旋转超声磨削钛合金有限元仿真与试验研究

为了研究固结磨粒磨具的磨料粒度对旋转超声磨削钛合金磨削力的影响,采用随机空间平面切割正六面体的方法构建了具有实际磨粒几何特征的不规则多面体磨粒,并基于虚拟格子法建立了磨粒在磨具端面随机分布的多颗磨粒磨具模型。使用Deform-3D软件构建了三维旋转超声磨削钛合金有限元模型,采用拉格朗日增量算法获得了多颗磨粒磨具旋转超声磨削钛合金Ti6Al4V的磨削力仿真值,得到了磨料粒度对磨削力的影响规律,并通过试验进行了验证。结果表明,旋转超声磨削钛合金磨削力随着磨料粒度的增大而减小,且试验结果和仿真结果具有一致性,说明了多颗磨粒磨具模型、旋转超声磨削有限元模型具有一定的准确性,为多颗磨粒磨具旋转超声磨削的相关研究提供了新的方法。     

轴向超声振动辅助磨削的磨削力研究

假设未变形磨屑厚度服从瑞利分布,推导了切削变形力的计算表达式;根据磨粒与工件的相对运动,探讨了超声振动对摩擦力的影响,分析了超声磨削时磨粒在砂轮切线方向上的摩擦力变化规律。综合切削变形力和摩擦力的理论分析,建立了轴向超声振动辅助磨削中磨削力的预测模型。对比实验的研究结果表明：由实验得到的磨削参数和振动参数对磨削力的影响规律与理论分析相一致,且仿真计算结果与实验测量结果的变化规律一致,从而验证了磨削力模型的可行性。     

单颗粒金刚石平面磨削C/SiC复合材料的有限元仿真

建立有限元模型对C/SiC复合材料单颗金刚石磨粒平面磨削加工过程进行数值模拟,结合Abaqus有限元分析软件建立材料本构模型,仿真分析单颗粒平面磨削过程中不同砂轮转速和磨削深度对磨削力、工件表面形貌的影响规律。结果表明,随着砂轮转速的提高,法向及切向磨削力变小,表面质量提高,亚表面裂纹变小;随着磨削深度的增加,法向及切向磨削力变大,表面质量变差,亚表面裂纹变深。该研究为陶瓷基复合材料磨削加工机理的研究及磨削工艺参数优化,提供了高效的方法和理论依据。     

抛光过程游离单颗磨粒与光学元件间滚动摩擦接触分析

针对游离单颗磨粒与光学元件滚动接触过程中摩擦、磨损机理分析的不足及如何有效控制滚动单颗磨粒对光学元件亚表面损伤的影响等问题,基于滚动接触理论,提出了一种具有分形特征表面的单颗磨粒与光学元件双粗糙面间的摩擦、磨损接触模型,并运用有限元仿真分析微观动态滚动的接触过程.通过对不同剪切强度下接触力、接触应力、磨粒角度及其对亚表面损伤的影响等分析,发现随着剪切强度的增强,磨粒与光学元件表面接触界面间的摩擦系数将减小,最佳的磨粒角度为105°～120°,并且分形特征的单颗磨粒对亚表面损伤的影响要大于球形特征单颗磨粒,这说明了研究分形特征游离单颗磨粒滚动接触的必要性和重要性,为更加深刻了解滚动接触过程的摩擦机理提供了借鉴意义.     

磨粒有序化排布砂轮缓进给磨削温度场的仿真分析

为了更好地分析磨削过程中温度场的分布情况,获得磨粒有序化排布砂轮磨削工件表面温度的变化规律,对磨粒有序化排布的砂轮进行了三维建模,并利用有限元仿真软件Abaqus,对磨粒叶序排布、错位排布、矩阵排布和无序排布砂轮磨削温度场分别进行有限元仿真.分析了磨削液、磨削深度、砂轮线速度和工件进给速度对磨削工件表面最高温度的影响.结果表明,在相同磨削条件下,磨粒叶序排布砂轮磨削工件表面的最高温度相较于其他3种排布形式最低.     

考虑机床-磨削交互的工件表面形貌仿真

磨削加工方法是保证加工表面质量的重要手段,机床结构与磨削过程之间存在的交互作用会对工件表面质量产生不利影响。以砂轮端面磨削加工过程为研究对象,在研究磨削工件表面形貌仿真方法的基础上,深入分析了机床结构与磨削过程之间交互作用对工件表面形貌的影响。首先基于砂轮表层磨粒的随机分布特性建立了虚拟砂轮形貌,然后通过对磨削过程中砂轮磨粒与工件几何干涉作用的分析,建立了磨粒运动轨迹方程和工件表面形貌方程。考虑砂轮变形对磨削过程的反向作用,建立了主轴-砂轮结构与磨削过程间的交互模型,采用耦合仿真的方法对机床-磨削交互过程进行了仿真,并考虑磨削过程中的交互作用提出了一种新的磨削工件表面形貌仿真模型,实验结果验证了所给算法的正确性和有效性,该方法为进一步优化磨削工艺参数提供了依据。     

轴向超声振动辅助磨削的表面残余应力建模EI北大核心CSCD

以单颗磨粒为对象,分析了轴向超声振动下磨粒的运动特性;在此基础上,将磨削力分为切削变形力和摩擦力两部分,分别分析了轴向超声振动对切屑变形力和摩擦力的影响。在切削变形力方面,轴向超声振动改变了磨粒的运动方向和运动轨迹;在摩擦力方面,轴向超声振动降低了磨粒与工件间的摩擦因数;结合切向磨削力与热源强度的关系,以及温升是磨削表面残余应力产生的主要因素,建立了轴向超声振动辅助磨削的表面残余应力模型。进行轴向超声振动辅助磨削45钢的表面残余应力实验,确定了模型的常数,并验证了所建模型的正确性。     

轴向超声振动辅助磨削的表面残余应力建模

以单颗磨粒为对象,分析了轴向超声振动下磨粒的运动特性;在此基础上,将磨削力分为切削变形力和摩擦力两部分,分别分析了轴向超声振动对切屑变形力和摩擦力的影响。在切削变形力方面,轴向超声振动改变了磨粒的运动方向和运动轨迹;在摩擦力方面,轴向超声振动降低了磨粒与工件间的摩擦因数;结合切向磨削力与热源强度的关系,以及温升是磨削表面残余应力产生的主要因素,建立了轴向超声振动辅助磨削的表面残余应力模型。进行轴向超声振动辅助磨削45钢的表面残余应力实验,确定了模型的常数,并验证了所建模型的正确性。     

硅晶圆磨削减薄工艺的磨削力模型

硅晶圆磨削减薄是一种有别于传统磨削的材料加工方式。磨削减薄过程中,硅晶圆和砂轮同时绕旋转轴旋转,砂轮沿垂直方向连续进给去除材料,其中磨削力是磨削质量的决定性因素。目前,尚缺少一个用于硅晶圆磨削减薄工艺的磨削力预测模型。为了得到磨削力模型,分析了磨削减薄过程中的硅晶圆材料去除机理,将磨削力分为摩擦力和切屑力,考虑了磨粒运动轨迹,分别计算了单颗磨粒在法向和切向上的摩擦力和切屑力,最后基于有效磨粒总数建立了总磨削力模型。模型综合考虑了磨削参数、砂轮和硅晶圆的几何参数和材料性质对磨削力的影响。讨论了砂轮进给速度、晶圆转速和砂轮转速三个主要磨削参数对磨削力的影响,讨论了硅晶圆上晶向对磨削力的影响,给出了磨削力在硅晶圆面上沿径向的分布情况。     

电火花放电修整金属结合剂金刚石砂轮的形貌特征

为理解电火花放电修整参数对金属结合剂金刚石砂轮形貌特征的影响,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测结果与Abbott-Firestone曲线,阐明了不同放电参数对砂轮形貌特征的影响机制.开展磨削实验,分析磨削过程中的磨削力与磨削后的工件表面质量,验证了不同参数修整后的砂轮形貌特征.结果表明,电流决定砂轮表面二次冷却物的覆盖面积,影响磨粒的突出高度与容屑空间大小;脉宽决定砂轮表面二次冷却物的堆积程度,影响砂轮表面的粗糙程度,但形成的气孔增大了容屑空间大小;切向进给步进长度决定砂轮表面的气孔数量,影响砂轮的容屑能力.     

Material removal characteristics of 20CrMnTi steel in single grit cutting

The single grit cutting test was regarded as an important approach for understanding a complex grinding process, and revealed the connection between grinding wheel state, grinding parameters, and the surface integrity of workpieces. To investigate the formation mechanisms and morphology of grinding chips of 20CrMnTi steel, experiments on the high-speed grinding of a single grit on the surface of 20CrMnTi steel were performed by the finite element method. Combining this with the analysis of scratch morphology and the use of the finite element method, the authors showed that the process included sliding friction, ploughing, and produced fragmented, and continuous chips which changed with the cutting depth. Moreover, the distributions of physical quantities including stress, strain, heat, and temperature fields in the three areas subjected to cutting deformation were analyzed in greater detail. Moreover, combined with the deduced theoretical formulae, finite element simulation tests were conducted to analyze the undeformed chip thickness, shear angle, chip shape, strain in the formation process of chips from a single grit grain, and its changes with grinding parameters and the shape of abrasive grains.     

基于有限元法的转向直臂锻件晶粒度预报

通过建立耦合了 42 CrMo 微观演化模型的热锻有限元模型,预报了一种转向直臂的热锻晶粒度。结果表明该热锻工艺能够得到晶粒度合格的产品。 使用该工艺进行实际生产,对锻件进行了金相分析,结果与预报晶粒度吻合。     

CBN grain wear and its effects on material removal during grinding of FGH96 powder metallurgy superalloy

Grinding with cubic boron nitride (CBN) superabrasive is a widely used method of machining superalloy in aerospace industries. However, there are some issues, such as poor grinding quality and severe tool wear, in grinding of powder metallurgy superalloy FGH96. In addition, abrasive wheel wear is the significant factor that hinders the further application of CBN abrasive wheels. In this case, the experiment of grinding FGH96 with single CBN abrasive grain using different parameters was carried out. The wear characteristics of CBN abrasive grain were analyzed by experiment and simulation. The material removal behavior affected by CBN abrasive wear was also studied by discussing the pile-up ratio during grinding process. It shows that morphological characteristics of CBN abrasive grain and grinding infeed direction affect the CBN abrasive wear seriously by simulation analysis. Attrition wear, micro break, and macro fracture had an important impact on material removal characteristics. Besides, compared with the single cutting edge, higher pile-up ratio was obtained by multiple cutting edges, which reduced the removal efficiency of the material. Therefore, weakening multiple cutting edge grinding on abrasive grains in the industrial production, such as applying suitable dressing strategy, is an available method to improve the grinding quality and efficiency. The full text can be downloaded at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40436-022-00412-2     

An Experimental Investigation on Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Grinding of SiO2f/SiO2 Composites

Fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite (FRCMC) have been widely used in aerospace and other high-technology fields due to their excellent mechanical and physical properties. However, FRCMC is a kind of typical material with anisotropic and inhomogeneous structure; thus, it is difficult to guarantee the precision and surface quality using traditional machining. The present paper employed ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (UAG) to machine 2.5D woven SiO_2f/SiO₂ composites. By comparing the grinding force, surface microstructure, chip formation, surface topography and surface roughness with and without ultrasonic vibration for the machining of SiO_2f/SiO₂ composites, the feasibility of UAG on FRCMC was investigated experimentally. In addition, the effects of the process parameters (including spindle speed, feed rate, grinding depth, grain mesh size and ultrasonic power) on grinding force and surface roughness were studied through an orthogonal experiment. The research obtained can be a useful technical support for the development of UAG in the machining of FRCMC.     

Implementation of a phase field model for simulating evolution of two powder particles representing microstructural changes during sintering

In this work, we present a multiphysics phase field model for capturing microstructural evolution during solid-state sintering processes. The model incorporates modifications of phase field equations to include rigid-body motion, elastic deformation, and heat conduction. The model correctly predicts consolidation of powder particles during sintering because of two competing mechanisms—neck formation and grain growth. The simulations show that the material undergoes three distinctive stages during the sintering process—stage I where neck or grain boundary between two particles is formed, stage II in which neck length stabilizes and growth or shrinkage of individual particles initiates, and finally stage III with rapid grain growth leading to disappearance of one of the grains. The driving forces corresponding to different mechanisms are found to be dependent on the radius of the particles, curvature at the neck location, surface energy, and grain boundary energy. In addition, variation in temperature is found to significantly influence the microstructure evolution by affecting the diffusivity and grain boundary mobility of the sintered material. The model is also used to compare sintering simulation results in 2D and 3D. It is observed that due to higher curvature in 3D, model predicts faster microstructural evolution in 3D when compared to 2D simulations under identical boundary conditions.     

Finite element simulation and experimental research on rotary ultrasonic grinding of titanium alloy北大核心CSCD

In order to study the effects of the abrasive grain size of core tool on grinding force in rotary ultrasonic grinding titanium alloy, abrasive grain in the shape of irregular polyhedron was modeled by cutting regular hexahedron with random interception plane on a hexahedron. Based on virtual grid method, a simulation model of core drill with multi abrasive grains randomly distributing on the end face of tool was built. A 3D finite element model of rotary ultrasonic grinding of titanium alloy was developed by using Deform-3D. The simulation value of grinding force in rotary ultrasonic grinding of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V with multi abrasive grains was obtained by Lagrangian incremental algorithm, and the effects of the abrasive grain size on grinding force was investigated. A series of experiments were conducted to validate the grinding force in rotary ultrasonic grinding of titanium alloy. The result proved that rotary ultrasonic grinding force decreased as abrasive grain size increased and the experimental result agreed well with the simulation result. The result shows that the multi abrasive grain tool model and the finite element model of rotary ultrasonic grinding have certain accuracy. A new way for multi abrasive grain tool relational investigation in rotary ultrasonic grinding has been provided.     

The measurement and analysis of micro bonding force for electroplated CBN grinding wheels based on response surface methodology

The superabrasive (e.g. CBN or diamond) grain dislodgement occurrence on the wheel surface due to insufficient bonding force is the major failure phenomena in the grinding process with electroplated grinding tools. This failure leads to the abrupt increase of load on the immediate grains, accelerating more grain dislodgement on wheel surface. Ultimately, the aggregated grain dislodgement causes the workpiece profile accuracy degradation and catastrophic wheel sharpness loss. Therefore, the provision of sufficient and uniform micro bonding force all through the wheel surface is the critical task in electroplated superabrasive grinding wheel design. Considering the complexity in the micro bonding force enabling factors, e.g. the grain shape, dimensional size, spatial orientation, and bond layer thickness, it is vital to establish the quantitative and comprehensive relationship between these factors with the micro bonding force for optimal electroplated grinding wheel design. In this paper, an inclined micro-thread turning test is developed to measure the single grain micro bonding force. In addition, the finite element model of single CBN grain bonding force is established and validated to simulate the grain dislodgement. Finally, the response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to build the comprehensive correlation of the bonding force with its dimensional size, spatial orientation, and bond layer thickness. Therefore, the optimal bonding condition through regressed prediction model is identified to provide the quantitative basis for the electroplated CBN grinding wheels design, which indicates that the bonding force can be predicted for specific wheel manufacturing parameters and improved by related variable adjustment.     

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on the induction hardening of a ball screw

To improve the distribution of the hardened layer and avoid potential defects, the effects of induction hardening parameters on the hardened layer were researched using the finite element method (FEM). A FEM model of single coil induction hardening was built, and temperature curves on the surface region of a ball screw were attained by numerical simulation. The hardenability and phase transformation of 55CrMo steel were researched by experiment. The simulation and experimental results show that the temperatures Ac1 and Ac3 rise with increasing heating rate. Non-uniformity of temperature at the groove region can lead to non-uniformity of austenitization and hardness. High temperature can result in cracks, coarse grain size and overheating defects at the groove tip. Martensite produced during cooling transforms into tempered martensite due to the residual heat, and the remaining austenite transforms into martensite at a low cooling rate. A 5010-type ball screw cannot attain a hardened layer with the thickness of 2.5 mm at the groove bottom without defects at the groove tip by single coil induction hardening. Multiple induction coils with a certain gap would be helpful to improve the uniformity of temperature and hardness.