鹿角杜鹃展叶期叶片发育与虫食动态

叶片虫食主要发生在展叶期间,虽然展叶期只是一个短暂的阶段,却可能是了解植食性昆虫和植物之间相互关系的关键.为了解展叶期叶片属性的变化及其与虫食的关系,研究通过野外观察和室内分析,测定福建梅花山亚热带常绿阔叶林中鹿角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae)幼树展叶期间叶片属性(叶片氮、可溶性糖、叶绿素含量、含水量、单宁含量、硬度)和叶片虫食率的日变化动态,并分析它们之间的相互关系.结果表明,(1)叶片在爆芽27 d后完成展叶,平均展叶率14.06%,(2)可溶性糖、叶绿素和叶片硬度随叶片的展开上升缓慢,在展叶完成几天内后迅速上升;N含量、含水量和单宁含量在展叶期间含量较高,叶片展开后迅速下降.(3)虫食率随着叶片的发育逐渐上升,在第9天达到峰值(0.55%),并在接近展叶完成时迅速下降.(4)叶片虫食率同N含量、含水量、单宁含量正相关,而与叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、和叶片硬度负相关.     

浙江天童亚热带常绿阔叶林栲树叶片发育动态

于2008年3-6月,定期记录了浙江天童亚热带常绿阔叶林栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)的展叶情况,包括标记枝的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重、叶鲜重和叶绿素含量等指标.结果表明,所调查的栲树叶面积增加持续时间为34 d,展叶速率最高达40.5%·d-1;成熟叶面积越大,其展叶速率越快;比叶重随叶面积增加呈波动变化,含水量在叶片发育过程中呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,叶绿素含量则随叶面积的增加而逐渐增高.对栲树展叶速率、叶面积和叶属性之间的相关分析结果显示,展叶速率分别与叶面积、叶绿素含量在α=0.01水平上呈显著正相关,叶面积分别与含水量、叶绿素含量在α=0.01水平上呈显著正相关;叶绿素含量与含水量在α=0.01水平上呈显著正相关.     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对几种典型凋落物分解的影响

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对植物生长不同关键时期凋落物分解的贡献可能具有显著差异,但一直缺乏必要关注。以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林典型人工林树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei),次生林树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落物为研究对象,采用凋落物分解袋试验,根据植物叶片物候规律在非生长季节(秋末落叶期、萌动期和展叶期)和生长季节(叶片成熟期、盛叶期和叶衰期)不同关键时期动态研究土壤动物对凋落物失重率的影响。土壤动物对4种典型物种凋落物分解均表现出明显贡献,其作用的凋落物失重率分别为：17.78%(麻栎)>14.23%(柳杉)>9.61%(香樟)>8.21%(马尾松)。相对于其他时期,四个树种的土壤动物贡献率均在秋末落叶期最小,除马尾松在叶衰期土壤动物贡献率最大以外,其余3个物种均在盛叶期土壤动物的贡献率最大,且土壤动物对阔叶分解的贡献率大于针叶。相关分析表明,除温度显著影响各关键时期土壤动物对凋落物的贡献外,整个第一年土壤动物作用的凋落物失重率及贡献率与纤维素含量和C/N显著相关,但在非生长季节主要与N含量、C/N和木质素/纤维素密切相关,而生长季节主要相关于木质素/N。这些结果为深入理解亚热带常绿阔叶林物质循环及其与植物生长过程的关系提供了一定的基础数据。     

亚热带次生常绿阔叶林优势种间的竞争效应与竞争反应

运用邻体干扰模型及其野外工作方法,初步研究了缙云山亚热带次生常绿阔叶林优势种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、大头茶(Gordonia acumenata)和白毛新木姜子(Neolitea aurata var. glauca)3个种群间的竞争效应与竞争反应.结果表明(1)种内竞争效应排序为马尾松＞大头茶＞白毛新木姜子;(2)种间竞争效应排序为白毛新木姜子＞马尾松＞大头茶;(3) 种间竞争反应排序为大头茶＞马尾松＞白毛新木姜子;(4)白毛新木姜子与大头茶之间的竞争强度最大,达到1.05;大头茶与马尾松之间的竞争强度最小,仅为0.32. 表3 参8     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林林冠层附生植物及其宿主叶片的形态解剖特征

选择南亚热带常绿阔叶林中具有代表性的4种林冠层附生植物：白背瓜馥木（Fissistigma glaucescens）、瓜子金（Dischidia chinensis）、蔓九节（Psychotria serpens）、山蒌（Piper hancei）及其主要宿主植物：厚壳桂（Cryptocaryachinensis）、荷木（Schimasuperba）、华润楠（Machilus chinensis）、锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis）为研究对象,对其叶片形态结构和解剖结构特征进行比较。研究结果表明：宿主植物与附生植物的叶片形态结构差异显著。相对于4种宿主植物,4种附生植物叶片无蜡被,比叶面积大,且具有含水量高,上下表皮厚度增加,气孔密度、气孔面积减少等特征,有利于叶片对水分和养分的吸收、贮存和利用。着生在林冠层不同部位的附生植物的叶片形态结构特征随着光合有效辐射、温度、湿度等微环境因子的变化表现出显著的差异：位于冠层顶部的瓜子金和蔓九节叶片小而厚,含水量高,气孔密度低且覆盖角质膜,更适应冠层顶部高温、低湿、高光照的环境;位于冠层下部的白背瓜馥木和山蒌叶片相对较薄,气孔面积较大,叶肉细胞分化明显,海绵组织排列松散,更适应冠层中下部低温、高湿、弱光照环境。变化的叶片结构是植物适应环境条件的重要表现。     

万木林中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙主要树种的高度生态位

对万木林自然保护区中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙内外主要树种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了研究。结果表明：桂北木姜子和浙江桂在林隙内外部都占有较高的生态位宽度；生物学特性和生态学特性接近的树种高度生态位重叠较大，反之则较小；在林隙内，出矾和薄叶山矾的高度生态位重叠最大，而桂北木姜子和黄瑞木、尖叶水丝梨，浙江桂和尖叶水丝梨的高度生态位重叠较小；在非林隙内，山矾和黄瑞木的高度生态位重叠最大，桂北木姜子和尖叶水丝梨、黄瑞木的高度生态位重叠较小，表3参13     

大金山岛常绿阔叶林和落叶阔叶林中小型土壤动物群落特征

于2017年秋季(10月)和冬季(12月)及2018年春季(3月)和夏季(6月)分别对大金山岛8个植物群落中小型土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获5门14纲23个类群土壤动物8 506只,优势类群分别为线虫纲(66.06%)、蜱螨亚纲(17.95%)和弹尾纲(11.15%),其余为稀有类群(4.84%)。常绿阔叶林中小型土壤动物4季平均密度和类群数均高于落叶阔叶林,且2种林型间类群数差异显著(P0.05),而这2种植被类型夏季中小型土壤动物密度均显著高于其他3季(P0.05);常绿阔叶林秋季中小型土壤动物类群数显著高于春、冬2季(P0.05),而落叶阔叶林表现为秋季显著高于其他3季(P0.05)。在垂直分布上,2种植被类型中小型土壤动物密度均表现出明显的表聚型,其0～5 cm土层密度分别占0～20 cm土层总密度的68.68%和66.94%。常绿阔叶林Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均高于落叶阔叶林,且常绿阔叶林秋季这2个指数均显著高于其他3季(P0.05);落叶阔叶林秋季中小型土壤动物Margalef丰富度指数显著高于其他3季(P0.05)。由Pearson相关性分析可知,中小型土壤动物总密度以及线虫纲、蜱螨亚纲和弹尾纲密度均与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,与土壤pH呈负相关。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林凋落叶分解过程中氮和磷在不同雨热季节的释放动态

为理解植物—土壤之间的养分联系,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究季节性降雨期间常绿阔叶林区最具代表性的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)等6种凋落叶第一年不同雨热季节分解中氮(N)、磷(P)动态及释放与富集特征.结果显示,凋落叶的N浓度随雨季的变化动态取决于树种,但除红椿以外的其它5种凋落叶在分解初期N浓度变化不明显,在雨季时期显著升高(P<0.05);6种凋落叶P浓度动态比较一致,表现为分解初期P浓度稍微下降,在雨季时期显著升高(P<0.05).历经一年的分解,红椿N、P释放率最大(分别为81.79%、54.19%),香樟N富集率最大(131.45%),马尾松的P富集率最高(268.75%),且6种凋落叶N、P释放/富集率动态均在雨季最明显.凋落叶分解过程中C/N、C/P呈现下降趋势,而N/P变化规律不一致.这些结果均表明,季节性降雨显著(P<0.05)影响凋落叶N、P动态,雨季温湿度的改变可影响N、P释放过程.     

广州罗岗村边次生常绿阔叶林群落分析

根据广州罗岗村这次生常绿阔叶林的调查结果,分析了该群落的组成结构特征在1200m2的样地里有维管束植物引种,隶属于40科65属其区系特点具有从热带向亚热带过渡的性质该群落分为乔木层（3亚层）、灌木层及草本层等层次乔、灌层种类较多,主要以往粟（Caastanopsischinensis）、黄桐（Endospermumchinense）和黄果厚壳桂（CryptocargaconcinnaHance）等种类组成,草本展种类少．本群落以中、小高位芽植物占优势,缺乏大高位芽、隐芽和一年生植物叶型以中型叶为主群落的大部分优势种的种群分布格局是随机分布的优势种群的立木结构分析表明,本群落处于进展演替它与30a前比较有较大的变化乔木层原优势种黄桐、猴耳环（Pithecellobiumclyperia）、亮叶肉实（Sarcospermalaurinum）等被锥粟、刺栲（Castanopsishystrix）等替代．草本层原以禾本科植物为主,现已发展为原生性较强的龙船花（Ixorachinensis）、九节（Psychotriarubra）等种类     

古田山国家级自然保护区常绿阔叶林类型及其群落物种多样性研究

在群落调查的基础上，分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林的群落类型和群落物种多样性特征．结果表明：古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林主要有6种类型(群系)，即甜槠林、栲树林、野含笑-钩栗林、青冈林、虎皮楠-甜槠林、乌冈栎-青冈林，并对各群落类型的结构和物种组成进行了描述．从各群落的外貌、结构和种类组成上看，均具有我国典型常绿阔叶林的基本特征．不同群落类型其物种多样性大小不同，栲树林和野含笑-钩栗林物种多样性较高，虎皮楠-甜槠林和乌冈栎-青冈林物种多样性较低．在群落垂直结构中，灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低，乔木层与灌木层之间物种多样性差异不显著，草本层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均明显小于乔木层和灌木层．与邻近4个山地常绿阔叶林物种多样性相比较，古田山常绿阔叶林物种多样性比纬度位置高的黄山和大别山要大，但比纬度位置低的乌岩岭和缙云山小．     

武夷山自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势种对土壤呼吸的影响

为揭示森林土壤呼吸异质性的影响因素,以武夷山自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势种甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、细叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis tenuifolia)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)为研究对象,采用LI-8100碳通量系统测定土壤呼吸速率及其影响因子土壤温度、土壤含水量值,...     

Mycorrhizal species differentially alter plant growth and response to herbivory

Plants simultaneously interact with multiple organisms which can both positively and negatively affect their growth. Herbivores can reduce plant growth through loss of plant biomass and photosynthetic area, while plant mutualists, such as mycorrhizal fungi, can increase plant growth through uptake of essential nutrients. This is the first study examining whether species-specific associations with mycorrhizal fungi alter plant tolerance to herbivory. We grew Plantago lanceolata plants with three species of mycorrhizal fungi previously shown to have differential impacts on plant growth and subjected them to herbivory by the specialist lepidopteran herbivore, Junonia coenia. Association with mycorrhizal fungus Glomus white provided the greatest growth benefit but did not alter plant response to herbivory. Alternatively, association with Archaeospora trappei provided less growth promotion but did lead to tolerance to herbivory in the form of an increased growth rate. Finally, an association with the fungus Scutellospora calospora led to neither plant growth promotion nor tolerance to herbivory. In fact, an association with S. calospora appeared to reduce plant tolerance to herbivory. An association with all three species of mycorrhizae resulted in a pattern of growth similar to that of plants grown only with Glomus white, suggesting that growth promotion by multiple mycorrhizal species is driven by the inclusion of a "super fungus," in this case, Glomus white. This work illustrates that plant response to herbivory depends upon the mycorrhizal fungal mutualist with which a plant is associated.     

Insect herbivory may cause changes in the visual properties of leaves and affect the camouflage of herbivores to avian predators

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology - An individual’s metabolic competence is important when escalating to costly behaviours in agonistic encounters. The use of broken shells in the wild...     

Simulating dynamics of managed monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in south China

The forest succession model FORDYN is developed based on TREEDEV model. TREEDEV is a process-based tree growth model, that calculates tree growth based on carbon and nitrogen balance, and is calculated using on the photo-production of leaves, respiration, nitrogen content of all organisms and that in soil, and other losses due to respiration, litter and renewal of stems, branches, leaves and roots. In the FORDYN model succession is divided into three phases called early, middle and late succession, and the transition between these three succession phases is distinguished by a difference in leaf area index. As a verification of the model we used the characteristics and available data of a monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve (DHS-BR). The model was validated with natural forest data. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed in which 30 independent variables were varied and analyzed in connection with their influence on 16 dependent variables describing forest conditions. The simulation results describe the changes in total biomass, carbon and nitrogen change in plant–litter–soil system of an undisturbed monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest during succession. We compared these findings with simulation in which different logging management strategies were used. The results show that having a longer logging cycle, delaying the first logging time and a smaller logging fraction the scenario can contribute to a sustainable forest development, while still having a positive economic yield.     

Leaf drop in evergreen Ceanothus velutinus as a means of reducing herbivory

Conventional explanations for deciduousness do not include losses to herbivory. However, a recent explanation posits that deciduous leaf drop allows trees to reduce their herbivore loads and that this benefit of the deciduous habit may partly offset lost opportunities for photosynthesis. Much of the damage caused by chewing herbivores occurs early in the season when adult insects colonize as new leaves are expanding; trees without leaves from previous leaf flushes at this time are less attractive and suffer less cost of herbivory. I tested this hypothesis using Ceanothus velutinus, an evergreen shrub that shows considerable individual variation in leaf retention. Stems that held more leaves through winter experienced more chewing damage the following season. Stems with leaves experimentally removed through winter also were less likely to receive chewing damage the following season. At least some herbivores in this system make oviposition decisions before new leaves have expanded, and old leaves may provide cues about the suitability of the stem. Holding leaves through winter increased the likelihood of herbivory, and experimental protection from herbivores caused 60% greater inflorescence production compared to unprotected stems. However, the cost of leaf retention was more than offset by an overall benefit. Stems that were allowed to keep winter leaves produced larger new leaves in summer and expanded them more rapidly in the season than stems with winter leaves experimentally removed. As a result, stems with leaves through winter experienced higher survival, four times as many inflorescences, and 40 times as many fruits as shoots that were experimentally defoliated. Losses to herbivores may be an unappreciated cost of leaf retention, and cost-benefit models of deciduous and evergreen behavior should include these losses.     

广州市帽峰山常绿阔叶林生态系统的暴雨水文特征

采用集水区定位观测方法,对广州市帽峰山常绿阔叶林生态系统的暴雨产流特征及水文效应进行了观测研究,结果表明,常绿阔叶林冠层对暴雨的截留率为10.6%、对大暴雨的截留率为9.7%;暴雨产流率27.1%、大暴雨36.0%;暴雨发生月的24 d内降雨545.0 mm、常绿阔叶林系统产流率达到48.2%,森林生态系统的拦蓄、调节效益显著;常绿阔叶林生态系统分别调节3次暴雨的7.1%、6.3%、12.4%,二次大暴雨量的12.5%、8.3%形成为总经输出的基流量,系统的调节效应显著尤其是大暴雨;系统的水文响应逐渐接近蓄满产流特征,以此可进一步计算该森林生态系统的涵养水源容量。常绿阔叶林生态系统对3次暴雨携N、P、Pb、Cd、Ze具有较强的贮滤机能,其储虑量分别占输入量25.8%、53.1%、60.3%、54.7%、95.1%,体现出常绿阔叶林林生态系统对暴雨水化学具有显著的环境生态效应。     

Insect herbivory and propagule pressure influence Cirsium vulgare invasiveness across the landscape

A current challenge in ecology is to better understand the magnitude, variation, and interaction in the factors that limit the invasiveness of exotic species. We conducted a factorial experiment involving herbivore manipulation (insecticide-in-water vs. water-only control) and seven densities of introduced nonnative Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle) seed. The experiment was repeated with two seed cohorts at eight grassland sites uninvaded by C. vulgare in the central Great Plains, USA. Herbivory by native insects significantly reduced thistle seedling density, causing the largest reductions in density at the highest propagule inputs. The magnitude of this herbivore effect varied widely among sites and between cohort years. The combination of herbivory and lower propagule pressure increased the rate at which new C. vulgare populations failed to establish during the initial stages of invasion. This experiment demonstrates that the interaction between biotic resistance by native insects, propagule pressure, and spatiotemporal variation in their effects were crucial to the initial invasion by this Eurasian plant in the western tallgrass prairie.     

Successional changes in plant resistance and tolerance to herbivory

Despite considerable research on plant defenses, we know very little about how temporal changes in the environment may influence resistance and tolerance levels, or the costs and benefits of these defense strategies for long-lived plant species. We hypothesized that, in successional habitats, predictable environmental changes should favor strong plasticity in defense phenotypes and that the costs, benefits, and levels of tolerance and resistance will change with environmental context. Using a widely distributed, old-field perennial, late goldenrod (Solidago altissima), we conducted a field experiment to test these predictions. We planted goldenrod genets exhibiting varying levels of resistance and tolerance into three early-successional and three late-successional fields (approximately three and 15 years in age, respectively) and experimentally measured resistance and tolerance levels and their associated costs and selection coefficients. We found a significant effect of successional stage but no effect of genotype or stage-genotype interaction on defense levels. Genets planted in early-successional fields appeared to be more resistant and less tolerant to herbivory than those same genets planted in late-successional fields. There were significant trade-offs between resistance and tolerance in early-successional fields but not in late-successional fields. Each late-successional field exhibited a significant cost or selection gradient for resistance, but there was no general pattern of resistance costs or selection gradients specific to a successional stage class. In contrast, there was evidence of stage-specific costs of tolerance; late-successional fields exhibited significant costs of tolerance whereas early-successional fields did not. There was no evidence of direct selection for or against tolerance in either stage. Our results suggest that defense phenotypes might change in qualitative ways during succession. High resistance in early stages may be attributed to associational effects of the early-successional community, reducing the probability of damage, and despite a cost of tolerance in late stages, tolerance may be beneficial in mitigating the effects of both herbivory and environmental stresses (i.e., low light availability) that limit fitness in these fields. This study provides experimental evidence that succession can strongly influence defense phenotypes and promote temporal variability in relative resistance and tolerance levels.