酰胺化桔皮果胶凝胶流变学性质研究及动力学分析(Ⅱ)

通过流变学方法对酰胺化桔皮果胶的凝胶过程进行动力学分析.探讨不同凝胶体系的凝胶形成速率的影响因素;后采用程序降温动力学模型对果胶溶液在冷却过程中弹性模量的变化进行动力学分析,得到了代表两个凝胶过程的不同温度范围,不同的范围内其凝胶活化能有很大差别.     

酰胺化桔皮果胶凝胶流变学性质研究及动力学分析(Ⅰ)

研究了酰胺化桔皮果胶的胶凝性质.通过流变学方法探讨在冷却过程中温度对果胶体系弹性模量的影响,表明在降温的过程中,凝胶体系的弹性模量逐渐增加,但不同体系胶凝温度有差别,钙离子浓度对胶凝温度影响较大.应用橡胶弹性理论对果胶交联链的数量进行估计;然后考察了振荡频率对果胶凝胶弹性模量的影响,果胶凝胶属于典型的粘弹性体.     

改性果胶水凝胶的构建及应用研究进展

天然果胶多以高酯果胶形式存在,在形成水凝胶时需要强酸性环境和高浓度的糖,且形成的水凝胶属于物理交联水凝胶,在应用过程中存在强度弱、韧性和稳定较差等缺陷。因此针对天然果胶的结构进行一定的修饰,以改善其固有的凝胶性能,从而制备凝胶性能良好的改性果胶水凝胶,使其能够更好地应用于食品和药品领域成为了近年来的研究热点。该研究首先总结了果胶的改性方法及改性果胶水凝胶的构建方法;其次阐述了改性果胶水凝胶在食品及药品领域的应用现状;最后指出了果胶改性及改性果胶水凝胶构建和应用研究中存在的一些问题,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望,以期为实现果胶水凝胶的进一步开发和利用提供参考依据。     

低酯果胶的凝胶质构性能研究

以X-T21型质构仪为主要研究设备,重点研究了低酯果胶凝胶性能和相关影响因素。研究结果表明,提高低酯果胶浓度和体系pH、适当降低凝胶形成温度是增强凝胶质构性能的有效手段;在几种金属离子中,铜离子促进凝胶形成的能力最强,但其离子浓度必需适中,否则过量的离子会对凝胶性能产生负面影响;低分子糖类成分并非低酯果胶凝胶形成的必备成分,但适量糖类的添加有助于凝胶性能的提高;加热及高速搅拌处理对已经形成的凝胶结构椲产生一定破坏作用。     

酰胺化低酯果胶凝胶破碎强度的影响因素

酰胺化低酯果胶具有较普通低酯果胶更优越的胶凝性质,国外对其的研究已经不限于制备工艺,而更多在于其性质及新产品的应用开发,但国内的研究还几乎是空白.本文以柑橘酰胺化低酯果胶为研究对象,对其凝胶破碎强度的影响因素进行了研究.研究其形成凝胶时的影响因素:凝胶保存时间与温度、成胶条件(果胶浓度、体系pH、钙离子浓度、缓冲盐的种类及含量),并探讨了各因素对凝胶破碎强度影响的机理.此外,对比高酯果胶形成的凝胶,研究了酰胺化低酯果胶凝胶的热可逆性质.研究表明其成胶时主要受到凝胶保存的温度与时间、酰胺化低酯果胶含量、凝胶体系pH、钙离子浓度、蔗糖浓度、缓冲盐种类及添加量等因素的影响;其中缓冲盐的种类及含量对凝胶破碎强度有影响;并且,酰胺化低酯果胶的热可逆性也与缓冲盐有关.该结论为其作为胶凝剂在食品中的应用打下良好的理论基础.     

商业橘皮果胶与大豆果胶流变性质的比较

通过流变学方法对商业橘皮果胶及大豆果胶溶液黏度及凝胶过程进行分析。结果表明：相同条件下,商业橘皮果胶的黏度高于大豆果胶;在形成凝胶过程中,商业橘皮果胶凝胶体系储能模量要远高于大豆果胶。果胶质量浓度为2 g/100 mL、蔗糖添加量为55、60 g/100 mL,葡萄糖酸内酯（D-glucono-δ-lactone,GDL）添加量为3、4 g/100 mL的商业橘皮果胶与相同条件下的大豆果胶储能模量差异不大;通过加入蔗糖及GDL或提高大豆果胶质量浓度,可明显提高大豆果胶凝胶体系的储能模量,增加大豆果胶的凝胶强度。     

羧甲基纤维素钠对低酯果胶凝胶流变特性及凝胶形成的影响

为探究羧甲基纤维素钠(sodiuncarboxy methyl cellulose,CMC)在低酯果胶凝胶形成过程中的作用,以低酯果胶为原料,在pH 5.5下加入不同用量的CMC,考察复配后果胶凝胶的流变学性能,并对其凝胶形成进行了动力学分析。结果表明,CMC/低酯果胶复配体系是典型的假塑性流体,随着CMC添加量的增大,CMC/低酯果胶复配体系的黏度系数K增大,流体系数n减小。CMC的加入还能提高凝胶体系的黏性与弹性,当CMC的添加量为0.8%时,果胶凝胶体系的假塑性最强。同时,CMC还能提高凝胶形成速度,CMC添加量为0.8%时,SDR曲线和G'曲线明显上升,表现出较快的凝胶速度和较强的凝胶强度,当添加量大于0.8%时,凝胶形成速度下降。     

薜荔籽果胶凝胶特性的研究

本实验采用LFRA质构仪测定不同影响因素对薜荔籽果胶凝胶强度的影响,初步探讨了薜荔籽果胶的凝胶特性和凝胶机理。实验结果表明,薜荔籽果胶在室温条件下,0.5%浓度的溶液就可形成凝胶;溶胶温度越高(50～100℃),其凝胶强度越大;薜荔籽果胶凝胶的pH值范围为3～6,最佳pH值为4;糖对薜荔籽果胶的凝胶强度影响较小,最佳糖添加量是20%;金属离子对其影响最大,影响效果依次为:Cu2 >Fe3 >Ca2 >Mg2 >K 。对薜荔籽果胶分子作用力的初步考察结果表明:疏水作用、氢键作用、静电作用在薜荔籽果胶形成凝胶的过程中均起到关键作用,疏水作用影响最大。     

1种果胶为基质的脂肪替代物的制备

本文为解决实际应用过程中果胶凝胶重聚集问题,拟通过寻找不同产物与其复配,并探索其凝胶稳定性机制。本试验以高酯橘皮果胶为原料,通过研究黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、海藻酸钠及乳清蛋白与其进行复配,测定脱水率和聚集时间发现CMC/果胶体系的脱水率为0%,并且没有发生重聚集现象,说明CMC作为惰性外相能显著增强果胶凝胶稳定性。本文进一步通过测定CMC/果胶体系的质构特性、流变性和粒径研究其稳定性机制。试验结果表明0.3%CMC与果胶复配体系的凝胶网络结构最为稳定,同时拥有最高的弹性模量与黏性模量,当剪切速率为1 000 r/min时,粒径最小(其50%以下的粒径为69.8μm)。本文的研究结果可以为髙酯果胶在食品工业中的实际应用提供参考。     

单价阳离子对大豆果胶凝胶性质影响

研究单价阳离子钾、钠、锂对不同浓度大豆果胶凝胶体系的凝胶强度、持水力、透明度及流变特性的影响。结果表明:果胶凝胶对钾离子、钠离子、锂离子的敏感程度不同。钾离子与4 g/100 mL的大豆果胶形成的凝胶体系凝胶强度介于35.09~69.05 g,持水力介于96.17%~98.8%,钾离子浓度为0.05 mol/L时,透明度最好;钠离子与大豆果胶部分形成凝胶,当果胶质量浓度为4 g/100 mL,钠离子浓度为0.3、0.4 mol/L时,凝胶强度分别为5.05、12.47 g,持水性分别为67.43%、74.82%,透明度均不佳;锂离子的促凝能力较弱。适当提高阳离子浓度和果胶质量浓度可改善大豆果胶凝胶的凝胶强度和持水性,流变分析也得到了类似结果。但浓度越高,凝胶的透明度越差。     

Characteristics of enzymatically-deesterified pectin gels produced in the presence of monovalent ionic salts

Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) from Valencia orange (p-PME) and Aspergillus aculeatus (f-PME) were used to produce pectin gels in the presence of 0.2 M monovalent ionic salts. At pH 5.0, pectin gels were induced following enzymatic deesterification of high methoxy pectin, with greater deesterification observed using p-PME compared to f-PME. Under these conditions, the deesterification limit of f-PME ended up with a pectin of DE 30.5–31.9 which did not gel at the PME reaction completion, while p-PME reduced the pectin's DE to 16.0–17.2, resulting in gel formation. The pectin gel induced by KCl was significantly stronger than the NaCl-induced gel, but LiCl did not induce pectin gelation. The gel strength was influenced by both DE and species of monovalent cation. The KCl-induced gels released less water than NaCl-induced gels. A synergistic effect on gel strength was observed from the pectin treated with a combination of (p + f)-PMEs, producing even more stable gels. These results indicated that the pectin gelation of our system would be enhanced both by using larger monovalent cation and by lowering the DE value, which would presumably be attributed to the different action patterns recognized for p- and f-PMEs. This pectin gelation system could provide a useful alternative to acid-sugar or calcium cross-linked gels in food and other industrial applications.     

果胶和热处理对蛋白质乳液凝胶结构特性和复合维生素稳定性的影响

利用大豆分离蛋白的乳化和凝胶特性制备蛋白质乳液凝胶,用以同时传递VE和D-异抗坏血酸钠,重点阐释果胶对凝胶结构特性和复合维生素稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,乳液的分散相油滴粒径随果胶质量分数的增加而增大,蛋白质-果胶复合溶液预加热处理温度越高乳液油滴粒径越大。乳液经葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯诱导形成凝胶,凝胶时间及凝胶强度（G’）受果胶质量分数影响。质构分析表明,果胶质量分数和预加热温度对凝胶硬度无显著影响,但凝胶弹性随果胶质量分数增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。当VE和D-异抗坏血酸钠被包埋于乳液凝胶后,其贮藏稳定性随果胶质量分数的增大而呈下降趋势,并且D-异抗坏血酸钠降解速率高于VE。本研究表明通过控制果胶质量分数可以调节乳液凝胶的结构特性,而不同的凝胶结构可以调控包埋于其中的功能因子的稳定性。     

Acid-induced gelation of milk protein concentrates with added pectin: Effect of casein micelle dissociation

The dynamics of the formation of the acid gel network for mixtures of milk protein concentrate (MPC) and low methoxyl amidated (LMA) pectin were studied using rheological measurements. The results as a function of pectin content and casein micelle integrity, from neutral pH to approximately pH 4.2, together with the microstructural changes observed in some of these systems, are presented.The gelation profiles of a mixture of 4% w/v MPC and LMA pectin (0–0.075% w/v) after the addition of 1.2% w/v glucono-δ-lactone showed a gradual decrease in the shear modulus with the incorporation of pectin. The effects of casein micelle integrity on casein–pectin interactions were studied, by preparing MPC dispersions containing various levels of micellar casein. A gradual change in the shear modulus, from a disrupting effect of pectin added to MPC, in which the casein micelles are intact, to a clear synergistic effect of pectin added to dissociated casein systems, was found in the acid-induced milk gels.     

Chemistry and uses of pectin — A review

Pectin is an important polysaccharide with applications in foods, Pharmaceuticals, and a number of other industries. Its importance in the food sector lies in its ability to form gel in the presence of Ca²⁺ ions or a solute at low pH. Although the exact mechanism of gel formation is not clear, significant progress has been made in this direction. Depending on the pectin, coordinate bonding with Ca²⁺ ions or hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions are involved in gel formation. In low‐methoxyl pectin, gelation results from ionic linkage via calcium bridges between two carboxyl groups belonging to two different chains in close contact with each other. In high‐methoxyl pectin, the cross‐linking of pectin molecules involves a combination of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the molecules. A number of factors—pH, presence of other solutes, molecular size, degree of methoxylation, number and arrangement of side chains, and charge density on the molecule— influence the gelation of pectin. In the food industry, pectin is used in jams, jellies, frozen foods, and more recently in low‐calorie foods as a fat and/or sugar replacer. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to reduce blood cholesterol levels and gastrointestinal disorders. Other applications of pectin include use in edible films, paper substitute, foams and plasticizers, etc. In addition to pectolytic degradation, pectins are susceptible to heat degradation during processing, and the degradation is influenced by the nature of the ions and salts present in the system. Although present in the cell walls of most plants, apple pomace and orange peel are the two major sources of commercial pectin due to the poor gelling behavior of pectin from other sources. This paper briefly describes the structure, chemistry of gelation, interactions, and industrial applications of pectin.     

Rheological and high gelling properties of mango (Mangifera indica) and ambarella (Spondias cytherea) peel pectins

Ambarella and mango peels are good sources of pectins (15–20%), with high degree of methylation (60–78%) and high molar masses. Ambarella and mango ( Améliorée and Mango varieties) peel pectins were extracted using HCl or oxalic acid/ammonium oxalate (OAAO). Purified pectins were analysed for their flow behaviour and phase diagrams were established at pH 3 as sucrose vs. pectin concentration. The gelation kinetics and mechanical spectra of these pectin gels were studied and compared to those of commercial citrus (lime) pectins. At a concentration of 1% (w/v), all pectic solutions had a shear thinning behaviour but at 0.6% (w/v), only OAAO-extracted pectins exhibited such behaviour. Phase diagrams showed that at pH 3, gelation of OAAO mango extracted pectins was possible at low polymer concentration (0.2%; w/w) for a sucrose concentration of 60% (w/w). OAAO-extracted pectins exhibited a higher gelling ability than HCl-extracted ones. Sucrose (45–50%) and pectin (0.2–0.6%) concentration had a deep impact on the gel strength. Our results enable to conclude that the OAAO extraction from mango and ambarella peels allowed the recovery of pectins that exhibit high gelling properties.     

Comparison of gelling properties and flow behaviors of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and pectin modified fish gelatin

The gelling and structural properties of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and pectin modified fish gelatin were compared to investigate their performances on altering fish gelatin properties. Our results showed that within a certain concentration, both MTGase and pectin had positive effects on the gelation point, melting point, gel strength, textural, and swelling properties of fish gelatin. Particularly, low pectin content (0.5%, w/v) could give fish gelatin gels the highest values of gel strength, melting temperature, and hardness. Meantime, flow behavior results showed that both MTGase and pectin could increase fish gelatin viscosity without changing its fluid characteristic, but the latter gave fish gelatin higher viscosity. Both MTGase and pectin could increase the lightness of fish gelatin gels but decreases its transparency. More importantly, fluorescence and UV absorbance spectra, particle size distribution, and confocal microscopy results indicated that MTGase and pectin could change the structure of fish gelatin with the formation of large aggregates. Compared with MTGae modified fish gelatin, pectin could endow fish gelatin had similar gel strength, thermal and textural properties to pig skin gelatin.     

Enzyme catalyzed oxidative gelation of sugar beet pectin: Kinetics and rheology

Sugar beet pectin (SBP) is a marginally utilized co-processing product from sugar production from sugar beets. In this study, the kinetics of oxidative gelation of SBP, taking place via enzyme catalyzed cross-linking of ferulic acid moieties (FA), was studied using small angle oscillatory measurements. The rates of gelation, catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (EC 1.11.1.7) and laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), respectively, were determined by measuring the slope of the increase of the elastic modulus (G′) with time at various enzyme dosages (0.125–2.0 U mL⁻¹). When evaluated at equal enzyme activity dosage levels, the two enzymes produced different gelation kinetics and the resulting gels had different rheological properties: HRP (with addition of H₂O₂) catalyzed a fast rate of gelation compared to laccase (no H₂O₂ addition), but laccase catalysis produced stronger gels (higher G′). The main effects and interactions between different factors on the gelation rates and gel properties were examined in response surface designs in which enzyme dosage (0.125–2.0 U mL⁻¹ for HRP; 0.125–10 U mL⁻¹ for laccase), substrate concentration (1.0–4.0%), temperature (25–55 °C), pH (3.5–5.5), and H₂O₂ (0.1–1.0 mM) (for HRP only) were varied. Gelation rates increased with temperature, substrate concentration, and enzyme dosage; for laccase catalyzed SBP gelation the gel strengths correlated positively with increased gelation rate, whereas no such correlation could be established for HRP catalyzed gelation and at the elevated gelation rates (>100 Pa min⁻¹) gels produced using laccase were stronger (higher G′) than HRP catalyzed gels at similar rates of gelation. Chemical analysis confirmed the formation of ferulic acid dehydrodimers (diFAs) by both enzymes supporting that the gelation was a result of oxidative cross-linking of FAs.     

Comparison of full-fat and low-fat cheese analogues with or without pectin gel through microstructure, texture, rheology, thermal and sensory analysis

The effects of pectin gel and protein base on processed semi-solid cheese analogues were studied through microstructure, texture, rheology, thermal analysis and sensory evaluation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed differences in the microstructure of processed cheese analogues. Samples made with full-fat contained higher concentrations of fat globules and were denser compared with low-fat cheese analogues with or without pectin gel. The pectin gel in the products acted as a linkage with other ingredients and made the products more compact and had less cavity compared with the products without pectin gel added. On rheological analysis, the full-fat products manifested a more solid-like form. The storage modulus of pectin gel sample was higher than that without pectin gel. All the samples' rheological parameters were depending on the oscillatory frequency and temperature. In low-fat samples, pectin gel added or not affected the hardness, gumminess, chewiness and adhesiveness significantly. The pectin gel addition show positive effect to the texture profile of the low-fat cheese analogues. Through thermal analysis, the meltability and glass transition temperature of the processed cheese analogues were measured. The low-fat cheese analogue with pectin gel addition got the higher texture and mouthfeel scores through sensory evaluation.     

不同月份豆腐柴叶果胶理化性质差异研究

为探究不同月份豆腐柴叶果胶特性差异,寻求不同月份"树叶凉粉"品质参差不齐的原因,提高豆腐柴叶果胶的应用价值,本文主要采用主成分分析法综合评价了不同月份(5~10月)豆腐柴叶果胶得率、主要成分、粘均分子量、乳化性、凝胶性等理化性质。结果表明:果胶得率为4.24%~18.24%,5~9月得率高于15%;半乳糖醛酸含量为73.73%~81.96%,6~9月含量较高;5~9月粘均分子量随月份增加呈增大趋势,10月有所降低。5~8月得到的果胶粉末呈淡黄色,9月和10月呈淡黄夹灰白色。乳化活性和乳化稳定性均高于50%,优于橘皮果胶标品;凝胶特性差异明显,7~9月果胶凝胶性能良好。综合评分从高到低为:9月 > 7月 > 8月 > 10月 > 6月 > 5月,说明不同月份豆腐柴叶果胶品质差异较大,7~9月豆腐柴叶果胶综合得分明显高于其他月份,更适合于果胶的提取利用。