北京市区县间医疗资源配置的人口公平性研究

北京市医疗资源的增长远远落后于经济增长。通过对北京市三种主要医疗资源在十八个区县间的配置进行区县人口公平性分析,表明医疗资源存在着较明显的区县人口不公平性,并且这种不公平性在逐年加剧。同时,北京市医疗资源配置对流动人口应对不足。因此,政府应该在北京市医疗资源配置规划及实施中起到更多的主导作用,加大在医疗资源匮乏地区的投入,并且关注人口变动对医疗资源配置产生的新需求。     

大数据时代的刑事领域被遗忘权

大数据时代的到来既带来便利也带来信息失控的风险,从而必然产生对被遗忘权的需求,刑事领域也同样存在被遗忘权的适用空间。然而刑事领域的被遗忘权可能与大数据时代的信息开放、新闻自由、犯罪控制等法益产生冲突,面对冲突不同国家从立法到司法层面可能作出不同的选择。欧盟《一般数据保护条例》第17条规定了被遗忘权的适用情形及其限制条件,可以对刑事领域被遗忘权的边界确立提供参考。通过"申请+审查"的被遗忘权行使模式,可以解决其与公共安全、司法公正、人权保护等的矛盾。我国目前在司法中尚未承认被遗忘权,但刑事立法中已有被遗忘权的某些原始样态,可以在此基础上正式确立刑事领域被遗忘权并审慎地拓展其适用范围。     

清代别集研究的成就及其在清代学术史中的失落

对于历代别集研究,清代堪称集大成,主要表现在三个方面:一是出现了不少大部头著作,二是对更多别集进行了较为细致的整理,三是研究更为深入。但有关清代学术的研究著作却很少提及清代别集研究的成就,其原因大致有三:一是清代别集研究不像其他学术派别那样体系清晰,二是清代学术的发展方向导致别集研究的流失,三是后代学术领域对清人别集研究的忽视。     

Circumstances Change Cases: Local Government and the NHS

The role of local government in health care matters in Britain has never been trouble-free. From the dissolution of the Boards of Guardians in 1929, through to the creation of the NHS in the 1940s and the introduction of the internal market in the 1990s, there have been political and professional arguments surrounding the issue and, for the most part, the case for democratic local governance of health care has failed to carry the day. This paper looks back to earlier debates, examines the current policy context, and looks ahead to possible future scenarios. It argues that the changing circumstances of both the NHS and local government makes this an apposite time to rethink established structures.     

Violence,Negligence and Suicidal Tendency among Physically Disabled Street Children

This study was carried out among physically disabled street children (PDSC) in the city of Dhaka in Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to explore violence, negligence and suicidal tendency among PDSC. To do this, 30 PDSC (15 male and 15 female) were conveniently selected and interviewed with an interview protocol developed by a step‐by‐step process. The results of this study revealed that all the participants experienced physical violence but female children were more likely to experience sexual violence than male children. Violence against disabled children came from both family members or relatives and other people. As with violence, all the participants experienced some sort of negligence, again both from family members or relatives and other people. More importantly, this study found that more than half of the physically disabled children had suicidal tendency to some extent, i.e. some thought of committing suicide at least once in their life, while others attempted to commit suicide due to the sufferings that came with disability. This study concludes with some policy implications, particularly: providing counseling to parents and the disabled children; training of the service providers who provide services to disabled persons; and building awareness through mass media.     

Trust and Welfare State Reform: The Example of the NHS

This article discusses the impact of New Public Management on public trust in welfare state institutions, using the example of NHS reform. Discussion of trust in public institutions across political science, psychology and sociology indicates that it is based on both rational/objective considerations (competence and capacity to deliver the service) and affectual/subjective factors (shared values, belief that the trustee shares the trustor's interests). The New Public Management foregrounds individual responsibility and incentives for both suppliers and users of services, in the NHS example in quasi‐markets, management by target and patient choice. These accord with an individualized market rational‐actor model rather than with affective considerations. Analysis of attitude survey data on the NHS confirms that rational/objective and affectual/subjective factors contribute to public trust in this field. However, a comparison between perceptions in England, where the internal market has been vigorously pursued, and Scotland, where the purchaser/provider split was discarded after devolution, indicate that the market does not offer a royal road to perceptions of superior quality in the objective factors. Conversely, the more market‐centred system can make progress in relation to the more subjective affectual factors.     

Allocation of the Soviet Labor Force in Productive and Nonproductive Areas

An important discussion taking place among Soviet economists deals with the proportions of the labor force in productive and nonproductive spheres. Broadly speaking, productive labor refers to labor which produces material values while nonproductive labor refers to services, selling, cultural work, etc. Neither term has any moral connotation, but is based on the production or nonproduction of value in Marxist terms. The practical import of this question lies in the fact that advanced economies tend to have an increasing proportion of the labor force work in the nonproductive sphere. According to the data and analysis in this article, this process is taking place in the Soviet Union. "Allocation and Utilization of the Soviet Labor Force During the Seven-Year Plan," Sotsialistichesky Trud (Socialist Labor), 1961, No. 3.     

Public Participation in the New NHS: No Closer to Citizen Control?

Over the last decade support for increasing public participation in decisions regarding the planning and delivery of health services has become a familiar feature of the policy agenda for the UK National Health Service. This paper reviews current Labour policy towards public participation and reports on the response of primary care groups (PCGs) to recent Labour directives to make patient and public involvement an integral part of the way they work, presenting the findings of a survey conducted in one English health region. The experience of these PCGs suggests that, despite the diverse backgrounds of board members, there is marked consensus between local and central decision makers as to their understanding of public participation. Whilst academic debates have tended to conceptualize participation in dualist terms as a form of consumerism or of citizenship, the survey data suggest that in the context of local implementation public participation is framed within a new public management perspective which values it as an aid to organizational learning. The findings of this study highlight obstacles to securing effective public participation, including a lack of substantive guidance regarding policy implementation that produces uncertainty amongst local decision makers as to how best to proceed. The inherent limitations of public participation within the new public management paradigm suggest that democratic renewal, one of the goals of the government's modernization agenda, is unlikely to be achieved.     

Unemployment,Youth Homelessness and the Allocation of Family Responsibility

The following discussion concerns two issues relating to what is usually called youth homelessness. The first concerns the accommodation expectations for 15 to 17 year olds to reside at their parent's home, which is encouraged by the existing government's policies, and the non-indexation of the unemployment benefit for single 16 and 17 year olds. Assumptions about family responsibility are also discussed and linked with assumptions about family dependency. The second concerns the establishing of a minimum data base from which the quantification of the number of homeless youth can begin. Additional data available, however, suggests that the numbers of young people who might be expected to experience difficulty finding accommodation is much higher than first thought.     

Unanimity and Resource Monotonicity

In the context of indivisible public objects problems (e.g., candidate selection or qualification) with “separable” preferences, unanimity rule accepts each object if and only if the object is in everyone’s top set. We establish two axiomatizations of unanimity rule. The main axiom is resource monotonicity, saying that resource increase should affect all agents in the same direction. This axiom is considered in combination with simple Pareto (there is no Pareto improvement by addition or subtraction of a single object), independence of irrelevant alternatives, and either path independence or strategy-proofness.     

Rural Medical Insurance and Medical Cooperatives

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Spatial Equity in the Allocation of Funds to State Secondary Schools

Disproportionate attention is often focused on government programs which are adopted as part of a political platform. Yet these are often marginal in terms of the expenditures involved. Such is the case with education. The disadvantaged schools program introduced by the Whitlam Labor government involved only a very small outlay compared with the annual expenditure on education in Victoria. This paper argues that it is important to find ways of evaluating the spatial and social impact of the main bulk of government programs. Evidence is adduced which casts some doubt on the equity with which state government funds for state secondary schools have been allocated spatially in metropolitan Melbourne.     

Eligibility Criteria and Entitlements: Defining Need for NHS Continuing Care

The 1995 guidance HSG(95)8 "NHS Responsibilities for Meeting Continuing Health Care Needs" required health authorities to develop local policies and eligibility criteria for a range of continuing care services. The role of criteria in defining health need, and the potential effect on open-ended rights to NHS care, need to be considered in light of the prior erosion of rights associated with changes in continuing care provision. This paper examines whether the development of eligibility criteria has led to a loss of entitlements to NHS care. Analysis of empirical evidence from a study of the policies and criteria of six health authorities found that criteria for fully funded care were generally well defined and restricted access to those with very intense and specialist needs, thereby constituting a loss of rights. In contrast, the criteria for community-based services left eligibility dependent on professional discretion but often failed to clarify the relationship between individual need and levels of service provision. The research found that resource limits are likely to remain a factor in the allocation of services and this will affect the status of the criteria as potential entitlements.     

Genetics After the Act: A Specialist Health Service Amid NHS Reform

This article considers the impact of the recent reform of the National Health Service (NHS) on specialist regional health services. A case study of medical genetic services is presented to highlight some problems arising from the implementation of the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act. New financial arrangements introduced by the Act have led many regional health authorities to devolve the finance and organization of specialist health services to districts. The introduction of competition and devolved budgets may pose especial problems for some specialist health services. In the case of genetic services these difficulties are exacerbated by new pricing rules. The paper explores these issues and suggests that the imposition of the market model on health care overlooks some vital, human elements which do not fit neatly into such a model.     

清末兰溪的地权分配

本文利用浙江兰溪的清末鱼鳞图册样本,计算出该地区地权分配之吉尼系数,其数值与江苏、安徽地区的吉尼系数同样的低,这反映出江南省份的高人口密度,并与华北地区较高的吉尼系数形成鲜明对照.     

物权的配置与效率原则

效率是法律追求的价值目标之一,也是配置物权所应达到的一个目的.在物权的成立要件、变动模式、效力范围、救济方式,物权的形式,物权客体的界定,物权的让与性,程序与实体的协调等方面,效率原则都要发挥作用.