7150-T7751铝合金厚板性能的不均匀性

采用拉伸性能、显微组织、化学成分以及扫描电镜组织、电子背散射衍射和织构分析等手段,研究了80mm厚7150-T7751合金厚板不同厚度层纵向和横向的组织和性能。结果表明:80mm厚7150-T7751合金厚板不同厚度层的组织和力学性能有明显的不同,且并非成分宏观偏析造成的;厚板内部的力学性能存在各向异性,且不同厚度层各向异性的特点不同,板材中心层的纵向强度显著比横向强度大,板材1/4厚度层不仅其纵向强度最小而且还小于其横向强度;板材的中心层的轧制变形程度虽小,但固溶时效后的织构却较强;7150-T7751合金具有合适织构的粗大长状再结晶晶粒与细小等轴晶组织匹配时,在沿粗大晶粒长度的方向可获得较高的强度。     

燃气轮机隔热板GH22合金的组织和力学性能

采用真空感应熔炼的方法制备GH22母合金,然后真空感应重熔浇注成等轴晶成形试棒,测试其室温拉伸、高温拉伸和持久性能.利用熔模失蜡精密铸造技术生产了重型燃机GH22隔热板铸件,对隔热板不同部位进行了宏观晶粒度、光学金相、扫描电镜及能谱分析.从国产、进口隔热板底板分别取样加工成力学性能试样,进行了室温拉伸、高温拉伸和高温持久性能测试.结果表明:国产GH22母合金的成分和性能满足要求.国产铸件取样试样的宏观晶粒度、室温拉伸、高温拉伸性能与国外铸件相当.国产铸件具有更高的高温持久强度,这主要是由于国产GH22母合金中碳含量更高,合金组织中在枝晶间和晶界处析出更多的碳化物相.     

复合包套轧制工艺对难变形高温合金GH720Li组织的影响

研究了复合包套轧制工艺对难变形高温合金GH720Li组织的影响.结果表明:采用复合包套变形可以有效控制合金的轧制温度,减少轧辊与钢锭的摩擦力,改善难变形合金的表面质量及变形组织均匀性,防止轧制过程开裂.随着轧制变形量的增大,铸态GH720Li合金粗大的柱状树枝晶组织充分破碎,热变形后合金轧态晶粒度为ASTM5级,一次γ′相尺寸约为0.46μm,同时消除了低倍粗晶现象.经过热处理后GH720Li合金晶粒度为ASTM4级,改善了强化相γ′相的大小、数量及其分布状态,获得了良好的力学性能.     

轧制温度对Al−4.5Cu−1.5Mg−0.5Zr合金显微组织及性能影响

目的 优化加工工艺,改善合金的组织,提高合金的力学性能。方法 采用金相(OM)观察、拉伸试验和X射线衍射,分析在大应变轧制下冷轧结合T6态处理后板材的成形性能,引入Williamson-Hall模型和Taylor函数,分析合金内部位错密度的变化规律及其对力学性能的影响。结果 随着前期轧制温度从350 ℃升高到400 ℃,合金晶粒得到明显细化,再结晶充分,晶粒尺寸细小,晶界处第二相粗大;冷轧后晶粒破碎严重,晶粒的碎化方向与轧制方向垂直;在350 ℃时,合金内部的位错密度为1.62×10¹⁵ m^?2,位错密度对强度的贡献值为219.5 MPa,其抗拉强度最大为602 MPa、屈服强度为512 MPa、伸长率为12.6%。结论 Al?4.5Cu?1.5Mg?0.5Zr合金的晶粒组织明显细化,其力学性能得到提升。     

细晶Al-Si-Mg合金的组织遗传性与高屈服强度设计

常规Al-Si-Mg合金铸锭(如A356铸棒)晶粒异常粗大,重熔后导致铸件存在微观缩松、组织成分不均匀、合金性能较差等问题,因此有效控制其晶粒尺寸至关重要.将细晶A356铝合金重熔,研究其组织遗传性,并通过电子探针(EPMA)表征形核质点、差式扫描量热(DSC)分析其凝固过程,揭示了其遗传机理,且利用该细晶(A356铝合金)设计了高强度的Al-Si-Mg合金.研究结果表明,细晶A356铝合金重熔后仍为细晶组织,其平均晶粒尺寸为74.9μm.该种铝合金α-Al晶粒的中心处含有三元TiCB化合物粒子(TCB),合金重熔后即使经过长时间保温该粒子仍可稳定存在于熔体中,能够降低合金的形核过冷度,对α-Al起到形核作用,因此其细化效果得以保留,使细晶组织具有遗传性.此外,重熔后的细晶A356铝合金的抗拉强度为312.5 MPa,延伸率达到12.5％;在此基础上加入少量Mg以进一步提高其强度,设计得到的Al-Si-Mg合金的力学性能优异,特别是在延伸率为3.9％的情况下,Al-7Si-0.8Mg合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别高达386.4 MPa、352.9 MPa.     

不同固溶温度对718合金组织及力学性能的影响

研究了不同固溶温度和保温时间对718合金晶粒度以及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着固溶温度的提高和保温时间的延长,合金的晶粒度减小;在低于1000℃固溶时,未溶解的δ相使晶粒长大缓慢;高于1050℃固溶时,合金晶粒度随温度的升高迅速增大。随固溶温度的升高,合金室温强度和硬度降低,而塑性和韧性均升高。     

准晶增强Mg-Zn-Y合金的ECAP变形组织及力学性能

镁及镁合金作为目前工业应用中最轻的结构材料之一,具有良好的应用前景,然而由于镁合金自身强度较低、抗氧化性能差以及高温抗蠕变性能差等问题,使其作为某些结构件的应用受到限制,为进一步扩大其应用,人们采用了多种方法来提高其综合力学性能.二十面体准晶相(简称Ⅰ-phase)由于其特殊的结构而具有优异的力学性能,如高强度、高硬度等,将Ⅰ-phase作为一种增强相引入到镁合金中可大大提高镁合金的力学性能,为新型镁合金的开发和实际应用提供了一种新途径.本文采用常规铸造法制备了含有粗大网状Ⅰ-phase和α-Mg两相组织的Mg-Zn-Y合金.研究了合金含量及Zn/Y比对Mg-Zn-Y合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,探讨了热处理工艺对合金中相析出行为及Ⅰ-phase热稳定性的影响.以时效处理后的Mg-Zn-Y合金为研究对象,研究了两种塑性变形工艺(常规热挤压和等径角挤压变形)对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,并对合金的细化机制、断裂行为与强化机制进行了研究.研究结果表明,在Y含量为0.3%～2.0%(at),Zn含量为1.7%～6.0%(at)的富镁Mg-Zn-Y合金中,合金的铸态组织及相组成取决于Zn/Y比和Zn含量,Zn/Y比为6时,合金的铸态组织由α-Mg基体和晶界上富镁相与Ⅰ-phase两相共晶组织组成;在所研究的合金成分范围内,合金中Ⅰ-phase的形成及其体积分数与合金的凝固速度有关,采用快速凝固的方法得到的合金中,由于第二相的形核及长大受到抑制,形成的Ⅰ-phase的体积分数相对于常规铸造工艺下制备的合金中Ⅰ-phase的含量有所减少,同时发现,合金的极限抗拉强度和屈服强度随合金中Ⅰ-phase体积分数的增加而增加,但合金的延伸率略有降低;在400℃、24h的热处理工艺下,Mg95Zn4.3Y0.7合金基体上有球形Ⅰ-phase析出,且析出的Ⅰ-phase在随后的时效处理中表现出热稳定性;在190℃不同时效时间下合金基体中的析出相为密排六方结构的MgZn2相,其析出行为与Mg-Zn二元合金类似.Mg-Zn-Y合金的热挤压结果表明,通过挤压变形可以显著细化合金的晶粒组织,合金的晶粒大小可由变形前的40～60μm减小到8～15μm,在挤压过程中位于晶界的Ⅰ-phase被破碎并较均匀地分布在基体合金中,随着挤压比的增大和挤压温度的降低,晶粒进一步细化,Ⅰ-phase的弥散程度增加.挤压变形可以显著提高Mg-Zn-Y合金的强度、硬度和延伸率;随着挤压比的增大,合金的强度、硬度和延伸率均有所增加;在所研究的3种合金中,Mg95Zn4.3Y0.7合金在523K以25:1的挤压比挤压后,具有较高的力学性能,其极限抗拉强度为287MPa,屈服强度为203MPa,延伸率为14.1%.对于预挤压态Mg-Zn-Y合金的ECAP变形结果表明,ECAP对于预挤压态Mg-Zn-Y合金组织的细化是一个不断加强的过程,1道次ECAP变形后,在一些粗大晶粒之间分布着许多细小的晶粒,随变形道次的增加,原始粗大的晶粒消失,形成均匀细小的等轴晶粒,平均晶粒尺寸为1～3μm,同时在ECAP过程中Ⅰ-phase被破碎并呈弥散分布.ECAP变形1道次可以显著提高Mg-Zn-Y合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率,Mg95Zn4.3Y0.7合金ECAP变形1道次后力学性能指标σb=331MPa,σ0.2=223MPa,δ=19.4%.Mg-Zn-Y合金以A、BA、Bc、C等4种不同工艺路线进行8道次ECAP变形后的显微组织差异不大,均形成细小的等轴晶粒;4种工艺路线在1～8道次的变形过程中,合金的力学性能变化不同,对于路径A和BA,随着变形道次的增加,合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率变化幅度不大,对于路径BC和C,变形道次超过4次后,产生的变形织构的弱化作用导致合金的屈服强度迅速降低,但是合金仍保持较高的抗拉强度和延伸率.通过对ECAP变形过程中Mg-Zn-Y合金晶粒细化过程的分析,结合其力学性能的变化得出ECAP变形的细化机制和准晶相强化机制:ECAP对于准晶增强Mg-Zn-Y合金的细化机制主要是基体在不同变形路径下的连续剪切变形机制和准晶粒子对于基体的剪切及钉扎机制;准晶增强Mg-Zn-Y合金ECAP变形过程中存在3种强化机制:细晶强化、第二相粒子强化和位错强化,3种强化机制分别在ECAP变形的不同阶段起主导作用,在共同的强化作用下提高合金的强度.     

真空感应凝壳熔炼TC4合金的显微组织和力学性能

针对在航空航天等领域有重要应用背景的TC4合金 ,运用水冷铜坩埚真空感应熔炼炉制备了合金铸锭 ,研究了合金在铸态、热处理和热等静压条件下的显微组织和力学性能 .结果表明 ,铸态TC4合金的晶粒粗大 ,基体为大片状α+ β相组织 ,合金的强度较高 ,塑性低 ;合金经热处理 ,尤其经热等静压处理后 ,组织明显细化 ,塑性提高 .     

热处理对GH742合金组织和力学性能的影响

研究了不同热处理制度对ＧＨ７４２高温合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,调整固溶处理制度可明显改变晶粒度和γ＇形态。控制固溶处理温度,供γ＇相不完全溶解,可以阻止晶粒长大,而这种粗大γ＇相和时效过程中形成的细小γ＇相共存的组织具有良好的综合性能。时效处理可以改变γ＇相的数量和分布,时效温度越低,时间越长,则γ＇相数量越多,尺寸越小,使合金的强度上升,塑性降低。     

超超临界发电机组螺栓用镍基高温合金混晶组织均匀细化工艺

目的 消除典型镍基合金锻件中存在的严重混晶组织,从而提高锻件的力学性能.方法 提出"低温 δ相时效+高温连续降温退火"双级热处理工艺,研究该热处理工艺对混晶组织演变及高温性能的影响,揭示锻造混晶组织的均匀细化机制.结果 利用该工艺可以在提升再结晶形核速率的同时降低再结晶晶粒的生长速率,从而获得平均晶粒尺寸为5.82μm的均匀细小的晶粒组织(达到ASTM12级),并可保证合理的δ相残余含量.同时,晶粒组织的均匀细化使得合金的强度以及塑性等力学性能均较传统DA工艺得到较大的提升,其中650℃屈服强度较DA工艺提升了13.4％.结论 连续降温再结晶热处理工艺可以有效改善镍基高温合金锻件中的混晶状态,并显著提升合金的强度和塑性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.