铝合金非承载十字接头疲劳特性

基于结构应力法,计算拉伸疲劳加载时不同几何尺寸的7N01铝合金非承载十字接头的结构应力,并结合疲劳试验数据建立其疲劳失效的主S-N曲线.结果表明,与名义应力法相比,基于结构应力法的主S-N曲线线性相关性更好,能够适应不同几何尺寸十字接头疲劳的计算.进一步分析相同名义应力下,承载板厚度对疲劳寿命的影响,结果表明,接头疲劳承载能力的增加与板厚的增加并非线性关系,随着承载板厚度增加,接头疲劳寿命降低.     

中低强度钢超声冲击处理焊接接头热点应力设计曲线

用ANSYS计算了对接接头、横向非承载十字接头和纵向非承载角接板的热点应力集中系数K_hs,根据Q235B和Q345B的超声冲击处理焊接接头的相关疲劳试验数据得出经过应力比、板厚和几何不平度修正后的超声冲击处理焊接接头的热点应力设计S-N曲线. 结果表明,经过超声冲击处理后,中低强钢(R_m≤355 MPa)对接接头、横向非承载十字接头和纵向非承载角接板的热点应力S-N曲线的分散性降低,与接头形式无关,可以用一条热点应力设计S-N曲线表达. 在采用热点应力法进行疲劳设计时,选取m=10.0,上述三种类型焊接接头在2×106次疲劳强度级别可统一采用FAT135来表示.     

铝合金TIG焊非承载角焊缝十字接头疲劳强度的研究

对LF21铝合金非承载角焊缝TIG焊十字接头在应和比R=0及R=0.5的条件下进行了疲劳试验。结果表明：TIG焊铝合金焊接接头的疲劳强度与其它焊接方法获得的相同接头的疲劳强度相当,试图采用更高级别的S-N曲线进行应持慎重态度;LF21铝合金非承载角焊缝十字接头的疲劳性能对平均应力较为敏感。     

焊后热处理退火工艺对十字接头疲劳寿命的影响

通过对焊接结构疲劳评估标准分析,归纳了疲劳评估标准对焊接残余应力的考虑,阐明了从计算疲劳寿命角度看,残余应力不需要再另外考虑。设计并制作了一批十字接头试件,采用BS 7608:2014+A1:2015标准对疲劳试验数据进行了分析,结果表明,焊后退火前和不同工艺退火后的十字接头试件疲劳寿命没有显著差异。     

基于热点S-N曲线的Q235B焊接接头疲劳评定的数值模拟

在有限元技术的支撑下,通过热点应力法和回归计算获取焊接接头热点S-N曲线相关参数,在有限元疲劳软件MSC.FATIGUE中实现中值热点S-N曲线的生成和修正,并比较试验疲劳寿命和模拟疲劳寿命.模拟结果表明:通过热点应力法得到的不同热点S-N曲线经过修正后,获取的Q235B钢焊接接头的疲劳强度与国际焊接学会推荐值基本符合,采用IIW推荐的一条热点S-N曲线可以实现Q235B钢对接接头和非承载十字接头的寿命估测,且结果与试验符合较好,与理论一致.     

7N01铝合金十字接头抗疲劳设计

首次针对铝合金十字接头的疲劳失效模式开展研究. 借助有限元分析与疲劳试验相结合的研究手段,首先将传统的热点应力(HSS)与研究中的等效结构应力(equilibrium equivalent traction force/EETS)的应力集中系数对比,证实了EETS分析结果的网格不敏感性. 基于此,深入分析十字接头连续板厚度、接头熔深以及加载跨距对焊趾与焊根处应力的影响,并提出有效结构应力(effective traction force)计算焊根开裂角度. 结果表明,焊趾处等效结构应力不受连续板厚度、加载跨距与熔深的影响,而在焊根处,各个因素影响不一. 疲劳试验与解析预测结果高度一致,承载十字接头焊根开裂角度并非45°. 十字接头的抗疲劳设计需综合考虑接头几何特征与焊接质量,必须满足焊趾处等效结构应力(S_s,toe)高于焊根处等效结构应力(S_s,toe).     

基于Pavlou方法的焊接结构疲劳寿命预测

变幅载荷作用下的疲劳寿命预测一直是焊接结构完整性评估的重要内容.基于Pavlou提出的疲劳损伤区概念,采用BS7608标准中推荐的S-N曲线,运用有限元热传导分析技术,提出了一种焊接结构疲劳寿命的预测方法.针对承载型十字焊接接头、非承载型十字焊接接头和对接焊接接头,开展了二级变幅载荷谱块的拉伸疲劳试验,分别采用Miner模型、M-H模型和Pavlou方法估算了试件的疲劳寿命.结果表明,Pavlou方法的预测精度明显高于其它2种模型,预测寿命与试验寿命误差散射图中数据点的分布形态更加合理,验证了Pavlou方法的精确性和有效性.进一步讨论了焊接接头S-N曲线存活率对疲劳寿命预测精度的影响,提出2.3%存活率可以获得较为满意的预测结果.     

网格不敏感结构应力的焊接疲劳数据分布

为分析网格不敏感结构应力的焊接疲劳S-N数据分布具有高收敛性的机理,基于钛合金焊接接头疲劳试验数据,分别基于名义应力、主S-N曲线法中的结构应力及等效结构应力建立焊接疲劳数据坐标,并以最小二乘法拟合S-N曲线,应用粗糙集分析方法,以接头类型、相对板厚、载荷比、应力比等焊接疲劳主要影响因素作为条件属性,以疲劳数据对于S-N曲线的偏离度作为决策属性,对基于三种应力的焊接疲劳数据分布规律对比分析.结果表明,基于网格不敏感等效结构应力所建立的S-N数据分布更为集中和均匀,在预测焊接接头疲劳寿命方面具有更高的准确性.     

基于CDM法AZ31B镁合金焊接接头疲劳评定

采用临界距离法(CDM)中的点法和线法对AZ31B镁合金对接接头和横向十字接头进行疲劳评定.对两种焊接接头进行了疲劳试验,采用ANSYS有限元软件建模分析,计算出两种评定方法的局部应力参量Δσloc,拟合出相应的S-N曲线,并与疲劳试验结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,采用CDM法可以对镁合金焊接接头进行疲劳评定,其评定结果与疲劳试验结果相符合.依据应力集中大小可以有效预测疲劳断裂位置,在2×106循环次数下,两种焊接接头点法的疲劳强度分别为79.55和49.10MPa,线法的疲劳强度分别为79.01和44.38MPa.     

非承载角焊缝十字接头疲劳性能

文中基于结构应力方法对非承载角焊缝接头的疲劳性能进行了数值分析与试验研究。首先根据不同焊脚尺寸的十字接头焊趾截面结构应力,发现焊脚尺寸越大,接头疲劳性能反而越低,疲劳试验也证明了这一现象。同时,试验数据与BS 7608标准中F级S-N曲线的对比说明了疲劳评估时进行应力修正的必要性。然后,分别利用含装配间隙和熔深的有限元模型计算接头结构应力,证明两者对接头的疲劳性能影响很小。文中还通过与承载角焊缝接头的对比,证明细节特征对接头疲劳性能的影响程度与接头受力状态直接相关。在定义焊缝缺欠质量等级时,应考虑接头在结构中的受力状态,制定合理的控制参数,从而降低结构的制造成本。     

Fatigue life prediction using two stage model for AISI 304L cruciform joints,with different fillet geometry,failing at toe

Abstract

Reports in the literature indicate that the fillet geometry affects the fatigue properties of cruciform welded joints in structural steels. In an attempt to study the above effect with respect to stainless steel sheet metal welded joints, load carrying transverse fillet welded cruciform joints having a two fillet geometry were fabricated from AISI 304L stainless steel using gas tungsten arc welding and gas metal arc welding with 308L electrodes. The objective of the present work is to predict the fatigue life of AISI 304L cruciform joints failing at the weld toe using a two stage model. The local stress life method was applied to calculate the fatigue crack initiation life, whereas the fatigue crack propagation life was estimated using fracture mechanics concepts. Constant amplitude fatigue tests with stress ratio R ~ 0 were carried out using a 100 kN servohydraulic Dartec universal testing machine at a frequency of 30 Hz. An automatic crack monitoring system based on crack propagation gauges was used to obtain the propagation data during the fatigue process. The predicted lives were compared with the experimental values.     

Comparison of the Stress Intensity Factor of Load-Carrying Cruciform Welded Joints with Different Geometries

The investigation of fatigue strength needs an accurate solution and reliable values of the stress intensity factor (SIF). In this study, SIF of load-carrying cruciform welded joints has been evaluated using finite element method (FEM), and compared with the available solutions from literature. Load-carrying cruciform welded joints with isosceles triangles and non-isosceles triangle fillet weld shapes were considered and have been analyzed by the FEM-based simulator FRANC2D program. Moreover, the effects of plate thickness and penetration depth have been considered. The aim of this work was to study the effects of these geometrical variables on fatigue SIF of the load-carrying welded joints with lack of penetration. The ability of FRANC2D to find an appropriate SIF solution is shown and compared with available solutions.     

斜十字接头三维焊接残余应力的数值模拟

为研究全熔透焊接十字接头残余应力空间分布特点,分析十字接头焊缝形式对焊接残余应力分布状态的影响,基于温度场和应力场间接耦合方式,对全熔透焊接十字接头残余应力开展了有限元数值模拟研究. 采用ANSYS有限元软件,选择Q345C钢材典型热力学参数,构建全熔透焊接十字接头有限元模型,分析得到焊接过程结构温度场分布. 将焊接十字接头温度场作为输入条件,基于ANSYS热–力耦合分析得到全熔透焊接斜十字接头三维残余应力场分布. 结果表明,全熔透焊接十字接头残余应力峰值主要分布在焊趾和焊根处,焊缝角度变化会对焊缝处残余应力分布带来较大影响.     

The influence of bending on stress fields and fatigue strength of cruciform welds

Summary

This paper deals with stress fields in the vicinity of weld toes of cruciform non‐load carrying fillet welds.

An approach recently formulated for welded joints under remote tensile loading is extended to pure bending as well as to bending and shear conditions. The approach is based on two notch stress intensity factors that independently quantify Mode I and Mode II stress distributions.

The new method provides an analytical framework to a stress field criterion, already proposed by Atzori some years ago and more recently by Pluvinage and Verreman, to determine the fatigue strength of a welded joint.     

基于壳单元的焊接接头的结构应力求解

以T形焊接接头和十字非承载接头为研究对象,采用壳单元求解焊接接头结构应力集中系数.详细推导了壳单元的结点力与沿焊趾截面的分布内力的关系;给出了采用壳单元求解结构应力的求解步骤;给出了采用壳单元模拟焊缝时壳单元的厚度参考值,基于壳单元建模技术得到的结构应力集中系数与平面实体单元的获得的结构应力集中系数非常相近;同时也证实这种基于壳单元的建模技术具有网格划分不敏感性.     

Suggestion of welding procedure for compressive residual stress induction by using low transformation temperature welding materials

ABSTRACT

To understand the cause of compressive residual stress in welded joints, we analysed by numerical analysis the effect of welding pass sequence using low transformation temperature (LTT) welding materials on residual stress around the weld toe of boxing fillet welded joints. It was determined by numerical analysis that the produced compressive residual stress and the influence of the stiffeners are reduced in the equivalent position of the weld toe in a fillet welded joint because of the influence on the behaviour of the stiffener in the weld being due to residual stress distribution around the weld toe. The residual stress reduction method of extending the length of the welded bead and releasing the weld toe from the stiffener, similar to the concept of discarding a bead to reduce tensile residual stress, was effective in fillet welded joints. Numerical analysis of the relationship between residual stress around the weld toe and width of the weld bead in the bead-on-plate welding model clarified that compressive residual stress can be introduced around the weld toe by having a wide width weld bead. In addition, a fully penetrated welded joint was very effective for causing compressive residual stress around the weld toe.     

Effect of grain size on heat affected zone cracking susceptibility.Study of weldability of Inconel 718 cast alloy (2nd Report)

Summary

It is generally recognised that the flux type of covered electrodes affects the profile and mechanical properties of welds and may well control the fatigue strength of fillet welded joints. Fillet welded joints, however, have seen few systematic investigations. The purpose of this investigation is to improve the fatigue strength of fillet welded joints through appropriate design of the covered electrode flux.

Ten types of covered electrode were trial‐manufactured with variation in the flux system at two levels (to improve the profile of the fillet toe region) and the added alloying element contents of each system at five levels (to vary the hardness of the weld metal). These covered electrodes were used to prepare non‐load‐carrying cruciform fillet welded joints using 570 MPa class high‐strength steel base metal. Fatigue tests (S = σ_max ‐ σ_min, σ_max = σ _Y ) were run with the fillet welded joints. The results obtained may be summarised as follows:

1. The profile of the fillet welds appears to be affected by the flux system and base metal but not by the added alloying elements.

2. The maximum stress concentration factor (K_max) is reduced to K_max ? 1.59 for covered electrodes using an MgCO₃‐MgO‐CaF₂‐iron powder system flux (M' series).

3. The fatigue strength of the fillet welded joints at 2 × 10⁶ cycles is improved to around 143 MPa in the M' series. It can safely be said that there is an inverse correlation between K_max in the toe region and the fatigue strength of the welded joints.

4. Appropriate relations are developed and used to calculate the recovery to the weld metal of added alloying elements. The recovery to the weld metal of the added alloying elements on average gives minima of around 98%Ni, 94%Mo, 85%Cr (which are good), and around 11%B.

     

NiTi coatings produced by the transferred plasma arc welding process and their wear characteristics

Summary

A physical interpretation is proposed for stress conditions at the toe of weld beads, the principal point of fatigue failure in welded structures. Global stress fields at the surface of joined sheets are composed of a structural stress state due to joint shape and a local stress state due to bead shape.

The proposed approach was applied to fillet welded joints, giving two different interpretations of the local stress field.