黄东海海区浮游植物色素吸收系数与叶绿素a浓度关系研究

浮游植物色素吸收与叶绿素a浓度关系研究是水色遥感生物-光学算法开发的重要组成部分,我们利用HD200304航次和HD200309航次的测量数据,开发了色素吸收系数的波段关系模型(αφ(λ)-αφ(675))和色素吸收系数与叶绿素a浓度关系(αφ(λ)-αφ(675))模型,并在模型开发的基础上,利用叶绿素a浓度反演典型波段的色素吸收系数,效果良好。     

用多层感知器模型由吸收光谱反演浮游植物色素

浮游植物吸收光谱已逐渐成为高光谱水色遥感的可获取参量。文章采用了多层感知器模型, 由珠江口担杆群岛附近水体的浮游植物吸收光谱进行了色素浓度的反演, 感知器的输入量是浮游植物吸收光谱, 输出量分别对应叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素c、光保护类胡萝卜素和非光保护类胡萝卜素五大类主要色素的浓度。分析结果表明, 叶绿素a和叶绿素c估算结果的平均相对偏差比较低, 在测试数据集中两者的偏差分别为19.06%和15.90%; 光保护类胡萝卜素和非光保护类胡萝卜素的估算浓度的相对偏差比较高, 对于测试数据而言, 分别为37.62%和36.96%; 叶绿素b浓度在测试数据集中的估算相对偏差约为27.47%。五大类色素在测试数据集和训练数据集的估算偏差比较接近, 已训练好的多层感知器可用于担杆岛水体中色素信息的反演。同时, 此色素反演方法也为遥感监测水体浮游植物种群动态提供了重要的手段。     

渤海海温与叶绿素季节空间变化特征分析

以2003年MODIS数据为数据源，在图像处理、空间插值的基础上作海温与叶绿素浓度的空间相关分析。结果表明，整个海域的叶绿素浓度和海温的分布具有明显的区域和季节变化特征。基本规律是叶绿素浓度从近岸向渤海中央递减；温度则随季节发生变化，随着温度升高，近海叶绿素浓度增高，而渤海中央区域叶绿素浓度降低。渤海叶绿素浓度的分布与河口径流、季节等因素有关。从空间关系看，海温与叶绿素浓度不存在很明显的空间分布相关性，但不同季节有不同的相关性。上述研究可用于估算海洋初级生产力。     

HY-1C卫星海岸带成像仪叶绿素a浓度反演研究

叶绿素a作为最重要的水质参数之一,是评价水体富营养化和初级生产力状况的主要因素。我国海洋一号C（HY-1C）卫星海岸带成像仪（CZI）具有高时空分辨率的观测优势。本文基于东海和南海现场实测数据建立了HY-1C卫星CZI叶绿素a浓度反演模型并在实测水域进行反演,与MODIS叶绿素a浓度反演产品进行了对比验证,应用CZI叶绿素a浓度模型在珠江口、长江口、渤海湾水域进行了叶绿素a浓度反演示例试验。结果表明,叶绿素a浓度模型估算浓度与实测浓度相关系数为0.774 3,平均相对误差为24.58%,利用实测叶绿素a浓度对模型进行精度验证,相关系数达到0.993 9,平均相对误差为18.49%。模型在实测水域反演得到的叶绿素a浓度分布与MODIS叶绿素a浓度产品分布大体一致。在珠江口水域反演得到叶绿素a浓度空间分布为由西北向东南逐级递减,峰值出现在珠江口西沿岸。在长江口、渤海湾反演叶绿素a浓度空间分布均符合地理实情。研究表明HY-1C卫星CZI数据可应用于中国近海水色定量化研究。     

鸭绿江河口最大浑浊带水动力特征对叶绿素分布的影响

在河口最大浑浊带有独特的生态动力过程。利用鸭绿江河口最大浑浊带上下游两个定点站和大面站的流速、叶绿素和浊度数据,在分析最大浑浊带形成的基础上探讨了悬沙浓度与叶绿素浓度分布的对应关系及最大浑浊带水动力特征对叶绿素分布的影响。分析结果表明,定点站大小潮涨落潮时均出现悬沙浓度与叶绿素a浓度的高值分布中心,该中心主要出现在底部,且高叶绿素a浓度与高悬沙浓度中心相对应。通过对最大浑浊带形成机制的分析发现,强烈的底部泥沙再悬浮是鸭绿江河口最大浑浊带形成的主要原因。最大浑浊带内悬沙浓度与叶绿素a浓度的相关关系均为底层大于表层,大潮高于小潮;高叶绿素a浓度与高悬沙浓度时刻有很好的对应关系,在一定程度上表明水动力特征对叶绿素a浓度在时间和空间上的分布有重要影响。初步分析认为鸭绿江河口最大浑浊带内的高叶绿素a浓度主要是由再悬浮作用使底部沉积物中的底栖藻类和沉积物一起聚集在水体的底部造成的,但是该结论还有待结合其他相关研究进一步检验。     

台风对海洋叶绿素a浓度影响的延迟效应

利用MODIS、SeaWiFS 3A资料详细分析了2000-2006年间西北太平洋海域主要台风对叶绿素a浓度的影响.结果发现,台风可导致叶绿素a浓度最大增长平均值为2.385倍,个别最高达10倍以上,且增长到最大值平均延迟5.94d;同时叶绿素a浓度最大值与无台风时叶绿素a浓度具有线性相关性,相关系数达0.889;叶绿素a浓度与相应的海域平均海水深度具有负的乘幂关系,其相关系数是0.87;台风后叶绿素a浓度的最大增长量与相应海域海水平均深度也呈负乘幂关系,其相关性略低于前者,相关系数为0.75.     

2004年春季长江河口水体与沉积物表层的叶绿素a浓度分布

2004年5月7日至12日在31°~31.8°N、122.5°E以西到海水上溯至0盐度的长江河口进行14个站位叶绿素a浓度的现场观测,其中N1~N3、M1~M3、S1~S3和R6这10个观测站用3条渔船在4天内进行潮周期的涨憩、落急、落憩、涨急、涨憩5个潮时的准同步周日采样观测;对S2、S3、R2、R3、M3、N2和N3这7个位于长江入海口门站位进行表层泥样的叶绿素a浓度观测。结果表明,观测海区表层海水叶绿素a浓度为0.230~11.500μg/dm3,平均值为(1.514±1.712)μg/dm3,高值出现在观测海区东北部的长江冲淡水稀释区,表层海水叶绿素a浓度平面分布从该区的东北部向西南方向逐渐降低,离岸越近叶绿素a浓度越低,低值出现在长江口门内和测区西南部的广阔浑水区域;底层叶绿素a浓度为0.291~2.620μg/dm3,平均值为(1.186±0.531)μg/dm3,其变化幅度与平均浓度均明显低于表层。在涨憩、落急、落憩、涨急和涨憩5个潮周期中水柱平均叶绿素a浓度为1.198~1.910μg/dm3,涨憩和落急潮时,叶绿素a浓度自表层向底层逐渐下降;落憩和涨急潮时,表层的平均叶绿素a浓度略低于中层和底层。2004年春季观测海区叶绿素a浓度与往年夏季和秋季的观测结果相近,但明显高于冬季。表层沉积物叶绿素a浓度为(0.089±0.052)μg/g(湿重),仅占其上方水体平均叶绿素a浓度的极少部分,两者具有良好的相关性。     

厦门港海水光合色素特征

应用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）方法分析测定了冬季厦门鼓浪屿水文观测站两周内不同潮位海水中的光合色素的组成与含量，包括多甲藻素、19‘-已酰基氧化岩藻黄素、硅甲藻黄素、硅藻黄素、玉米黄素、叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素a、β-胡萝卜素等。同时还实测了小于藻、金藻、盐藻、甲藻、角毛藻、螺旋藻等多个实验室培养藻种的色素组成。数据表明，不同种类的藻类具有不同的色素组成特征，从海水中光合色素的分析数据可推测其浮游植物主要种类组成情况。潮汐的水动力情况在色素组成变化上有所反映，表明港内外的乳游植物组成分布有梯度存在，且在特征上有所不同。     

利用经验正交函数数据插值法重构东中国海叶绿素a质量浓度场

利用经验正交函数数据插值法(Data INterpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions)重构由MODIS-Aqua卫星提供的三级产品叶绿素a质量浓度,得到了从2003—2009年东中国海叶绿素a质量浓度的月平均场。东中国海近岸叶绿素a质量浓度7 a平均值明显高于外海。对叶绿素a质量浓度季节平均场进行分析研究表明,东中国海叶绿素a质量浓度主要受长江径流、海表水温和季风的影响。对叶绿素a质量浓度异常场进行EOF分析表明,第一模态方差贡献为37.8％,空间分布显示,在长江口东北部出现叶绿素a质量浓度异常高值区,时间变化以半年和半年以下周期为主;第二模态方差贡献为21.4％,空间分布显示,在长江口东部出现叶绿素a质量浓度异常高值区,时间系数主要表现为年际变化。     

夏季东海渔场鲐鱼产量与海洋环境因子的关系

根据2002～2004年7～9月我国东海灯光围网渔业生产统计数据,结合卫星遥感获取的海表面温度(Sea surface temperature, SST)、叶绿素a浓度及海面高度数据(Sea surface height,SSH),分析鲐鱼渔场分布与其SST、叶绿素a浓度和SSH之间的关系.统计各月鲐鱼产量在SST、叶绿素a浓度上的频次分布,以确定各月中心渔场的最适SST和叶绿素a浓度范围,并对不同月份鲐鱼产量与SST和叶绿素a浓度关系进行分析和比较.利用Marine Explore4.0软件将每日鲐鱼产量和SSH图像进行空间展布,分析中心渔场形成与SSH分布的内在规律.研究结果显示,鲐鱼产量和当年SST成正比,东海SST的高低基本上决定了当年鲐鱼产量的高低,但并未发现叶绿素a浓度越高渔获产量也越高的规律,说明叶绿素a浓度并非鲐鱼渔场形成的最主要因素.夏季东海SST、叶绿素a浓度分布状况及其分布的季节变化决定了夏季东海鲐鱼作业渔场在东海南部和北部适宜SST、叶绿素a浓度不同的范围,但各年渔场SST以及叶绿素a浓度分布的总体趋势一致,鲐鱼产量集中分布在叶绿素a浓度较低、SST较高的东海南部渔场和叶绿素a浓度较高、SST较低的东海北部长江口渔场:7、8月鲐鱼中心渔场分布在东海南部海域,最适SST分别为27～29 ℃和28～30 ℃,最适叶绿素a浓度均为0.10～0.30 mg/m3;9月东海南部渔场最适SST为27～28 ℃,最适叶绿素a浓度为0.10～0.30 mg/m3,东海北部渔场最适SST为26～27 ℃,最适叶绿素a浓度为1.00～3.00 mg/m3.鲐鱼渔场和SSH之间有很好的匹配关系,中心鱼场通常位于SSH极大值和极小值交汇的海域、并靠近极大值海域一侧,即出现在冷水团和暖水团交汇区靠近暖水团一侧.研究表明,渔场最适SST和叶绿素a浓度以及SSH作为确定潜在中心渔场的指标各具优势,将三者结合、综合分析,预报潜在渔场的位置更为可靠.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.