Numerical Simulation of Transient Development of Flame,Temperature and Velocity under Reduced Gravity in a Methane Air Diffusion Flame

A methane air co flow diffusion flame has been numerically simulated with the help of an in-house developed code at normal gravity, 0.5 G, and 0.0001 G (microgravity) for the study of transient behavior of the flame in terms of flame shape, temperature profile and velocity (streamlines). The study indicates that lower is the gravity level, the higher is the time of early transience. The flame developments during transience are marked by the formation of a secondary flamelet at different heights above the primary flame at all gravity levels. The development of temperature profile at microgravity takes a much longer time to stabilize than the flame development. At normal gravity and 0.5 G gravity level, streamlines, during transience, show intermediate vortices which are finally replaced by recirculation of ambient air from the exit plane. At microgravity, neither any vortex nor any recirculation at any stage is observed. Centerline temperature plots, at all gravity levels during transience, demonstrate a secondary peak at some instants as a consequence of the secondary flamelet formation. The centerline velocity at microgravity decreases gradually during transience, unlike at other two gravity levels where the fall is very sharp and is indicative of negligible buoyancy at microgravity.     

A Computational Study of Soot Formation in Methane Air Co-Flow Diffusion Flame Under Microgravity Conditions

An in-house developed code has been used to predict soot formation in a methane air co flow diffusion flame at normal gravity and at lower gravity levels of 0.5 G, and 0.0001 G (microgravity). There is an augmentation of soot formation at lower gravity levels because of lower buoyancy induced acceleration leading to an increased residence time. The peak temperature at microgravity is reduced by about 50 K than that at normal gravity level. The axial velocity under normal gravity and reduced gravity show negative values (relatively small in magnitude) near the wall at axial height beyond 15 cm; but axial velocity is never negative in microgravity condition. Peak value of soot volume fraction at 0.5 G and microgravity multiplies by a factor of ～3 and ～7, respectively of that at normal gravity. The zone of peak soot volume fraction shifts away from the axis towards the wings, as gravity level is lowered. In comparison to soot volume fraction, the factors of amplification of soot number density at reduced gravity and at microgravity are comparatively lower at 1.2 and 1.5 of that at normal gravity respectively. On the other hand, mean soot particle sizes at reduced gravity and microgravity increase to 1.5 and 2 times of that at normal gravity respectively.     

Effects of Gravity on Soot Formation in a Coflow Laminar Methane/Air Diffusion Flame

Simulations of a laminar coflow methane/air diffusion flame at atmospheric pressure are conducted to gain better understanding of the effects of gravity on soot formation by using detailed gas-phase chemistry, complex thermal and transport properties coupled with a semiempirical two-equation soot model and a nongray radiation model. Soot oxidation by O₂, OH and O was considered. Thermal radiation was calculated using the discrete ordinate method coupled with a statistical narrow-band correlated-K model. The spectral absorption coefficient of soot was obtained by Rayleigh’s theory for small particles. The results show that the peak temperature decreases with the decrease of the gravity level. The peak soot volume fraction in microgravity is about twice of that in normal gravity under the present conditions. The numerical results agree very well with available experimental results. The predicted results also show that gravity affects the location and intensity for soot nucleation and surface growth.     

Influence of Acoustic Perturbation and Acoustically Induced Thermal Convection on Premixed Flame Propagation

Interference between an acoustic field and premixed flame is investigated. Two kinds of transport processes are considered to cause combustion promotion in the acoustic field. One is diffusive transport. It has long been considered that the acoustic oscillation promotes diffusion, like turbulence does. The other is convective transport. Acoustically induced thermal convection that is driven by a kind of acoustic radiation force in a standing acoustic field has been previously found (Tanabe et al., Proc Combust Inst 28:1007–1013, 2000). The burning rate of an isolated single droplet is promoted by this thermal convection. In this report, the influence of the acoustic oscillation on the premixed flame propagation was examined through experiment and numerical simulation. The gravitational force was not taken into account since it complicates the combustion phenomena. The experiment and numerical simulation were done in microgravity condition. Each influence of turbulent diffusion and thermal convection were evaluated from the burning velocity, flame shape and flame speed, since the diffusive effect has been considered to have an influence on the burning velocity, while the convective effect has an influence on the flame speed and flame shape. As a result, it was clarified that the diffusive effect has a minor influence on the burning enhancement of the premixed flame in the standing acoustic field. On the contrary, the acoustically induced thermal convection has a significant influence on it. Premixed flame behavior in the standing acoustic field can be explained through the characteristics of the acoustically induced thermal convection.     

某特种车车内低频噪声分析与改进

针对某特种车车内噪声水平较高问题,建立车身结构与声固耦合有限元分析模型,并进行车身振动频响分析和车内声压响应分析;通过仿真结果与实车道路试验结果对比,验证车身结构和声固耦合有限元模型的有效性;利用耦合声学边界元法进行驾驶室内部声学特性研究,识别出不同工况的主要噪声频率;并对影响车内噪声的车身板件进行声学贡献分析,找到对车内声压贡献最大的板件;最后对声学贡献大的板件粘贴阻尼材料来对车内进行降噪,车内噪声得到较为明显改善。     

Excited Rotational States in Doped $${^{}}$$He Clusters: a Diffusion Monte Carlo Analysis

We report an extension of diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) to the calculation of the molecular rotational energies by means of the generalized, symmetry-adapted, imaginary-time correlation functions (SAITCFs) originally introduced in the reptation quantum Monte Carlo (RQMC) framework (?krbi? in J Phys Chem A 111:12749, 2007). We studied the a-type and b-type rotational lines of the CO(\(^{4}\)He)\(_{N}\) clusters with \(N=\)1–8 that correlate, in the dimer limit, with the end-over-end and free-rotor transitions. We compare the SAITCF–DMC results with accurate DVR (for the dimer case), RQMC and other DMC data, and with reference experimental findings (Surin in Phys Rev Lett 101:233401, 2008). A good agreement is generally found, but a systematic underestimation of the SAITCF–DMC rotational energies of the b-type series is observed. Sources of inaccuracy in our theoretical approach and in the computational protocol are discussed and analyzed in detail.     

Diffusion Monte Carlo for Excited States: Phonons and Rotons in Superfluid 4He

We have applied the fixed-node and the released-node Monte Carlo techniques to calculate the phonon-roton excitation spectrum ((q)) of superfluid ⁴ He. An excellent agreement with the experimental spectrum is achieved both at the equilibrium and near the freezing densities. The strength of the single excitation peak Z(q) in the dynamic structure function S(q, ) shows an overall agreement with experimental data. New results for (q) and Z(q) at a negative pressure close to the spinodal point are also reported.     

空气能热水器低频噪声分析与控制

针对某型空气能热水器,借鉴汽车NVH特性研究技术,利用试验方法采集样机数据,分析数据中异常噪声频率分布,识别出主要噪声频率。在空气能热水器机箱下部结构有限元与声学有限元以及声—固耦合有限元建模基础上,分别对三者进行模态频率计算,通过对比分析三者的模态频率,确定空气能热水器低频噪声产生的主要原因。根据分析结果对机箱结构优化和改进,并对整改机型进行试验测试。结果表明,与样机相比整改机型的低频噪声得到很好地控制,为空气能热水器低频噪声的分析与控制提供一种有效的方法。     

Experimental Investigation of Buoyant Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames in an Inverted Configuration

Buoyant laminar jet diffusion flames are studied experimentally in an inverted configuration, where gaseous fuel-stream jets vertically downward into air. Flame shape, thermal structure, soot and stability behaviors are obtained until the blowoff limit is reached. By comparing with conventional jet flames, which are established when the fuel jets upward, the effects of buoyancy on laminar diffusion flames are analysed. Downward flame yields larger flame height, although the non-dimensional flame height increases linearly with the Reynolds number at nozzle exit, which is similar to upward flame. Possible reasons for the increased flame height include flow deceleration within downward buoyant flames and presence of more combustion products surrounded the jet stream, thus slowing mixing process between fuel and air. The different relative directions of buoyant flows and jet streams also result in different temperature distributions in downward and upward flames, and a stagnant interface produced by the balance between buoyant flow and jet stream is particularly observed downstream of downward flame. Downward flames contain more soot and the soot formation region is wider, which are mainly attributed to the modifications of flow field and soot path. In addition, downward and upward flames stabilize at different axial positions relative to the nozzle exit. Because of increased characteristic flame residence time, downward flames have higher blowoff limits. The downward jet flame provides an alternative configuration to upward jet flame in studying buoyant diffusion flames due to the different manifestations of buoyancy effects.     

低频振子设计及其冲击响应试验分析

在低频段冲击响应谱的测量中,传统的簧片仪所测谱值精度不高。为了更精确测量水下实船爆炸冲击的低频响应谱,设计一种低频振子结构,通过有限元软件分析该低频振子在不同类型冲击载荷作用下动态响应规律,然后进行了实物试验。试验表明,所设计的低频振子绝对加速度响应与有限元仿真计算结果相一致,而且其冲击载荷的动态响应与载荷的强度有着密切联系,所设计的低频振子对低频段冲击响应谱测量是有效的,同时有关结论也为低频振子结构的进一步优化提供理论依据。     

钢弹簧浮置板中低频振动特性分析

为了探究高架线路上钢弹簧浮置板减振轨道在外激励作用下的振动特性,建立了钢弹簧浮置板减振轨道-箱梁桥三维有限元模型,以美国六级谱激励下的轮轨力作为输入,对钢弹簧浮置板减振轨道的振动特性进行了系统的研究;在此基础上,分析了不同刚度的钢弹簧对在整体轨道结构振动的影响。研究结果表明：浮置板结构的振动特性以纵向上的弯曲振动为主,同时存在不均匀分布的局部振动特性,因此利用三维有限元模型才能很好的研究浮置板结构的整体和局部振动特性。整体轨道结构在中低频段的振动明显,其中钢轨的主振频率集中在200-250Hz以及425-475Hz;浮置板在150Hz以下的低频段振动密集,主振频段与钢轨一致,但在425-475Hz的振动幅值与低频段相近;浮置板在主振频段的弯曲振动不是规则的同幅值正弦形式,其幅值呈逐渐递增或递减分布。钢弹簧刚度对钢轨50Hz以下的振动频率分布有一定的影响;主要影响浮置板结构的整体振动形式,在频率较低时对振动幅值及局部振动形式也有较大的影响。     

邻苯二甲腈树脂复合材料阻燃低毒特性研究

从热释放速率、毒性、有害气体浓度、氧指数、烟密度、水平和垂直燃烧性能等方面系统地研究了邻苯二甲腈树脂复合材料的阻燃低毒特性。在辅射强度为50kW／m^2时,邻苯甲腈复合材料的热释放速率为21kW／m^2,点燃时间为500s。同时其氧指数大于70％,烟密度小于20,表明邻苯二甲腈树脂复合材料是一种理想的阻燃低毒复合材料。     

添加剂对膨胀阻燃低密度聚乙烯性能的影响

本工作研究各种不同添加剂对低密度聚乙烯膨胀阻燃体系的阻燃性能和力学性能的影响.差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热失重法(TG)和力学性能测试结果表明:EVA可提高共混物的断裂伸长率,且能促进体系成炭;SiO2改善了体系的断裂强度、断裂伸长率和冲击强度及阻燃性能;氧化剂(NH4)2SO4则取得了较好的阻燃效果.     

Instability of Slender Liquid Jet in AC Electric Field of Arbitrary Frequency

In the present work stability of capillary micro-jet of electrolyte solution in alternating longitudinal electric field is investigated theoretically. The gravity effects are neglected. The problem is described by strongly coupled nonlinear system of PDEs for ion transport, electric field and fluid flow under assumption of a viscous Newtonian liquid. The Debye layer thickness is supposed to be small compared with initial jet radius. The Peclet number based on the Debye layer thickness is assumed to be small. These assumptions lead to substantial simplification of the problem. Slender-body theory is used to further simplification of initial statement. Used asymptotic method allows to reduce initially infinite system to three-dimensional ODE with time-periodic coefficients. It is shown that monodromy operator has the only real unstable multiplier. In the case of high-frequency alternating electric field the results showed good agreement with the ones provided by averaging theory.     

微波低通高阻频率选择复合材料的设计研究

采用数值法设计了8～12GHz(X波段)具有高反射同时2～4GHz(S波段)具有高透射的频率选通复合材料.采用有限元法(FEM)计算了含导电纤维复合材料的传输和反射系数,并用自由空间法对所制备的多层凯夫拉(Kevlar)纤维增强的复合材料样板(424mm× 424mm)进行测量.测量结果与计算结果具有良好的一致性.同时发现复合材料基材的介电特性和所嵌入金属纤维的电导率对材料的传输损耗有很大影响.     

局域共振型平板结构的低频振动与声辐射特性分析#br#

抑制低频振动与辐射噪声对提高水下航行器的声隐身性能具有重要意义。首先建立含局域共振元胞的平板结构横向振动模型,采用模态叠加法和谐波平衡法导出耦合振动方程的解析解,其次给出5 Hz～300 Hz范围内平板表面平均振速级与辐射声功率级解析表达式,研究元胞中吸振器参数对平板声振特性的影响,最终对目标频段平板结构的振动控制效果进行优化设计。研究表明：研究的频率范围内,局域共振型平板结构在吸振器固有频率附近会产生能够抑制其低频振动与噪声的频带;随吸振器阻尼的增大,减振频带拓宽且减振降噪性能减弱;多振子元胞具有多个减振频带,频带的叠加使得其低频减振降噪性能优于单振子元胞;经粒子群算法优化后在目标频段单振子、双振子、四振子元胞的减振降噪效率分别可达到26.3 %、29.8 %、29.1 %。研究结果可为水下航行器低频振动以及噪声的控制提供参考。     

水筒中涂层降低低频流噪声的作用

低表面能涂层涂覆在铝合金模型上，考察在其水筒中低频段降低流噪声的效果，得出掺有片状结构的矿物粉，在涂层表面上无定向排列，使表面结构不均一，形成了较大的与水间的相互作用力，降低了边界层中涡流的尺寸，减少了低频流噪声。     

嵌入分形频率选择表面的低频超薄吸波层的设计

研究了频率选择表面对超薄多层微波吸波体在低频(L和S频段)吸波性能的影响. 分别采用硫化工艺和激光刻蚀方法制备出传统的微波吸收材料(MAM)--橡胶板和FSS层, 然后利用它们合成多层微波吸波体(MMA)样品, 在NRL弓形法测试系统中测量该样品的反射率. 发现随着FSS层在传统吸波材料层中的引入, 确实可以增强整个多层吸波体在低频段的吸波性能. 实验结果显示, 当两个FSS层在多层吸波体中适当排列时, 可以在1 GHz得到一个–3.49 dB的反射率峰值, 最大反射峰值可达–9.35 dB, 这时的样品厚度是1.8 mm. 本研究为吸波材料的吸波性能向低频段的拓展提供了一种有效的方法.     

冲击射流离散频率噪声的特性及机理

为探索冲击射流离散频率噪声的产生机理，系统地研究了冲击射流离散频率噪声的特性。发现对于给定的喷嘴和冲击距离，存在一个压比临界点，当压比高于此临界点值时，流场振荡和离散频率噪声被显著抑制乃至消失。解释了此压比临界值的机理：气流的出口膨胀阻遏了反馈声波对喷嘴唇口的激发，从而抑制了反馈环的形成。研究了射流倾斜冲击平板时反馈环以及相应的离散频率噪声，推测此压比临界点值与冲击距离、射流倾斜角度有关。实验表明：压比临界点值随冲击距离在一定范围内的增加而增高，随喷嘴偏离垂直角度增加而减低。     

某车室低频噪声近似建模分析与板件优化

为了降低车室低频噪声,采用对声学贡献较大的车室地板、后地板、前围板、顶棚、前车门内板及后车门内板的厚度参数为因子,以车身质量、车身模态频率、驾驶员头部处声压峰值和声压均方根值为响应,采用最优拉丁超立方试验设计方法采集样本数据进行因子空间设计。利用径向基神经网络方法,建立了4个响应关于6个因子的误差小、精度高的近似模型,并对所建立的近似模型进行误差分析。以驾驶员头部处声压峰值最小为目标函数,板件厚度参数为自变量,驾驶员头部处声压均方根值、车身质量和车身模态频率为约束条件。采用自适应模拟退火算法对板件厚度进行优化设计,其优化结果表明,驾驶员头部处最大声压峰值所在的频率158 Hz处的声压降低了4.45 d B,134 Hz处的声压峰值降低了5.47 d B,在其他声压峰值较高的频率处,测点声压均有不同程度降低,说明在满足约束条件同时,通过优化有效地降低车室空腔噪声,提高车辆的声学舒适性。