长江江豚种群生存力分析

长江江豚是一个独立的种群,由于人类活动的影响,其数量呈下降的趋势,运用漩涡模型（ＶＯＲＴＥＸ７．３）分析了长江江豚的种群生存力,预测了未来１００ａ长江江豚的种群动态,比较了在假设环境条件下以及采取和不采取保护措施长江江豚种群的濒危程度,并模拟了江豚饲养群体的动态,主要结果显示,长江江豚在未来１００ａ内灭绝的概率为０．０１平均灭绝时间为１００ａ,如长江环境状况进一步恶化,长江江豚的灭绝概率针大幅度提     

中国水域江豚颅骨的地理变异

本文根据１４４号江豚骨骼标本（其中长江种群标本４０号,黄海种群标本５９号,南海种群标本４５号）,选用４２项颅骨测量变量,研究了颅骨在各地理种群之间的差异。ｔ－检验和协方差分析表明：长江江豚成体的颅基长比较小。南海种群吻长小于其它两个种群,而吻宽则最大,长江种群次之,黄海种群最小。黄海种群的前颌骨宽、颧宽、眶前突最大宽和眶后突最大宽比其它两个种群的小。黄海种群的上颌齿较多,而南海种群则下颌齿较多,长     

长江中下游江豚种群现状评价

作者根据近年在长江中下游对江豚进行考察的资料和收集到的标本,系统分析评价了长江中下游江豚的种群现状,主要结果如下:1.长江江豚上至宜昌(距河口1669公里),下至长江口,以及洞庭湖、鄱阳湖均有分布。分布型式是沿长江纵向呈集群性分布,横向呈趋岸性分布;2.长江中下游江豚种群数量估计为2700头。其数量冬季最高,夏季最低。夏季的SPUE值仅为冬季的48.7％—58.6％;3.长江中下游江豚群体以1—5头最为常见,占88％;4.理论推算长江中下游每年新产生个体为539头,年出生率为20％;5.通过分析比较长江中下游和中国沿海以及日本Inland Sea江豚种群数量变动趋势,推测长江中下游江豚很可能进行“江—海”、“海—江”长距离大规模的迁移,这种迁移与生殖有关。     

半自然水域中长江江豚活动区域及其季节性变化

长江江豚 (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是江豚独立的淡水种群,近年来其种群数量呈急剧下降趋势1。       

长江江豚种群衰退机理研究进展

长江江豚（Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis）是生活于我国长江中下游的一种独特的淡水小型鲸类,1996年被收录为IUCN濒危物种。在过去的三十年间,其种群数量呈快速下降趋势。数据显示,20世纪90年代以来,其种群下降速率约为每年6.3%。2006年考察发现长江干流中其种群数量少于1 200头,与15年前相比减少了50%以上。为了深入了解造成长江江豚种群快速衰退的机理,课题组从种群生态学、生物声学和种群遗传学三个方面开展研究工作。综述了该项目的研究进展,并对下一步的研究计划进行了展望。相关研究不仅能促进长江江豚保护生物学理论的发展,也有助于深化对白鱀豚衰退和灭绝过程的反思,并为其他长江水生生物资源的保护提供理论借鉴。     

鄱阳湖长江江豚的微卫星遗传多样性及发展预测

为了科学评估鄱阳湖长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)的遗传多样性并预测其发展趋势,研究基于124头活体长江江豚的血液样本及42头搁浅死亡长江江豚的组织样本,利用微卫星遗传标记对该种群的遗传多样性进行了评估,并利用BottleSim软件对该种群遗传多样性的发展趋势进行了模拟预测。研究结果显示,鄱阳湖长江江豚种群10个微卫星位点的平均等位基因数(N_a)为5.80、平均观察杂合度(H_o)为0.653、期望杂合度(H_e)为0.664,表现出中等程度的核DNA遗传多样性;在剔除死亡个体后,平均等位基因数下降至5.50,并且死亡个体在3个微卫星位点上具有3个稀有等位基因,表明非正常死亡将导致鄱阳湖种群遗传多样性下降。此外,模拟结果表明,如果保持当前有效种群(N_e=62)和雌雄性比(0.87:1),鄱阳湖长江江豚种群的遗传多样性将快速下降;而要实现100年内保存90%以上遗传多样性的目标,则其有效种群至少需要200头或者实际种群数量超过1000头。研...     

湖口至南京段长江江豚种群现状评估

对湖口至南京段长江江豚的考察资料进行分析。结果表明：1、研究长江江豚不同的生态行为,能提高野外计数的准确性;2、长江江豚大规模集群（10头以上）发生在特定的江段,近年来出现的机率在下降;3、湖口至南京段长江江豚数量为1054头,其中小孤山至湖口段种群密度最高;4、湖口至南京段支流中分布的长江江豚约占该江段种群数量的9.3%。     

鄱阳湖及其支流长江江豚种群数量及分布

在1997 年11 月至1998 年11 月的134 d 中, 大致按一年四季, 分4 次对鄱阳湖及其主要支流中的长江江豚种群数量、数量的季节变动、分布、行为、江豚栖息地环境、人类活动对江豚的影响进行了考察。江豚的分布主要集中在鄱阳湖湖区, 赣江、信江、抚河等主要支流的中下游和支流入湖的湖口附近。冬、春、秋3 个季节鄱阳湖水系长江江豚种群数量的估计值分别为91 头、431 头和260头。即, 鄱阳湖江豚的种群数量约为100～400 头,其种群数量随季节、水位、鱼类资源的变化而呈现出相应的变化。     

鄱阳湖原地保护

目前长江干流和洞庭湖中的长江江豚处境危急,特别是洞庭湖中的种群可能最先走向野外灭绝.与这两处水域不同,根据2005～2012年的连续监测,鄱阳湖长江江豚的种群数量虽然在不同年度及季度之间有一些变动,但总体上维持在一个相对稳定的状态,约为450头.这是十分有趣的现象,为何独独鄱阳湖长江江豚的种群数量能够在过去8年维持相对稳定呢？其实,这还是与鄱阳湖保持相对较好的水域生态环境相关.我们认为,鄱阳湖长江江豚种群数量的稳定与鄱阳湖“洪水一片,枯水一线”的自然生态水文节律、统一集中的渔政管理机制及相对干流和洞庭湖区较低的人类活动强度直接相关.     

中国水域江豚种群遗传变异的研究

运用ＰＣＲ产物的银染测序技术,测定了中国水域江豚长江豚长江种群、黄海种群和南海种群共１２头个休的２个长度分别为３１７ｂｐ和２４５ｂｐ的ｍｔＤＮＡ控制区序列,并以此分析了江豚种遗传变异。结果表明：中国水域江豚各种群的控制区序列所定义的单倍型互不相同,无共有的单保型。以２个ｍｔＤＮＡ控制区片段的核苷酸序旬,以及把２个片段合并后产生的较大片段的序列,用ＭＥＧＡ软件中的ＵＰＧＭＡ法构建的系统树把江豚聚类为     

POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF FINLESS PORPOISES, NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES, IN CHINESE WATERS, INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL CONTROL REGION SEQUENCES

Seven hundred and twenty base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial control region from 73 finless porpoises, Neophocaena phocaenoides , in Chinese waters were sequenced. Thirteen variable sites were determined and 17 haplotypes were defined. Of these, 5 and 7 were found only in the Yellow Sea population and the South China Sea population, respectively, whereas no specific haplo-type was found in the Yangtze River population. Phylogenetic analyses using NJ and ML algorithm did not divide the haplotypes into monophyletic clades representing recognized geographic populations of finless porpoises in Chinese waters, suggesting the existence of migration and gene flow among populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed the obvious population genetic structure (φ_st= 0.41, P < 0.05); however, the structure was mainly between either the Yangtze River population or the Yellow Sea population and the South China Sea population. The genetic diversity (nucleotide diversity and haplotypic diversity) of the Yellow Sea population was significantly higher than those of the Yangtze River population and the South China Sea population, suggesting the relatively later divergence of the latter two populations and supporting the Yellow Sea population as the original center of Neophocaena .     

江豚小肾及肾小球的测量和计数研究

作者做了江豚的小肾和肾小球的测量和计数,首次报道了肾小球总数及体积。长江标本和黄海沿岸标本的小肾数量和直径,肾小球数量和体积都没有显著差异,说明其小肾化程度和肾小球数目与环境盐度不直接相关。江豚的肾小球数量和体积都比体重与之相近的陆生兽类大得多。鲸类由于水生生活,新陈代谢较高,因而其肾的小肾化可能与排泄量大有关系。     

江豚和白鱀豚视网膜神经节细胞的研究

江豚和白暨豚视网膜神经节细胞根据其形态结构可分为1、2两型。其密度分布在大多数江豚和1头白(既鱼)豚呈两个高密度区。第一高密度区位于视网膜鼻侧偏腹方,第二高密度区位于颞侧偏背方。第一和第二高密度区的细胞的最高密度在江豚大多数分别为每平方毫米250和210左右,在一例白暨豚约180和140以上。其组成、密度分布及细胞总数在采自长江和黄海沿岸的江豚之间差异不显著。在白(既鱼)豚由于大神经节细胞相对增多,细胞平均直径比江豚的大;细胞数在40微米左右处形成特有的第二个峰;2型的细胞极少,且没有发现典型的星形神经节细胞。 几种豚类的视网膜神经节细胞的比较表明,在适应弱光环境的过程中,视网膜神经节细胞的组成发生了一些改变:2型的神经节细胞逐渐减少甚至消失;大神经节细胞相对增多;神经节细胞密度减小。视觉敏度提高,锐度下降。     

中国水域江豚颅后骨骼的地理变异

本文根据142号各年龄段的江豚颅后骨骼标奉(其中长江种群标本38号,黄海种群标本59号,南海种群标本45号),选用42项颅后骨骼变量,应用t-检验、协方差分析和判别分析,研究了颅后骨骼在各地理种群之间的变异。结果表明,(1)中国水域江豚不同种群之间在颅后骨骼上的差异是明的,而且表现在包括初生幼体在内的所有年龄段的标本中。0)南海种群的颅后骨骼最发达,长江次之,黄海种群的最不发达。(3)黄海种群与长江种群的差异较小,与南海种群的差异较大;南海种群与长江种群的差异相对最大。(4)颅骨发生的适应性变化比其外形的变化要慢,而颅后骨骼的变化比颅骨的变化还要慢．     

Mitochondrial control region variability of baiji and the Yangtze finless porpoises,two sympatric small cetaceans in the Yangtze river

BaijiLipotes vexillifer (Miller, 1918) and the Yangtze finless porpoiseNeophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (Pilleri and Gihr, 1972) are two sympatric small cetaceans inhabiting the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In this study, a fragment (420–428 bp) of the mitochondrial control region was sequenced to provide the first comparative survey of genetic variability and population structure in these two endangered species, with samples of finless porpoises from the Yellow/Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea also included. Low values of haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were found for both species, especially for the baiji and the Yangtze River and South China Sea populations of finless porpoises. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) supported a high level of overall genetic structure among three porpoise populations in Chinese waters, with greatest differences found between either the Yangtze River population or the Yellow Sea population and the South China Sea population. The differentiation between the Yangtze and Yellow Sea populations was not significant, and the males have higher genetic differentiation than the females, suggesting a significant female-biased dispersal between these two populations. This study showed that the Yangtze finless porpoise, unlike the sympatric baiji, was not a genetically isolated population. The Yangtze and Yellow Sea porpoises should be included in the same management unit, but further studies using more samples and especially based on more molecular markers are urgently needed to confirm this.     

THE VISUAL CELLS AND VISUAL PIGMENT OF THE MUDPUPPY, NECTURUS

Electron microscopy of the visual cells of the mudpuppy Necturus have revealed several new or hitherto neglected features of organization: (a) A system of deeply staining micelles in virtually crystalline array, probably located in the lamellae of the rod outer segments. These particles may contain the visual pigment, porphyropsin. Counts of the micelles, and microspectrophotometric measurements of porphyropsin in the retina and single rods yield the estimate that each lamellar micelle may contain about 50 molecules of porphyropsin. (b) Systems of about 30 cytoplasmic filaments (here called dendrites), continuous with the cytoplasm of the inner segment, and standing like a palisade about the outer segments of the rods and cones. In the rods, one such filament stands in the mouth of each of the approximately 30 deep fissures that carve the outer segment into a radial array of lobules. (c) A system of deeply staining particles in the membranes of the dendrites, and another in the membranes of the pigment epithelial processes. It is suggested that these may have a part in interchanges of material with the outer segments. The ciliary process is found to penetrate more deeply than is commonly supposed into the outer segments of the rods and cones. The edge of each double-membrane disc in rods forms a differentiated rim structure, both around the disc circumference and bordering the fissures. These anatomical arrangements are summarized in Figs. 13 and 14, and the relevant measurements in Table I. The dilution of visual pigment in Necturus rods and cones and a general consideration of their microstructures make it seem unlikely that such typically solid state processes as exciton migration or photoconduction can transport the effects of light far from the site of absorption. Excitation must, therefore, be conveyed to the receptor as a whole by some axial structure. Among axial structures, the plasma membrane is most likely to be the site of nervous excitation. The ciliary process probably plays its main role in the embryogenesis and regeneration of outer segments; and the dendrites and pigment epithelial processes in exchanges of material with the outer segments and perhaps with one another.     

Resolving the origins of invertebrate colonists in the Yangtze River Estuary with molecular markers: Implications for ecological connectivity

Understanding connectivity over different spatial and temporal scales is fundamental for managing of ecological systems. However, controversy exists for wintertime ecological connectivity between the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and inner southwestern Yellow Sea. Here, we investigated ecological connectivity between the YRE and inner southwestern Yellow Sea in wintertime by precisely pinpointing the source of the newly colonized populations of a winter‐spawning rocky intertidal invertebrate, Littorina brevicula (Philippi, 1844), on artificial structures along the coast of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) using mitochondrial ND6 sequences and microsatellite data. Clear phylogeographic and genetic differentiation were detected between natural rocky populations south and north of the YRE, which resulted from the lack of hard substrate for rocky invertebrates in the large YRD coast. For the newly colonized populations on the coast of YRD, most individuals (98%) to the south of ~33.5°N were from natural rocky populations to the south of the YRE and most of those (94%) to the north of ~33.5°N were from the northern natural rocky populations, which demonstrated strong ecological connectivity between the inner southwestern Yellow Sea and the YRE in winter time. We presented the first genetic evidence that demonstrated a northward wintertime coastal current in the inner southwestern Yellow Sea, and precisely illustrated the boundary of the coastal current recently proposed by numerical experiment. These results indicated that the YRE serves as an important source of materials and energy for the inner southwestern Yellow Sea in winter, which can be crucial for the function of the Yellow Sea ecosystem.     

Development of tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the finless porpoise (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Neophocaena phocaenoides</Emphasis>)

The finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, is endemic to the coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the Persian Gulf to Japan. Nine tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Polymorphism of each locus was assessed in 39 unrelated individuals from the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea of the Chinese waters. The number of alleles per locus varied from 2 to 11. The ranges of observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.154–0.795 and 0.146–0.839, respectively. Cross-species amplification of these loci was tested in other cetacean species. These microsatellite markers described here will be suitable for population genetic studies of finless porpoises and other cetacean species.     

长江江豚繁殖生物学研究概述

长江江豚,即江豚扬子亚种,是仅分布于长江及附属湖泊中的唯一江豚淡水亚种,也是3个江豚亚种中最濒危的一个亚种。本文概述了30 年来国内外关于长江江豚繁殖生物学方面的研究成果,主要从繁殖生态学、组织解剖学、生理学以及行为学等4 个方面阐述了长江江豚繁殖生物学研究现状,并对其中一些相互矛盾和有争议的问题进行了分析。探讨了今后研究中应注意的重点问题,力图为长江江豚的繁殖生物学研究指明方向,为早日实现长江江豚的人工繁殖奠定基础。