机械合金化制备Mg76-xTi12Ni12Mnx（x=2,4,6,8）合金及其贮氢性能研究

利用机械合金化法制备了Mg76-xTi12Ni12Mnx(x=2,4,6,8)合金,并研究了Mn添加量对合金贮氢性能的影响。结果表明,在Mg76-xTi12Ni12Mnx(x=2,4,6,8)合金中合金相主要由Mg2Ni和Ti2Ni相组成,合金最大贮氢量分别为3.47%、3.32%、3.60%和3.11%(质量分数,下同),合金氢化物的分解热依次为-79.2kJ/mol、-78.0kJ/mol、-73.7kJ/mol和-73.6kJ/mol,添加Mn可降低合金氢化物的稳定性,改善其热力学性能,非晶化不利于提高合金的贮氢性能。     

Mg87-xNi12MoGx复合储氢材料的机械合金化制备

介绍了用机械合金化制备的Mg87-xNi12MoGx(G代表石墨)系列复合储氢材料.对相同球磨条件但不同配比的原料进行球磨后所获得的样品进行了扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析,并对其储氢量进行了初步的测试.发现材料不需活化即可吸氢,且有的材料的储氢量在423K、2MPa的条件就可达到5.6%(质量分数)左右.     

机械化学合成Ni2Al3/Al2O3去合金化制备Raney-Ni/Al2O3复合粉体

以NiO粉和Al粉为原料,采用机械球磨诱发化学反应制备了Ni_2Al_3/Al_2O_3复合粉体。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和附带能量色散谱仪(EDS)的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合粉体球磨过程中的固态反应过程、表面形貌进行表征。将Ni_2Al_3/Al_2O_3复合粉体用浓度为20%的NaOH溶液腐蚀2h,可得到纳米晶结构的Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉体。利用XRD和TEM对其物相和结构进行了表征。结果表明,球磨1h后混合粉末仍为NiO粉和Al粉,球磨3h后NiO粉和Al粉在机械力的作用下反应形成Ni_2Al_3和Al_2O_3粉体,机械力诱发的NiO和Al之间的反应属于突发型反应,继续球磨10h后形成Ni_2Al_3/Al_2O_3复合粉体。Ni_2Al_3/Al_2O_3复合粉体在70℃、质量比为20%NaOH溶液中刻蚀2h,可获得Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉体。     

机械合金化-放电等离子烧结Al2Cu颗粒增强Al基复合材料的制备

以Al粉和Cu粉为原料,采用机械合金化(MA)和放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺,原位合成了致密的Al₂Cu/Al块体复合材料,着重研究了MA过程中粉末的形貌、尺寸和物相结构的变化以及SPS后复合材料的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明: 在MA过程中,随着MA时间延长,部分Cu原子逐渐固溶于Al原子晶格中,形成均匀过饱和的固溶体Al(Cu);在SPS过程中,Cu从过饱和固溶体中析出并与Al反应形成Al₂Cu颗粒,且弥散分布于Al基体中,形成Al₂Cu/Al复合材料;Al₂Cu/Al复合材料的致密度高达98.7%,室温下的压缩断裂强度为611.3 MPa,延伸率为9.6%,具有良好的力学性能。     

高场磁体用Nb3Al超导线材研究进展

Nb3Al超导体的超导转变温度(Tc)和上临界磁场(Hc2)与Nb3Sn类似,但具有更好的应力应变容许特性和高场临界电流密度(Jc)。因此,被认为是下一代高场磁体应用的理想材料。目前国际上报道的Nb3Al超导线材单根长度可以达到2.6 km;在4.2 K和15 T条件下,Jc达到1 000 A/mm2;但是由于制备工艺的复杂性,目前仍然无法实现大规模工业化应用。首先阐述了Nb3Al超导材料的基本特性,如Nb/Al扩散间距小、二者硬度匹配性小和低温热处理导致Al含量偏离化学计量比等,以及由此带来的材料加工和热处理方面的难点;系统介绍了近年来针对Nb3Al超导长线性能提升,在前驱体制备工艺、热处理工艺和表面覆Cu工艺方面的研究进展,并对不同的工艺进行了比较分析,重点讨论了线材制备过程中存在的关键性难点问题;最后,对Nb3Al超导材料的发展趋势进行了展望。     

碳纤维复合Si3N4陶瓷材料的制备及性能研究（英文）

为研究碳纤维(Cf)加入量对复合材料性能的影响,本研究以Y2O3为烧结助剂,采用热压烧结技术制备了Cf/Si3N4复合材料,其中碳纤维加入量为0、2wt%和5wt%。选用乙醇作分散介质,通过球磨工艺可有效分散短切碳纤维。研究结果表明:碳纤维在复合材料中分散均匀,且材料中的晶粒在垂直于热压压力的方向呈现一定取向排列。高温烧结过程中,碳纤维与Si3N4或其表面的SiO2层发生反应,生成SiC中间层。适量碳纤维加入有助于提高复合材料的热导性能。当Cf加入量为2wt%时,Cf/Si3N4的热导率较高,为45.8 W/(m K);而不添加Cf的样品,其热导率为37.1 W/(m K)。加入Cf后,Cf/Si3N4的断裂韧性有小幅提高,维氏硬度在16.6~16.8 GPa范围内变化。     

微波法合成锑掺杂SnO2电极（英文）

提出了一种新的氧化物电极制备方法:微波热解法.分别采用微波热解法及刷涂热解法来制备电极.通过SEM、XRD、强化寿命、线性扫描等测试手段对两种电极进行了比较.以酸性红G为目标物考察两种电极的电催化性能.与传统刷涂热解法相比,微波热解法所需操作时间较少(2 h),操作步骤及强度也较低.结果表明,新方法制备得到的电极在表面形貌、氧化物晶型、电极稳定性、氧析出电位及电催化性能等方面,相比于传统方法制备的电极,均有一定程度的提升.     

高比容纳米Ni（OH）2的制备及其电化学电容性能

以草酸和乙酸镍为原料,通过低温固相法合成前驱体(NiC2O4.2H2O)粉末。用此前驱体粉末与固态NaOH混合并充分研磨制得纳米Ni(OH)2粉末。经SEM、XRD测试表明,制得的纳米Ni(OH)2粉末是平均粒径约为12nm的β-Ni(OH)2。用循环伏安法、恒流充放电测试和交流阻抗谱研究Ni(OH)2电极的电化学电容特性。结果表明在电流密度为1A.g-1时,其比电容高达2271F.g-1,且经多次循环后表现出较好的循环稳定性能。     

超重力下燃烧合成大体积凝固态Al2O3/ZrO2（4Y）研究

通过在铝热剂中引入ZrO2(4Y)混合粉末,以超重力下燃烧合成方式,制备出Al2O3/ZrO2(4Y)自生复合陶瓷板材,并研究了复合陶瓷微观结构、生长机理与力学性能.XRD、SEM与EDS结果显示,Al2O3/32%ZrO2(4Y)复合陶瓷基体为亚微米t-ZrO2纤维成三角对称分布其上、取向各异的棒状共晶团,而Al2O3/37%ZrO2(4Y)复合陶瓷则以分布均匀的微米级t-ZrO2球晶为基体.Al2O3/32%ZrO2(4Y)复合陶瓷的强化归因于小尺寸共晶团边界及残余压应力增韧、相变增韧机制引发的高断裂韧性所致;同时,细小t-ZrO2球晶所具有的小尺寸缺陷及相变增韧与微裂纹增韧机制所引发的高断裂韧性也使Al2O3/37%ZrO2(4Y)复合陶瓷得以强化.     

Ba掺杂对稀土硼化物GdB6结构,晶粒取向和热发射性能的影响（英文）

采用反应放电等离子烧结技术,以BaH2,GdH2纳米粉和B粉为原料,成功制备了多晶稀土硼化物(BaxGd1-x)B6(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.8).采用XRD、EBSD技术研究了掺杂元素Ba对GdB6晶体结构及晶粒取向的影响,并测量不同温度下的热发射性能.结果表明,所有烧结样品与传统烧结方法相比,具有高致密度(>97%)和很高的维氏硬度(2070 kg/mm2).GdB6在1873 K时,最大发射电流密度为11 A/cm2,该值远高于传统方法制备的电流密度值.随着Ba含量的增加,发射电流密度从11 A/cm2减小到2.25 A/cm2.     

NiAl／TiB2纳米复合材料的机械合金化合成

ＮｉＡｌ／ＴｉＢ２纳米复合材料可以通过室温球磨元素粉末而合成。其反应生成机理属于爆炸反应生成模式，并包含着两个独立的化学反应，即Ｎｉ＋Ａｌ→ＮｉＡｌ，Ｔｉ＋２Ｂ→ＴｉＢ２。巨大的生成热是反应进行的驱动力。     

Synthesis of Fe-substituted CoSb3-based skutterudite Co4? x Fe x Sb12 by mechanical alloying-hot pressing-annealing

Mechanical alloying and preparation of Fesubstituted CoSb₃-based skutterudite Co_4−x Fe _x Sb₁₂ (x⩽1) were studied. All the compositions showed similar kinetics in mechanical alloying, where the skutterudite phase was kinetically more favorable than CoSb₂ phase initially. Then the latter became the strongest phase when milling time was increased. A single phase skutterudite structure could not be obtained via mechanical alloying. Hot pressing on powders milled for 10 hours yielded mostly skutterudite phase as well as minor residual Sb impurity, and single phase skutterudite compounds were finally obtained for Co_4−x Fe _x Sb₁₂ (x⩽0.65) after annealing at 650°C for 48 hours. The maximal solubility for Fe substitution seemed to be reached at x = 0.65. Translated from Journal of Materials Science & Engineering, 2006, 24(6): 801–804 (in Chinese)     

纳米晶粉末Mn70Bi30的机械合金化合成

采用机械合金化的方法制备出Ｍｎ７０Ｂｉ３０纳米晶粉末，通过Ｘ射线衍射和饱和磁经强度的测量，研究了球磨过程中样品的结构和磁性能的变化，Ｘ射线衍射的测量结果表明，Ｂｉ在Ｍｎ中的固溶度随球磨时的增加而增加，球磨８０ｈ后Ｂｉ的固溶度趋于稳定，此时粉末的晶粒尺寸达到１４ｎｍ，球磨初期，样品的饱和性磁化强度（σｓ）随球磨时间的增加而增加，球磨１５ｈ，σｓ从零曾加到最大值，之后，σ随球磨时间的中而减小，饱和磁化     

Upper Critical Field Hc2 on c Axis of Ag/Bi-2223 Polycrystal Tape

The upper critical field H _c2, based on Ginzburg–Landau theory at medial magnetic fields, can be calculated from the relationship of the magnetization intensity M(H) versus magnetic field H if M is linear with ln₀ H. For Ag/Bi-2223 tapes, the measured M(H) was found to be linear with ln₀ H. In this case, the values of H _c2(T) may in principle be determined. To do this, we will meet another problem in that the obliquity of crystal planes is not equal for different grains in tapes, and values of grain-oblique angle will appear in the calculated H _c2. Obviously, for Ag/Bi-2223 tapes is an uncertain parameter and hard to determine. To avoid the effects of , we only study the H _c2 in the c axis direction and the projections of H onto the c axis is taken as the actual applied fields. Thus, the effects of grain-oblique angle may be counteracted when measuring critical current density J, if the external magnetic fields are applied to the tape along both the parallel to and perpendicular to the c axes directions (on the narrow surfaces of the tape). On medial fields (H = 0 – 3 T), the upper critical fields H _c2(T) on c axis for the Ag/Bi-2223 tape are obtained and fitted as ₀ H _c2(T) = 830 e ^–0.07T . The average slope d[₀ H _c2(T)]/dT – 8T/K is found to be as large as that of Bi-2212. On extrapolating the relation to T = 0 K, the value of ₀ H _c2(0) 800T. The coherence length _ab is determined from H _c2(c), and _ab (0) = 0.63 nm at T = 0 K.     

机械合金化制备NiAl(Cr,Nb)粉体

采用机械合金化的方法制备NiAl(Cr,Nb)金属间化合物粉末。以Ni、Al、Cr和Nb的粉末为原料,按原子分数Ni-38Al-5Nb-5Cr配比,研究其机械合金化过程,并采用XRD,SEM,DSC等分析手段对粉末的结构、颗粒形貌及热稳定性能等进行表征。结果表明:复合粉末在球磨10h后初步合成了NiAl(Cr,Nb),随球磨时间的延长,粉末有细化的趋势,最终产物多为规则的近球形。     

粉末冶金(FeNiMnAl_(x))_(50)Cu_(50)中熵合金的微观组织与力学性能EI北大核心CSCD

对物理法制备的再生铜合金粉末进一步合金化,通过机械合金化(MA)结合放电等离子烧结(SPS)的方法制备了(Fe_(40)Ni_(40)Mn_(20))_(50)Cu_(50),(Fe_(38)Ni_(38)Ni_(38)Mn_(19)Al_(5))_(50)Cu_(50),(Fe_(36)Ni_(36)Mn_(18)Al_(10))50 Cu_(50)和(Fe_(32)Ni_(32)Mn_(16)Al_(20))_(50)Cu_(50)四种中熵合金块体,并研究了Al元素的含量对中熵合金微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:在高能球磨60 h之后合金粉末完成合金化,四种中熵合金粉末均形成单一FCC相的过饱和固溶体且有微量WC杂质。经SPS烧结后,(Fe_(40)Ni_(40)Mn_(20))_(50)Cu_(50),(Fe_(38)Ni_(38)Mn_(19)Al_(5))_(50)Cu_(50)和(Fe_(36)Ni_(36)Mn_(18)Al_(10))50 Cu_(50)形成了由富Cu的FCC1相和富Fe-Ni的FCC2相组成的双相FCC结构,并具有超细晶+微米晶的多尺度结构;而(Fe_(32)Ni_(32)Mn_(16)Al_(20))_(50)Cu_(50)由富Cu的FCC主相和少量富Fe-Mn的FCC2相及富Ni-Al的BCC相(B2)组成。随着Al含量的提高,四种中熵合金的塑性逐渐降低,而强度和硬度逐渐提高。(Fe_(40)Ni_(40)Mn_(20))_(50)Cu_(50)合金的压缩屈服强度、抗压强度和维氏硬度分别为878 MPa,1257 MPa和248.5HV。与(Fe_(40)Ni_(40)Mn_(20))_(50)Cu_(50)相比,(Fe_(32)Ni_(32)Mn_(16)Al_(20))_(50)Cu_(50)的压缩屈服强度和硬度分别提高了50.1%和50.4%,断裂应变由19.55%下降至8.31%。     

Fe置换CoSb3基Skutterudite化合物Co4-xFexSb12的机械合金化-热压-退火制备工艺研究

研究了Fe置换CoSb3基Skutterudite化合物Co4-xFexSb12(x≤1)的机械合金化及其制备工艺.在研究的成分范围内,所有的成分显示出相似的机械合金化动力学过程,初期Skutterudite相比(Co/Fe)Sb2相更易于形成,但随球磨时间进一步延长,(Co/Fe)Sb2相逐渐成为最强相.通过机械合金化不能得到单相的Skutterudite结构.球磨10小时的粉末经过热压成形后,大部分已转变为Skutterudite相,但仍有少量残存的Sb杂质.热压后进一步在650℃退火48小时后,得到了基本为单相的Skutterudite结构化合物Co4-xFexSb12(x≤0.65),且x=0.65时基本达到了Fe的置换固溶度.     

Comparative Study of Dense Bulk MgB2 Materials Prepared by Different Methods

We report on the results of a comparative investigation of highly dense bulk MgB₂ samples prepared by three methods: (i) hot deformation; (ii) high pressure sintering; and (iii) mechanical alloying of Mg and B powders with subsequent hot compaction. All types of samples were studied by AC susceptibility, DC magnetization, and resistivity measurements in magnetic fields up to ₀ H = 160 kOe. A small but distinct anisotropy of the upper critical field connected with some texture of MgB₂ grains was found for the hot deformed samples. The samples prepared by high pressure sintering as well as by mechanical alloying show improved superconducting properties, including high upper critical fields H _c2 (₀ H _c2 (0) 23 T), irreversibility fields H _irr which are strongly shifted towards higher values H _irr(T) 0.8 H _c2(T) and high critical current J _c (J _c = 10⁵ A/cm² at 20 K and 1 T).     

Synthesis and characterization of (Na0.85K0.15)0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics by different methods

The (Na_0.85K_0.15)_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ (BNKT) powders were synthesized by solid-state method, sol-gel method and stearic acid method. Microstructure, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the ceramics were investigated. Attempts had been made to understand the reaction processes by using thermo gravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The BNKT powders have a perovskite structure with average crystallite sizes of 168 nm, 85 nm and 79 nm, corresponding to the solid-state method, the sol-gel method and the stearic acid method, respectively. The ceramics derived from the powder synthesized by sol-gel method presents the most homogeneous microstructure and largest grain size (5-7 μm). The effects of average crystallite size on microstructures and electric properties of the BNKT ceramics were investigated. Both the piezoelectric properties and dielectric properties were enhanced with the increase of grain size.     

Synthesis of MoSi2–Al2O3 nanocomposite by mechanical alloying

MoSi₂–Al₂O₃ nanocomposite was synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) of MoO₃, SiO₂ and Al powder mixture. The structural evolution of the powders was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Both β-MoSi₂ and -MoSi₂ were obtained after 3 h of milling. The spontaneous formation of β-MoSi₂ during milling proceeded by a mechanically induced self propagating reaction (MSR), analogous to that of the self propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS). After 70 h of milling the β-phase transformed to -phase. The crystallite size of -MoSi₂ and Al₂O₃ after milling for 100 h was 12 and 17 nm, respectively. Residual Mo and Si in the 3 and 70 h milled samples formed β-MoSi₂ and Mo₅Si₃ during heating at 1000 °C, respectively.