造血重建功能.方法:从新鲜脐血中分离单个核细胞(MNC), 采用干细胞因子(SCF)、血小板生成素(TPO)、Flt3配体(FL)、白细胞介素3(IL-3)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)细胞因子组合体外培养14 d.通过MiniMACS免疫磁性吸附柱从新鲜或培养后的MNC中分离CD34 细胞, 4×105个CD34 细胞和5×106CD34-细胞混合后通过尾静脉输注入NOD/SCID小鼠中.饲养过程中动态观察外周血象恢复情况, 6周后检测小鼠骨髓和脾脏细胞中人源细胞及各系造血细胞的含量.结果:体外培养MNC 14 d后, 总细胞扩增了1.78倍;细胞移植6周后, 输注新鲜和培养后造血细胞的小鼠均存活, 在小鼠骨髓和脾脏中均可检测到人源细胞及各系人源血细胞和人特异ALU基因序列, 小鼠外周血象恢复到辐照前水平.培养后CD34 细胞在小鼠体内的植入水平与新鲜CD34 细胞的相近, 而其各系人源血细胞的含量高于新鲜CD34 细胞. 结论:体外培养14 d后的CD34 细胞仍保持了体内植入和重建造血的能力, 且其多系造血重建能力优于新鲜CD34 细胞.     

Intracellular detection of cytokine expression with four-color flow cytometry in pregnant NOD/SCID mice

Bosma et al [1] originally reported that C.B-17mice homozygousforthe severely combinedimmu-nodeficiency (scid/scid) mutation lack functionalTand Blymphocytes . Although there are defectsin cellular and humoral immune function,normalNKcell function can be detected in these mice[2] . On the other hand,the NOD/Lt strain ischaracterized by a functional deficit in NK cells[3] and proneto developa highincidence of auto-immune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus medi-ated by Tcells [4] .Shultz e…     

Selective expansion and engraftment of human CD16+ NK cells in NOD/SCID mice

NK cells are large granular lymphocytes that represent a critical component of the innate immunity. Investigations of human NK cell function are largely based on in vitro assays because of the lack of suitable animal models. Here we have established conditions leading to the development of human NK cells in NOD/SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice receiving grafts of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC), and GFP-transduced HFWT inducing NK cells (GHINK-1), which have been shown to support the selective expansion of NK cells from human PBMC and CBMC in vitro. Significant numbers of CD56dimCD16+ cytotoxic and CD56-CD16+ immature NK cells appeared in peripheral blood (PB), peritoneal cavity, spleen, bone marrow and liver of the mice. The newly generated NK cells did not express activation markers such as CD25, CD69 and NKp44, the expression of which was augmented by IL-2 in vitro. The NOD/SCID mice engrafted with human NK cells exhibited antitumor activity against K562 erythroleukemia in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we succeeded in developing a CD56dimCD16+ cytotoxic NK cell populations in NOD/SCID mice closely resembling the main NK fraction in human PB and CD56-CD16+ immature NK cells. Our model provides not only information about the development and dynamics of physiological human NK cells but also an important pre-clinical system for immunotherapeutic strategies.     

TLR3参与poly(I-C)所致流产的作用

目的研究Toll样受体3(toll-like receptor 3,TLR3)在poly(I-C)诱发小鼠流产中的潜在作用。方法多聚次黄苷酸-胞苷酸[polyinosinic-polycytidync acid,poly(I-C)]是一种双链RNA,腹腔注射时能够诱发小鼠流产。在预先用单抗阻断或不阻断TLR3情况下,注射poly(I-C)建立小鼠诱发性流产模型,应用流式细胞术分别检测CD45+DX5+和DX5+CD69+细胞百分率。结果不用抗TLR3抗体预处理,单用poly(I-C)刺激同种异基因交配模型BALB/c×C57BL/6,可使CD45+DX5+和DX5+CD69+细胞百分率均显著升高。但是,应用抗TLR3抗体预处理的雌鼠,用poly(I-C)刺激时上述百分率不改变。与此相应,poly(I—C)刺激可显著增高胚胎吸收率,而抗TLR3抗体预处理可消除这种作用。结论poly(I-C)与TLR3结合可能对母-胎界面NK细胞活化至关重要,并可促进小鼠胚胎吸收。     

脂多糖诱发的同基因妊娠BALB/c和NOD/SCID小鼠早产模型

目的：研究脂多糖（LPS）诱发同基因妊娠BALB/c小鼠和非肥胖性糖尿病/重度联合免疫缺陷（NOD/SCID）小鼠早产的机制。方法：在预先阻断或未阻断Toll样受体4（TLR4）的条件下采用LPS刺激,并比较各组BALB/c和NOD/SCID小鼠的早产率和胚胎死亡率。由于预实验显示预期的早产均发生于孕16d,因此,实验中在早产发生之前处死小鼠,收集每只孕鼠的胎盘。采用流式细胞术检测胎盘CD45^＋细胞表面TLR4、CD80和细胞内TNF-α的表达率。结果：采用LPS可诱发BALB/c小鼠早产,而NOD/SCID小鼠则对LPS的诱导有抵抗。经LPS刺激后,TLR4的表达在BALB/c和NOD/SCID小鼠均无显著改变,但是两组小鼠CD45^＋CD80^＋细胞的百分率均升高。相反,LPS刺激后仅BALB/c小鼠CD45＋TNF-α＋细胞的百分率升高,而NOD/SCID小鼠则否。通过预先阻断TLR4的表达可消除LPS对BALB/c小鼠CD80和TNF-α表达的影响,并显著降低LPS诱发的早产率。结论：虽然LPS未能改变TLR4的表达,但是二者相互作用,可激发CD45^＋CD80^＋细胞的动员,导致炎性细胞因子产生增多,并最终导致早产。BALB/c和NOD/SCID小鼠对LPS刺激的敏感性存在差异,提示NOD/SCID小鼠缺乏功能正常的T细胞和NK细胞,可能是这种小鼠对LPS诱发的早产有抵抗的原因之一。     

Infusion of UVB-treated splenic stromal cells induces suppression of beta cell antigen-specific T cell responses in NOD mice

Our previous study has demonstrated that transfusion of UVB-irradiation-induced apoptotic beta cells effectively prevents type 1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, the limitation of beta cell source would preclude the clinical application of this approach. Therefore, in the present study, we have attempted to establish a more practical approach by utilizing apoptotic non-beta cells to prevent T1D. We find that apoptotic splenic stromal cells significantly suppress beta cell antigen-reactive T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, beta cell antigen-specific T cells primed by beta cell antigens in the presence of apoptotic stromal cells have markedly reduced responsiveness to the re-stimulation of the same beta cell antigen. We also find that beta cell antigen-specific IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells are induced in the presence of apoptotic splenic stromal cells. As expected, transfusion of apoptotic stromal cells effectively protected NOD mice from developing T1D. Furthermore, the proliferation of adoptively transferred beta cell antigen-specific TCR-transgenic T cells in pancreatic draining lymph nodes is markedly suppressed in UVB-stroma-treated mice, indicating that UVB-stroma treatment induces immune tolerance to multiple beta cell antigens. This study provides an effective and convenient approach for managing T1D by utilizing apoptotic non-beta cells.     

High diversity of the immune repertoire in humanized NOD.SCID.γc−/− mice

The diversity of the human immune repertoire and how it relates to a functional immune response has not yet been studied in detail in humanized NOD.SCID.γc^?/? immunodeficient mice. Here, we used a multiplex PCR on genomic DNA to quantify the combinatorial diversity of all possible V–J rearrangements at the TCR‐β chain and heavy chain Ig locus. We first show that the combinatorial diversity of the TCR‐β chain generated in the thymus was well preserved in the periphery, suggesting that human T cells were not vastly activated in mice, in agreement with phenotypic studies. We then show that the combinatorial diversity in NOD.SCID.γc^?/? mice reached 100% of human reference samples for both the TCR and the heavy chain of Ig. To document the functionality of this repertoire, we show that a detectable but weak HLA‐restricted cellular immune response could be elicited in reconstituted mice after immunization with an adenoviral vector expressing HCV envelope glycoproteins. Altogether, our results suggest that humanized mice express a diversified repertoire and are able to mount antigen‐specific immune responses.     

Immune-deficient SCID and NOD/SCID mice models as functional assays for studying normal and malignant human hematopoiesis

 Many events and requirements of the developmental program of human hematopoietic stem cells have not yet been discovered. A major impediment has been the lack of an appropriate experimental system. At present the conditions for maintaining human stem cells in vitro are not fully known. As a result within a short period the small stem cell pool is lost due to differentiation, making it difficult to examine the correlation between these cells and their function in vivo. Most of our knowledge of hematopoietic stem cells is from animal models in which purified stem cell canididates are assayed based on their functional ability to rescue lethally conditioned recipients. The permanent correction of many genetic disorders of the hematopoietic system requires efficient methods for introducing genes into stem cells in vitro. However, progress has been hindered by the absence of preclinical models that assay the repopulating capacity of primitive human cells. In addition, the development of therapy for malignant diseases also requires assays to identify the target leukemic stem cells based on their ability to initiate the disease. The recent development of methods to transplant or implant both normal and leukemic cells into immune-deficient mice provides the foundation for human stem cell assays. These models assay the repopulating capacity of primitive human cells and provide an important approach to identify and characterize human stem cells, both normal and leukemic. This review focuses on the development of functional assays for normal and leukemic human stem cells and on the new insights that these models are beginning to provide on the organization of the human stem cell hierarchy. Received: 27 January 1997 / Accepted: 3 April 1997