慢性高眼压大鼠视网膜胶质细胞TNF-α及其受体的表达

目的:通过研究大鼠慢性高眼压模型视网膜胶质细胞TNF-α及其受体的表达,探索胶质细胞在青光眼视网膜神经节细胞损伤中的作用机制.方法:用结扎上巩膜静脉联合术后球结膜下注射5-Fu的方法建立大鼠慢性高眼压模型.在模型建立后1月,做眼球冰冻切片,行免疫组织化学染色,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察视网膜TNF-α-GFAP、 TNF-α-OX42、 TNFR-1-GFAP以及TNFR-1-NeuN的双标染色情况.结果:结扎上巩膜静脉联合术后结膜下注射5-Fu可诱导较长时间稳定高眼压,4周内6只高眼压眼眼压均大于22mmHg;正常大鼠视网膜未见明显TNF-α以及TNF-R1阳性染色,1个月高眼压大鼠TNF-α在视网膜的表达高于正常对照组,并且有TNF-α-GFAP、 TNF-α-OX42的共表达;在慢性高眼压情况下,TNF-R1在视网膜内层的表达也高于正常对照组,并且在视网膜内层有TNF-R1与GFAP的共表达,但TNF-R1与神经节细胞层NeuN(神经元特异性核蛋白)没有共表达.结论:在慢性高眼压情况中,活化的视网膜胶质细胞来源的TNF-α可能在神经节细胞损伤中发挥重要作用.     

慢性高眼压大鼠视网膜胶质细胞TNF-α及其受体的表达

目的： 通过研究大鼠慢性高眼压模型视网膜胶质细胞TNF-α及其受体的表达，探索胶质细胞在青光眼视网膜神经节细胞损伤中的作用机制。方法: 用结扎上巩膜静脉联合术后球结膜下注射5-Fu的方法建立大鼠慢性高眼压模型。在模型建立后1月，做眼球冰冻切片，行免疫组织化学染色，在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察视网膜TNF-α-GFAP、TNF-α-OX42 、TNFR-1-GFAP以及TNFR-1-NeuN的双标染色情况。结果: 结扎上巩膜静脉联合术后结膜下注射5-Fu可诱导较长时间稳定高眼压，4周内6只高眼压眼眼压均大于22 mmHg；正常大鼠视网膜未见明显TNF-α以及TNF-R1阳性染色，1个月高眼压大鼠TNF-α在视网膜的表达高于正常对照组，并且有TNF-α-GFAP、TNF-α-OX42的共表达；在慢性高眼压情况下，TNF-R1在视网膜内层的表达也高于正常对照组，并且在视网膜内层有TNF-R1与 GFAP的共表达，但TNF-R1与神经节细胞层NeuN（神经元特异性核蛋白）没有共表达。结论: 在慢性高眼压情况中，活化的视网膜胶质细胞来源的TNF-α可能在神经节细胞损伤中发挥重要作用。     

水通道蛋白-4表达变化与急性高眼压视网膜损伤的相关性研究

目的 观察不同高眼压作用下,水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)及其mRNA在大鼠视网膜内的表达变化.以探讨AQP4与眼压异常性疾病的关系.方法 采用前房加压灌注法.分别制作75cm、125cm和150cm水柱不同压力急性高眼压大鼠模型;通过HE和尼氏染色了解视网膜病理改变和神经节细胞数目变化;应用免疫组织化学、免疫荧光双标、原位杂交以及RT-PCR等技术检测不同高眼压作用下,AQP4及其mRNA在视网膜内的表达变化.结果 与对照组相比,各实验组大鼠视网膜晕不同程度水肿样改变,其内层厚度增加,神经节细胞数目明显减少;AQP4及其mRNA在视网膜内的表达明显增强,其表达上调水平与眼压升高程度呈正相关,并与视网膜内层厚度增加以及节细胞数目减少相关(P<0.01).结论 急性高眼压作用下,大鼠视网膜内AQP4及其mRNA的表达明显增强,呈压力依赖性,其异常高表达可能与急性高眼压的病理损伤过程以及眼内水、电解质代谢失衡有关.     

视网膜血管老化与动脉粥样硬化形成的相关性

目的:探讨老年血管老化与动脉粥样硬化形成的相关机制,为老年急性致盲性疾病及动脉粥样硬化症的发生提供实验依据。方法:利用免疫组织化学方法和明胶墨汁灌流,显示成年和老年小鼠视网膜血管、小胶质细胞及白介素-1β(IL-1β)和动脉粥样硬化标志物单核细胞趋化因子1(MCP-1)阳性细胞发育和老化状况。结果:与成年小鼠相比,视网膜老化后血管体密度明显下降;小胶质细胞数量增加,体积变小,细胞表面突起的数量也明显减少;MCP-1在发生动脉粥样硬化组织的炎性细胞聚集处高度表达,在老化的视网膜中,MCP-1阳性细胞荧光强度增强,提示小鼠视网膜发生了动脉粥样硬化。老年视网膜IL-1β阳性细胞体积变大,数量增加,伴随大量星形胶质细胞的转化激活。结论:视网膜发生老化时,血管体密度的下降、小胶质细胞的激活和炎症因子的分泌促进了视网膜血管老化的发生和动脉粥样硬化的形成。     

雷公藤多甙减少Aβ诱导的大鼠星形胶质细胞数

目的探讨雷公藤多甙对大鼠大脑皮质内注射β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)后星形胶质细胞的反应作用。方法采用GFAP免疫组织化学方法观察大脑皮质内注射凝聚态Aβ1-40后星形胶质细胞GFAP阳性细胞数。结果大脑皮质注射Aβ1-40后,GFAP阳性细胞数量明显增多,胞体截面积明显增大;给予雷公藤多甙治疗后,GFAP阳性细胞数量明显减少,胞体截面积明显减小。结论将凝聚态Aβ1-40注射入大鼠大脑皮质后可导致星形胶质细胞的激活,雷公藤多甙对Aβ诱导的星形胶质细胞的活化有抑制作用。     

水通道蛋白-4 mRNA沉默可抑制离体缺氧星形胶质细胞水通道蛋白-4的表达

目的:研究水通道蛋白-4(AQP4) mRNA沉默对体外缺氧星形胶质细胞AQP4表达的影响.方法: 用氯化钴诱导体外星形胶质细胞缺氧,建立AQP4 mRNA沉默缺氧星形胶质细胞模型.随机分为正常组、对照组、缺氧组和干扰组,观察星形胶质细胞形态,免疫细胞化学、荧光定量PCR、免疫印迹法检测AQP4 mRNA 及蛋白表达....     

急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜谷氨酰胺合成酶的表达变化

为了探索谷氨酰胺合成酶在青光眼视网膜中的表达变化及其可能作用,本实验用急性高眼压模型,结合免疫组织化学染色和Western blot检测了急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜中谷氨酰胺合成酶的表达。结果显示:正常视网膜中,谷氨酰胺合成酶免疫组织化学染色主要见于Muller细胞胞体;0 d组中,Muller细胞胞体染色稍淡,而内网层中表达增加,且呈明显的点状分布; 1d组、3 d组中Muller细胞胞体染色进一步变淡,但内网层中呈现弥散染色。至再灌第7 d、14 d,Muller细胞胞体又出现浓的染色。平均灰度值显示:与正常组相比,0 d组中谷氨酰胺合成酶表达有增加但差异无显著性;1 d组中表达显著增加,3 d组、7 d组表达逐渐减少,至第14 d时基本恢复正常。Western blot显示谷氨酰胺合成酶为一分子量约为45 kD的单一蛋白带,与其它组相比,1 d组中表达显著增加。提示:急性高眼压导致的视网膜缺血再灌早期,Muller细胞中谷氨酰胺合成酶的快速重新分布和表达上调可能加速了胞外谷氨酸的代谢,对缺血再灌条件下的视网膜特别是节细胞起到保护作用。     

兔视网膜中P物质样免疫反应神经元的发育

本实验用免疫细胞化学ABC法,研究了成年、新生和生后兔视网膜中P物质(SP)样免疫反应神经元的定位和发育。结果表明,成年兔视网膜SP样免疫反应细胞胞体位于内核层和节细胞层,胞突分布在内网层的第1、3、5亚层,偶见于视神经纤维层。细胞密度以视纹最高,从视纹向背腹视网膜边缘区密度渐变小。在新生兔视网膜已有SP阳性胞体和胞突出现,胞体主要位于节细胞层,突起在内网层第5亚层,但未形成连续网层,在第1亚层很少,第3亚层未见SP阳性突起。SP阳性细胞密度从新生到生后第4天增加,生后第6天到第12天细胞密度渐下降。生后第12天SP阳性胞体主要位于内核层。生后第20天,SP阳性细胞的形态、密度与分布已接近成年水平。上述结果提示,在兔视网膜中SP样免疫反应胞体和突起在生前已出现,生后继续发育,到生后20天后其形态发育已接近成熟。     

急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜葡萄糖转运因子-1的表达

目的:观察急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜葡萄糖转运因子-1(GLUT-1)的表达变化及其对视网膜损伤的影响.方法:利用急性高眼压大鼠模型,通过免疫组织化学和免疫印迹检测急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜GLUT-1蛋白的表达变化;Nissl染色观察视网膜神经细胞层次改变及节细胞数的变化.结果:正常视网膜血管内皮细胞有GLUT-1表达,急性高眼压后3h开始下调,6h达最低值,之后1d、3d、7d逐渐恢复至正常水平.Nissl染色结果显示急性高眼压后3h、6h和12 h视网膜节细胞数减少不明显,到1、3d,视网膜层次紊乱、变薄,节细胞数明显减少.结论:急性高眼压后早期大鼠视网膜GLUT-1表达下调,影响了视网膜葡萄糖的转运,这可能是视网膜结构紊乱,节细胞丢失的重要原因.     

穹窿海马伞损伤对大鼠学习记忆和海马GFAP阳性神经胶质细胞的影响

为探讨穹隆海马伞损伤鼠学习记忆能力与海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞之间的关系 ,切断 SD成年大鼠左侧穹窿海马伞 ,用 Y迷宫和免疫组织化学结合图像分析系统测试大鼠学习记忆能力和海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞的变化状况及它们的相互关系。结果显示 :损伤 2周后 ,损伤组损伤侧海马 CA1 区辐射层和齿状回分子层胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞的数密度较正常组分别增多 3 0 .2 9%和 3 0 .15 % (都为 P<0 .0 1) ,胞体面积分别增加 16.0 4%和 19.42 % (都为 P<0 .0 1) ,齿状回分子层胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞体密度增大 19.40 % (P<0 .0 5 )。经相关分析 ,大鼠学习记忆能力与海马 CA1 区胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞数密度呈负相关 (r=-0 .83 6,P<0 .0 1) ,与齿状回数密度呈负相关 (r=-0 .792 ,P<0 .0 1)。提示海马星形胶质细胞可能参与学习记忆过程     

Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hgs) is involved in BMP signaling through phosphorylation of SMADS and TAK1 in early mouse embryo

Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate that is encoded by Hgs promotes degradation of ubiquitinated signaling molecule in the early endosome. We previously reported that a targeted mutation in Hgs results in embryonic lethality soon after gastrulation in the mouse. Here, we report that downstream target genes for BMP signaling were highly down-regulated in the Hgs mutant embryos. We also showed that Hgs is required for phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 and TAK1/p38 to transduce BMP signaling. Furthermore, we found that HGS functions to localize TAK1 in early endosome for its activation. These results suggest that HGS is critical to localize TAK1 to early endosome for transducing BMP signaling for proper development. Our data revealed a new mechanism to modify BMP signaling by Hgs during early mouse development.     

Intracellular recycling and cross-presentation by MHC class I molecules

Cross-presentation of internalized antigens by dendritic cells requires efficient delivery of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules to peptide-loading compartments. Strong evidence suggests that such loading can occur outside of the endoplasmic reticulum; however, the trafficking pathways and sources of class I molecules involved are poorly understood. Examination of non-professional, non-phagocytic cells has revealed a clathrin-independent, Arf6-dependent recycling pathway likely traveled by internalized optimally loaded (closed) class I molecules. Some closed and all open MHC class I molecules travel to late endosomes to be degraded but might also partly be re-loaded with peptides and recycled. Studies of viral interference revealed pathways in which class I molecules are directed to degradation in lysosomes upon ubiquitination at the surface, or upon AP-1 and HIV-nef-dependent misrouting from the Golgi network to lysosomes. While many observations made in non-professional cells remain to be re-examined in dendritic cells, available evidence suggests that both recycling and neo-synthesized class I molecules can be loaded with cross-presented peptides. Recycling molecules can be recruited to phagosomes triggered by innate signals such as TLR4 ligands, and may therefore specialize in loading with phagocytosed antigens. In contrast, AP-1-dependent accumulation at, or trafficking through, a Golgi compartment of newly synthesized molecules appears to be important for cross-presentation of soluble proteins and possibly of long peptides that are processed in the so-called vacuolar pathway. However, significant cell biological work will be required to confirm this or any other model and to integrate knowledge on MHC class I biochemistry and trafficking in models of CD8⁺ T-cell priming by dendritic cells.     

Membrane dynamics in phagocytosis

Engulfment of particles by phagocytes involves remodeling of the plasma membrane. We review recent work that suggests that focal exocytosis of endomembranes plays an important role in pseudopod extension during phagocytosis.     

Mouse mammary tumor virus uses mouse but not human transferrin receptor 1 to reach a low pH compartment and infect cells

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a pH-dependent virus that uses mouse transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) for entry into cells. Previous studies demonstrated that MMTV could induce pH 5-dependent fusion-from-with of mouse cells. Here we show that the MMTV envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion requires both the entry receptor and low pH (pH 5). Although expression of the MMTV envelope and TfR1 was sufficient to mediate low pH-dependent syncytia formation, virus infection required trafficking to a low pH compartment; infection was independent of cathepsin-mediated proteolysis. Human TfR1 did not support virus infection, although envelope-mediated syncytia formation occurred with human cells after pH 5 treatment and this fusion depended on TfR1 expression. However, although the MMTV envelope bound human TfR1, virus was only internalized and trafficked to a low pH compartment in cells expressing mouse TfR1. Thus, while human TfR1 supported cell-cell fusion, because it was not internalized when bound to MMTV, it did not function as an entry receptor. Our data suggest that MMTV uses TfR1 for all steps of entry: cell attachment, induction of the conformational changes in Env required for membrane fusion and internalization to an appropriate acidic compartment.     

Identification of the B-cell epitopes of the early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1)

Early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) is a target autoantigen in patients diagnosed with neurological and other autoimmune conditions. Eighteen of 65 sera (28%) that displayed a vesicular cytoplasmic staining pattern also immunoprecipitated the recombinant EEA1. These 18 sera were selected for further clinical, serological and epitope mapping studies. Thirty-six percent of the 18 patients had neurological diseases. Seventeen sera (94%) reacted with the partial length EEA1 constructs that included the C-terminal zinc finger (+FYVE) and the methyl accepting domain (LeuMA: amino acids 82-1411) in an addressable laser bead assay suggesting that the assay may be used for rapid laboratory detection of anti-EEA1 antibodies. Three of seven sera selected for epitope mapping studies bound to EEA1 peptides represented by amino acids 1096-1125, and two reacted with peptides represented by amino acids 1296-1320. One serum reacted only with the C-terminal peptide 1096-1125. The remaining serum reacted with other EEA1 epitopes. This data was supported by the observations that all the sera immunoprecipitated the C-terminal +FYVE (EEA1 1064-1411) construct, a peptide that also contained the linear epitopes 1096-1140. The limited epitope mapping studies suggest that the sera from patients with non-neurological diseases recognized epitopes in the central and C-terminal EEA1 domains, whereas the patients with neurological disease recognized a more restricted set of epitopes in the C-terminal.     

Immunohistochemical characterization of the intracellular pool of water channel aquaporin-2 in the rat kidney

Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is a member of water channel proteins expressed in the kidney collecting duct cells, where it is stored in the intracellular compartment. Upon stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), AQP2 is recruited to the plasma membrane, and plays a critical role in urine concentration. We immunohistochemically characterized the intracellular compartment harboring AQP2 in the rat kidney using antibodies to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, lysosome, and endosome. Aquaporin-2 did not colocalize with calnexin, TGN38, Golgi 58K, cathepsin D or lgp-110. Small portions of AQP2-bearing vesicles were positive for early endosome antigen 1. These localization patterns were basically the same in water-loaded and ADH-treated animals. These results indicate that AQP2-bearing vesicles constitute a unique intracellular compartment distinct from the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network and lysosome. Partial colocalization of AQP2 with early endosomes suggests that the endosomal system might be involved in the trafficking of AQP2.     

Antibody-mediated enhancement of the rate, magnitude, and responsiveness of vesicular stomatitis virus induced alpha interferon production

A majority of adults without evidence of exposure to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) have serum IgG antibodies that interact with pro-inflammatory TLR7 in the presence of VSV, and enhance several aspects of VSV-induced IFN-alpha production. Enhancing IgG antibody enables human PBMC to make IFN-alpha more rapidly and in higher titers in response to a broad range of VSV-concentrations that include those too low to independently stimulate IFN-alpha production. These antibody-mediated functions compensate for the inherent delay in virus-induced IFN-alpha production in vitro, and have the potential to improve the in vivo IFN-alpha response and effectively terminate infection before the occurrence of clinically apparent disease. The frequent presence of enhancing antibody in persons without predictable VSV exposure has implications for naturally occurring infections with this and other viruses, and for the use of viruses as vaccine vectors and oncolytic agents.     

Roles for the recycling endosome, Rab8, and Rab11 in hantavirus release from epithelial cells

Hantavirus structural proteins are believed to localize to intracellular membranes often identified as Golgi membranes, in virus-infected cells. After virus budding into the Golgi luminal space, virus-containing vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane via trafficking pathways that are not well defined. Using the New World hantavirus, Andes virus, we have investigated the role of various Rab proteins in the release of hantavirus particles from infected cells. Rabs 8 and 11 were found to colocalize with Andes virus proteins in virus infected cells and when expressed from cDNA, implicating the recycling endosome as an organelle important for hantavirus infection. Small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of Rab11a alone or Rab11a and Rab11b together resulted in a decrease in infectious virus particle secretion from infected cells. Downregulation of Rab8a did not alter infectious virus release but reduction of both isoforms did. These data implicate the recycling endosome and the Rab proteins associated with vesicular transport to or from this intracellular organelle as an important pathway for hantavirus trafficking to the plasma membrane.     

Generation of Rab-based transgenic lines for in vivo studies of endosome biology in zebrafish

The Rab family of small GTPases function as molecular switches regulating membrane and protein trafficking. Individual Rab isoforms define and are required for specific endosomal compartments. To facilitate in vivo investigation of specific Rab proteins, and endosome biology in general, we have generated transgenic zebrafish lines to mark and manipulate Rab proteins. We also developed software to track and quantify endosome dynamics within time-lapse movies. The established transgenic lines ubiquitously express EGFP fusions of Rab5c (early endosomes), Rab11a (recycling endosomes), and Rab7 (late endosomes) to study localization and dynamics during development. Additionally, we generated UAS-based transgenic lines expressing constitutive active (CA) and dominant-negative (DN) versions for each of these Rab proteins. Predicted localization and functional consequences for each line were verified through a variety of assays, including lipophilic dye uptake and Crumbs2a localization. In summary, we have established a toolset for in vivo analyses of endosome dynamics and functions.     

Internalization of Aquaporin‐4 After Collagenase‐Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Brain edema formation following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) appears to be related with aquaporin‐4 (AQP4), which is critically involved in brain volume homeostasis and water balance. Despite its importance, the regulation of AQP4 expression involved in transmembrane water movements still remains rudimentary. Many studies suggest that the internalization of several membrane‐bound proteins, including AQP4, may occur with or without lysosomal degradation. Previously, we investigated the internalization of AQP4 in retinal ischemic‐reperfusion model. Here, we test the hypothesis that AQP4 is internalized post‐ICH and then degraded in the lysosome. The results demonstrated that both AQP4 and the mannose‐6‐phosphate receptor (MPR) co‐localized in perihematomal region at 6 hr post‐ICH. In addition, AQP4 and lysosomal‐associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) also co‐localized in perihematomal region, with co‐expression increasing followed by a gradual decrease at different time windows post‐ICH (6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr). After ICH, the Evans blue leakage happened very early at 1 hr and the brain swelling occurred at 3 hr. Moreover, we also found the AQP4 mRNA and AQP4 protein were increased post‐ICH. These results suggest that AQP4 is internalized and the lysosome is involved in degrading the internalized AQP4 post‐ICH. Both the AQP4 internalization and lysosomal degradation may provide biophysical insights regarding the potential of new treatments for brain edema. Anat Rec, 298:554–561, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.