Preparation technology and magnetic properties of Nd9.5Fe77B6Co5Zr2.5 nanocomposite magnets

The preparation technology and magnetic properties of Nd9.5Fe77B6Co5Zr2.5 nanocomposite magnets were investigated by melt spinning and crystallization process. The nonuniform composition and grain size can be induced by nanocomposite magnet prepared by arc-melt-spinning process, which will decrease the magnetic properties. These can be avoided by modification of preparing process. Induction-melt-spinning furnace was designed successfully and applied to prepare nanocomposite magnets. The bonded magnet with Br=0.736, Hcb=418 kA/m, Hcj=630 kA/m, Mr/Ms=0.7 and （BH）max=82.4 kJ/m^3 was prepared by this technology.     

Microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered CeCo4.3252-xCu0.675Fex magnets

Anisotropic CeC o4.325-xCu0.675Fex(x = 0.475-0.875) sintered magnets were prepared by traditional powder metallurgical method. Influence of ball-milling time and iron content on microstructure and magnetic properties of the CeC o4.325-xCu0.675 Fexsintered magnets were investigated. It is shown that the properties of the magnet produced by magnetic powders ball-milled for 40 min are better than that for 30 min. With iron content increasing, remanence Brand maximum energy product(BH)mincrease first and then decrease.The optimal magnetic properties are obtained for the CeC o3.65Cu0.675Fe0.675 sintered magnet: Br= 0.685 T, the intrinsic coercivity Hci= 350 kA ám-1, and(BH)m=85.6 kJ ám-3. The increase of Bris mainly influenced by iron content of 1:5 matrix which can properly increase the saturation induction Bs; the rapid increase of the amount of Ce-rich phase and 5:19 phase gives rise to the deterioration of the magnets when x C 0.775.     

Microstructures and magnetic properties of Ce32.15Co49.36Cu9.84Fe9.65 magnet sintered at different temperatures

The microstructures and magnetic properties of Ce32.15Co49.36Cu9.84Fe9.65 magnet sintered at the temperatures ranging from 1005 to 1105 ℃ were investigated.The results on scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis indicate that the remanence Br of the magnets is mainly influenced by the degree of the easy-axis orientation when sintering temperature is less than 1085 ℃,the rapidly increasing amount of the secondly phase (5∶19 phase) gives rise to the deterioration of the magnetic properties of the magnet above 1085 ℃.Moreover,it is found that intrinsic coercivity Hci is strongly related to the content of copper in the matrix of the sintered magnets.The optimal sintering temperature is located in 1025～1055 ℃,the corresponding magnetic properties of the magnets are Br=0.685 T,Hci=350 kA·m-1,and maximum energy product (BH)m=85.6 kJ.m-3.     

Coercivity,microstructure,and thermal stability of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by grain boundary diffusion with TbH_3 nanoparticles

Grain boundary diffusion technique with TbH_3 nanoparticles was applied to fabricate Tb-less sintered NdFe-B permanent magnets with high coercivity. The magnetic properties and microstructure of magnets were systematically studied. The coercivity and remanence of grain boundary diffusion magnet are improved by 112% and reduced by 26% compared with those of the original magnet, respectively. Meanwhile, both the remanence temperature coefficient(α) and the coercivity temperature coefficient(β) of the magnets are improved after diffusion treatment. Microstructure shows that Tb element enriches in the surface region of Nd_2Fe_(14)B grains and is expected to exist as(Nd,Tb)_2Fe_(14)B phase. Thus, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy field of the magnet improves remarkably. As a result, the sintered Nd-FeB magnets by grain boundary diffusion with TbH_3 nanoparticles exhibit enhanced coercivity.     

High-temperature magnetic properties of anisotropic MnBi/NdFeB hybrid bonded magnets

Anisotropic Mn Bi/Nd Fe B(Mn Bi contents of0 wt%, 20 wt%, 40 wt%, 60 wt%, 80 wt%, and 100 wt%)hybrid bonded magnets were prepared by molding compression using Mn Bi powders and commercial hydrogenation disproportionation desorption and recombination(HDDR) Nd Fe B powders. Magnetic measurements at room temperature show that with Mn Bi content increasing, the magnetic properties of the Mn Bi/Nd Fe B hybrid bonded magnets all decrease gradually, while the density of the hybrid magnets improves almost linearly. In a temperature range of 293–398 K, the coercivity temperature coefficient of the hybrid magnets improves gradually from-0.59 %áK~(-1)for the pure Nd Fe B bonded magnet to-0.32 %áK~(-1)for the hybrid bonded magnet with 80 wt%Mn Bi, and the pure Mn Bi bonded magnet exhibits a positive coercivity temperature coefficient of 0.61 %áK~(-1).     

Enhancement of magnetic properties of hot pressed/die-upset Dy-free Nd-Fe-B magnets with Cu/Nd coating by wet process

A grain boundary diffusion process(GBDP) was adopted to improve magnetic properties of Dy-free highly coercive Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet by coating thin layers of Nd and Cu in grain boundaries.For GBDP of Nd and Cu,Nd and Cu were coated by wet process,e.g.,electrochemical and electroless on Nd-Fe-B magnets,which was fabricated by hot-deformed/die-upset with meltspun specimen.Heat treatment was performed for 20 min at 600℃followed by several different cooling conditions.The cooling conditions after heat treatment were varied to understand distribution and micros tructural effects of Nd and Cu species in grain boundaries.The coercivity increased from 1.565 to 1.637 T in oil cooling rate but remanence decreased,while remanence jumped with little decrease in coercivity in furnace cooling.Micros tructure analyses suggested that the coercivity was closely related to the cooling rate as well as distribution of Nd.The mechanism of coercivity enhancement due to the cooling rate was discussed based on the results presented here and those in the literature.     

HOT DEFORMATION OF CAST Pr-Fe-B MAGNETS

The hot deformation process of cast Pr_(19)Fe_(74.5)B_5Cu_(1.5) magnets were studied.It isfound that the easy-axes are aligned parallel to the compressive strain direction in vari-ous hot deformation process.During hot deformation,the crushing of Pr_2Fe_(14)B matrixgrains and the relative slip and rotation between the grains take place and the Pr-richmelt is squeezed out of the magnet,leading to a fine,dense and well-aligned microstruc-ture in the fully-deformed magnets.Magnetic properties of B_r=990 mT,_iH_c=880kA/m and(BH)_m=191 kJ/m~3are obtained.The increase of coercivity is attributed tothe fine Pr_2Fe_(14)B grains and the thin Pr-rich phase layer continuously distributed atthe grain boundaries.The increasing remanence is resulted primarily from the develop-ment of the easy-axis alignment as well as from the densification of the Pr_2Fe_(14)B matrix.The easy-axis alignment is developed by the relative slip and rotation of the crushedPr_2Fe_(14)B grains.A full and slow hot deformation is necessary for the good easy-axisalighnment and high magnetic properties.     

Magnetic properties of Nd_2Fe_(14)B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets with yttrium addition

The phase evolution and magnetic properties of Nd9?xYxFe72Ti2Zr2B15 (x = 0,0.5,1,and 2) melt-spun nanocomposite ribbons were studied.It is found that Y addition not only enhances the formability of amorphous phase in the alloy,but also stabilizes the amorphous phase during the annealing treatment.The appropriate content of Y addition effectively enhances the remanence (Jr) of the annealed sample.The residual amorphous intergranular phase in the annealed sample optimizes the squareness of the loop,resulting in an larger maximum energy product (BH)max.The best magnetic properties,Jr = 0.78 T,Hci (coercivity) = 923.4 kA/m,and (BH)max = 98.5 kJ/m3,were obtained from the Nd8YFe72Ti2Zr2B15 ribbon spun at Vs = 4 m/s and annealed at 700°C for 10 min,which is composed of Nd2Fe14B,α-Fe,and amorphous phase.     

Microstructure of Sm2Co17 magnets and its influence on coercivity

Sm(CobklFe0.197Cu0.049Zr0.026)7.5 magnet with Hci of 2105 kA/m and β18-200℃ of - 0.17 % /℃ was made by sintering processing. The magnet has uniform celluler structure. The cell interior is a rhombohedarl 2 : 17 phase,and the boundary is a hexagonal 1 : 5 phase. The average cell size is 93 nm and the cell boundary thickness is 20 nm.The cells are enriched in Fe, and the cell boundaries are enriched in Cu. More Cu-riched 1 : 5 cell boundary phase would be helpful to obtain a higher coercivity and lower temperature coefficient. White secondary phase mainly consisting of Sm can decrease the coercivity of the magnets, but the closely paralleled grooves can increase coercivity.     

Influence of zirconium addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties of nanocomposite Nd10.1Fe78.2-xCo5ZrxB6.7 permanent magnets

Nanocomposite Nd10.1Fe78.2-xCo5ZrxB6.7 （x= 0, 1.5, 2.5, 2.7, 3, 4） permanent magnets were prepared by melt-spun and annealing. The microstructure and magnetic properties of the permanent magnets were investigated. The resuits reveal that the addition of Zr element significantly reduces the grain size and improves the thermal stability of the amorphous phase. A fme nanocomposite microstructure with an average grain size of about 35 nm can be developed at a wheel speed of 16 m·s^-1 with the content of Zr up to 2.7 at.%. After optimal annealing （710℃ x 4 min）, the magnetic properties of the Ndl0.1Fe75.5Co5Zr2.TB6.7 bonded magnets were achieved as follows： Br= 0.72 T, jHc = 769 kA·m^-1, and （BH）max = 85.0 kJ·m^-3.     

Low-cost Sm_(0.7)Y_(0.3)Co_5 sintered magnet produced by traditional powder metallurgical techniques

RCo_5(R=rare earth) sintered magnets have good temperature stability,so it is still widely used in high temperature field.In this paper,by the method of adding liquid phase SmCo_(1.7) to the main phase,Sm_(0.7)Y_(0.3)Co_5 magnet was prepared by traditional powder metallurgical process.The results show the presence of a main phase RCo_5,a minor phase R_2 Co_7,and a R-rich phase in the magnet.Contrasting the results of the XRD(X-ray diffraction) in random and oriented directions,the magnet has a well-aligned(00l) orientated texture,which is consistent with the result of the electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).The Sm_(0.7)Y_(0.3)Co_5 sintered magnet has good magnetic properties as remanence(Br) is 0.96 T,the coercivity(H_(cj)) is 1201.96 kA·m~(-1),and maximum magnetic energy product((BH)_(max)) is 175.16 kJ m~(-3).     

Crystallization behavior of melt—spun NdFeB permanent magnets

The crystallization behavior of melt-spun Nd8.5Fe78Co5Cu1Nb1B6.5 ribbons was investigated using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and X-ray diffractometry(XRD).It was found that the as-spun ribbons crystallize in two steps:at first the Nd3Fe62B14 α-Fe phases are formed and subsequently Nd3Fe62B4 transformed to Nd2Fe14B and α-Fe upon heating above 680℃.The effective activation energy of two crystallization peaks are 332.0kJ/mol and 470.5kJ/mol,respectively,As the wheel speed increases,the magnetic properties of the magnet change obviously,When the wheel speed is 18m/s,the best magnetic properties of the magnet was obtained after the sample was annealed at 690℃ for 8 min:Br=0.74T,iHc=421.7kA/m,(BH)max=64.5kJ/m^3.     

Phase composition and magnetic properties of Pr-Nd-MM-Fe-B nanocrystalline magnets prepared by spark plasma sintering

The isotropic nanocrystalline [(PrNd)_(0.8)MM_(0.2)]_(29.8)Fe_(68.7)Al_(0.1)Cu_(0.12)Co_(0.88)B magnets(MM:mischmetal) were prepared by single-main phase and double-main phase methods using spark plasma sintering(SPS).Melt-spinning method was used to prepare initial powder and avoid component deviations caused by longtime ball milling.The magnetic properties of the magnet prepared by double-main phase method(called double-main phase magnet,DMP magnet) are remanence of B_r=0.75 T,intrinsic coercivity of H_(cj)=909.83 kA·m~(-1),maximum magnetic energy product of(BH)_(max)=95.48 kJ·m~(-3),which are better than those of the magnet prepared by single-main phase method(called singlemain phase magnet,SMP magnet).The diffraction peaks of the main phase of DMP magnet split in X-ray diffractometer(XRD) pattern,indicating that R_2 Fe_(14)B phases with different distributions of La/Ce elements exist in the magnet.This speculation is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) observation.The La/Ce-rich main phase and La/Celean main phase are present in DMP magnets.The heterogeneity of rare earth elements suppresses the magnetic dilution effect in DMP magnet,and the magnetic properties are improved.Though the DMP magnet contains different main phases,it presents unitary Curie temperature(T_C) of 577 K,which is higher than that of SMP magnet.This result suggests that the T_C of the magnets can be promoted by double-main phase method and SPS.     

Effects of rare-earth elements on the glass-forming ability and mechanical properties of Cu46Zr47-xAl7Mx (M = Ce, Pr, Tb, and Gd) bulk metallic glasses

Cu46Zr47-xAl7Mx(M = Ce,Pr,Tb,and Gd) bulk metallic glassy(BMG) alloys were prepared by copper-mold vacuum suction casting.The effects of rare-earth elements on the glass-forming ability(GFA),thermal stability,and mechanical properties of Cu46Zr47-xAl7Mx were investigated.The GFA of Cu46Zr47-xAl7Mx(M = Ce,Pr) alloys is dependent on the content of Ce and Pr,and the optimal content is 4.at %.Cu46Zr47-xAl7Tbx(x = 2,4,and 5) amorphous alloys with a diameter of 5 mm can be prepared.The GFA of Cu46Zr47-xAl7Gdx(x = 2,4,and 5) increases with increasing Gd.Tx and Tp of all decrease.Tg is dependent on the rare-earth element and its content.△Tx for most of these alloys decreases except the Cu46Zr42Al7Gd5 alloy.The activation energies △Eg,△Ex,and △Ep for the Cu46Zr42Al7Gd5 BMG alloy with Kissinger equations are 340.7,211.3,and 211.3 kJ/mol,respectively.These values with Ozawa equations are 334.8,210.3,and 210.3 kJ/mol,respectively.The Cu46Zr45Al7Tb2 alloy presents the highest microhardness,Hv 590,while the Cu46Zr43Al7Pr4 alloy presents the least,Hv 479.The compressive strength(σc.f.) of the Cu46Zr43Al7Gd4 BMG alloy is higher than that of the Cu46Zr43Al7Tb4 BMG alloy.     

Low remanence temperature coefficient Sm_(1-x)Er_x(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)_z magnets operating up to 400℃

Er-doped Sm_(1-x)Er_x(Co_(bal)Fe_(0.15)Cu_(0.08)Zr_(0.03))_(7.8)(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3) magnets with a low remanence temperature coefficient were prepared by powder metallurgy method.The influence of Er content on the remanence and microstructure was investigated.X-ray diffractometer(XRD) analysis showed that the magnets with different Er contents consist of 2:17 R phase and 1:5 H phase.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analysis showed that the composition of the matrix is consistent with stoichiometric composition and no obvious precipitated phase appears.With the increase in doped Er amount,the temperature stability of Sm_(1-x)Er_x(Co_(bal)Fe_(0.15)Cu_(0.08)Zr_(0.03))_(7.8)(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3) is getting better.When x is up to 0.3,the magnets with a low remanence temperature coefficient are obtained and the remanence descends tardily from 0.86 to 0.80 T as the temperature rises from room temperature to 400℃.These results indicate that Er substitution for Sm in SmCobased permanent magnets together with optimal composition and proper heat treatment could achieve a desired magnetic performance combined with high thermal stability.     

Microstructure and thermal expansion of copper-based amorphous alloys during structural relaxation

(Cu43Zr48Al9)98Y2 amorphous alloy bar was prepared by the arc melting copper mold absorption casting method,and then,the amorphous alloy was annealed at different temperatures for different times.The influence of heating rate on thermal expansion and thermal stability was studied by thermomechanical analysis(TMA),and the microstructure evolution of the amorphous alloy during structural relaxation and crystallization was studied by XRD and TEM.Results show that the structural evolution behavior of the(Cu43Zr48Al9)98Y2 amorphous alloy can be divided into five different stages(structural relaxation preparation stage,structural relaxation stage,first crystallization stage,second crystallization stage,and grain growth stage).When the heating rate is 20 K/min,the amorphous alloy has the smallest thermal expansion coefficient and the best thermal stability.The width of the supercooled liquid region is 66.42 K.Samples with different relaxation states were prepared by annealing at the heating rate of 20 K/min.The structural evolution of amorphous alloys with different relaxation states is as follows:amorphous→CuZr2+AlCu2Zr7→CuZr2+AlCu2Zr7+CuZr(B2)+CuZr(M)+Cu10Zr7→CuZr2+AlCu2Zr7+CuZr(B2)+CuZr(M).After annealing at 706 K and 726 K(in the supercooled liquid region)for 1.5 h,the amorphous-nanocrystalline composites were obtained.When the annealing temperature is 706 K,the crystallization process of the sample is as follows:amorphous→Cu10Zr7→Cu10Zr7+CuZr,and for the sample at 726 K,it is as follows:amorphous→CuZr2+AlCu2Zr7+Cu10Zr7→Cu10Zr7+CuZr2→CuZr2+CuZr(B2)+Cu10Zr7.     

Structural and magnetic properties of backward extruded Nd–Fe–B ring magnets made by different punch chamfer radius

Radially oriented Nd–Fe–B ring magnets were prepared by backward extrusion of MQ-C powder. The punch chamfer radius has a great impact on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the ring magnet. With the chamfer radius changing from 2, 5 to 8 mm, the cracks in the inner wall decrease obviously while the crystallographic alignment drops. Furthermore, the mechanism of caxis growth was suggested to be a combination of shear deformation in the corner and solution-precipitation under the stress parallel to radial direction. The alignment drops on the top of ring because the grains grow freely and some textured grains grow through nucleation and recrystallization. In the present work, the optimal punch chamfer radius is found to be 2 mm, and in this case, the remanence,coercivity, and maximum energy product of the ring magnet achieve 1.4 T, 670 kJám, and 342 kJám,respectively.     

Microstructure and strength of the TiAl/40Cr joint diffusion-bonded with Ti-V-Cu filler metal

In this study,intermetallic TiAl and steel 40Cr diffusion bonded successfully by using a composite barrien layer Ti/V/Cu,In this case,a diphase Ti3Al TiAl layer and a Ti solid solution which enhance the strength of the joint are obtained at the TiAl/Ti interface.The interface of TiAl/Ti/V/Cu/40Cr was free from intermetallic compounds and other brittle phases,and the strength of the joint was as high as 420MPa,very close to that of the TiAl base.This method gives a reliable bonding of intermetallic TiAl and steel 40Cr.     

Cathode electrophoretic technology for bonded NdFeB permanent magnet

The bonded NdFeB permanent magnet was painted by cathode electrophoretic technology. The effect of technological parameters on the thickness of the layer was researched. The optimum voltage, time, electrophoresis temperature, area-ratio and spacing between cathode and anode are 220-250 V, 2-3 min, 25-32℃, 7-10 cm and （2-4）：1, respectively. After treated under optimum conditions, the excellent corrosion resistance of the bonded magnet is achieved, with temperature and humidity resistant time of 468 h, brine-fast resistant time of 48 h. The cathode electrophoretic technology and treating process were successfully applied to produce bonded magnets with mass capacity of tens of million pieces per year.     

Research of warm compaction technology on nylon bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets

Warm compaction and room temperature compaction were applied to prepare bonded Nd-Fe-B magnets. The results indicated that the density of magnet was determined by the compaction pressure and warm compaction temperature, whereas, the thermosetting temperature could hardly affect the density of magnet. The mechanical properties of magnets were the best when the thermosetting temperature was 200 ℃. The Br, Hcb, and (BH)max of warm compaction magnet were higher than those of room compaction. When the warm compa...