视频图像序列运动目标检测及轮廓提取

考虑到人类视觉对图像轮廓特征的敏感性,将目标检测与轮廓提取结合起来,实现了目标轮廓自动提取的方法.首先采用了背景差法跟踪视频图像序列中的运动目标,并采用了自适应背景更新的方法更新背景图像,结合活动轮廓模型法GVF Snake进行目标轮廓的提取,从而得到具有精确边界的运动目标.实验结果表明这种方法运算速度快、能够快速地收敛到目标轮廓、准确地跟踪目标,实现实时自动轮廓跟踪.     

基于区域活动轮廓运动目标跟踪方法研究

根据贝叶斯估计理论，首先建立了图像序列中运动目标的跟踪模型，然后用高斯分布来描述图像的区域信息，并通过对模型的分析，与区域活动轮廓模型建立对应关系，将问题的求解转化为能量最小化问题。同时为了克服目标在运动中发生的拓扑形变，采用水平集方法进行数值实现。实验结果表明，这种方法不仅可以对多个运动目标进行跟踪，并能非常好地逼近运动目标的轮廓，而且能够自然地处理运动目标的拓扑形变。     

基于Level Set方法的人脸轮廓提取与跟踪

提出一种基于level set方法的图像序列中人脸轮廓提取与跟踪算法，首先利用图像帧间差分快速检测出运动区域，并根据人脸图像的投影映射规则确定人脸所在的外接矩形，然后以此矩形作为初始曲线，采用一种改进的1evelset模型精确提取出入脸轮廓。由于图像序列中人脸是一直运动的，该文引入一阶线性Kalman滤波模型对人脸运动进行估计，从而较好地跟踪了运动中的人脸轮廓，实验结果表明该方法是有效的。     

基于局部模型匹配的几何活动轮廓跟踪

目的 在复杂背景下,传统轮廓跟踪方法只考虑了目标的整体特征或显著性特征,没有充分利用目标的局部特征信息,尤其是目标发生遮挡时,容易发生跟踪漂移,甚至丢失目标.针对上述问题,提出一种基于局部模型匹配的几何活动轮廓(LM-GAC)跟踪算法.方法 首先,利用超像素技术将图像中的颜色特征相似的像素点归为一类,形成由一些像素点组成的超像素,从而把目标分割成若干个超像素块,再结合EMD(earth mover's distance)相似性度量构建局部特征模型.然后,进行局部模型匹配,引入噪声模型来估算局部模型参数θ,这样可以增强特征模型的自适应性,提高局部模型匹配的准确性.最后,结合粒子滤波的水平集分割方法提取目标轮廓,实现目标轮廓精确跟踪.结果 本文算法与多种目标轮廓跟踪算法进行对比,在部分遮挡、目标形变、光照变化、复杂背景等条件的基准图像序列均具有较高的跟踪成功率,平均成功率为79.6%.结论 实验结果表明,根据不同的图像序列,可以自适应地实时改变噪声模型参数和粒子的权重,使得本文算法具有较高的准确性和鲁棒性.特别是在复杂的背景下,算法能较准确地进行目标轮廓跟踪.     

基于全局最小化活动轮廓的多目标检测跟踪

为了在噪声干扰以及目标和背景颜色相近情况下实现多目标跟踪,提出一种基于快速全局最小化的活动轮廓模型的目标检测跟踪算法。该算法结合了基于边缘的活动轮廓模型和基于区域的活动轮廓模型,对能量泛函进行全局最小化来检测目标活动轮廓,用卡尔曼滤波预测目标下一帧的特征信息,然后用改进的最近邻法进行多目标跟踪。对图像序列的实验结果表明该算法能有效地对运动背景下多目标进行跟踪。     

基于边界矢量场的视频运动目标检测与跟踪

提出了一种新的视频运动目标检测与跟踪方法.该方法首先采用自适应帧间差分法对视频序列图像的运动目标进行粗检测,进而采用BVF(边界矢量场)Snake方法准确地检测出运动目标轮廓;其次获得轮廓质心后,对传统的α-β-γ滤波器进行了改进,实现对运动目标的实时跟踪;最后根据预测的质心位置来自动完成下一帧轮廓初始化.实验结果表明,该方法具有良好的实时性和准确性.     

基于改进的GAC模型的医学图像序列分割算法

为了快速有效地提取出图像序列的边缘,提出了一种基于改进的测地线活动轮廓（GAC）模型的图像分割算法。在该方法中,只需在第一幅图像中感兴趣区域的内部给出大致的初始轮廓。在后续图像中,首先采用运动估计与区域统计特征结合的方法得到轮廓模型的初始轮廓,然后利用结合先验信息的测地线活动轮廓模型进行分割。此外,为了有效地减少算法运算时间,采用手工办法在第一张图像上选定模型演化的区域,该区域在后续图像上将依据分割结果自动调整大小和位置。实验结果表明：方法能够快速有效地提取目标物体的边缘。     

基于DRLSE模型的运动目标跟踪

高斯粒子滤波不能处理曲线的拓扑变化,而基于水平集的几何活动轮廓模型能较好地适应拓扑变化,为了跟踪和提取刚体和非刚体运动目标精确的轮廓信息,提出基于距离规则化的水平集演化(DRLSE)模型和高斯粒子滤波(GPF)相结合的运动目标跟踪方法.首先用高斯粒子滤波对目标跟踪得到目标的运动区域,然后把水平集规则项引入到测地线活动轮廓模型中,以外接轮廓的中心为基础进行DRLSE.距离规则化不仅消除了水平集重新初始化的需要,而且避免了因此而导致的数值错误,在水平集演化过程中保持了水平集函数的规则化.最后,将获得的精确轮廓信息反馈到跟踪框架.实验结果表明,该方法适用于刚体和非刚体目标,在实际交通环境中跟踪结果更加精确.     

利用基于颜色的自适应形状模型实现手势跟踪*

提出了一种基于颜色的自适应形状模型,并利用该模型实现了图像序列中的实时手势跟踪.跟踪算法基于自适应的颜色模型实现准确的手部轮廓提取,并利用基于二维颜色模型的粒子滤波器实现序列图像中跟踪目标的运动估计.实验结果表明了基于颜色的自适应形状模型对凸形与凹形手部轮廓均能达到准确的手部轮廓提取,并能满足图像序列手势跟踪的实行性要求.     

活动轮廓模型目标跟踪算法综述

目标跟踪是当前计算机视觉领域最活跃的研究主题。首先对基本的跟踪类型进行了介绍;然后讨论了基于活动轮廓模型的图像分割,重点分析了参数活动轮廓模型的梯度矢量流模型（Gradient Vector Flow,GVF）,以及几何活动轮廓模型中的模型;并讨论了基于粒子滤波的目标跟踪算法的研究现状,最后展望了这一领域未来研究的热点。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).