腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎的形态学特点及临床意义

目的　研究腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎的形态特点,为腰骶移行椎合并腰椎滑脱、不稳症时椎弓根螺钉内固定术提供依据。 方法　对59例腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎标本的矢状径、横径,峡部的高度、厚度;椎弓根的纵径、横径;椎板的高度、厚度;脊椎指数及退变情况等进行观测。 结果　腰骶移行椎上一节段椎体前后径(34.1±2.7)mm,横径(47.5±4.6)mm;峡部高度(12.9±1.6)mm;峡部厚度(9.0±1.2)mm;椎弓根纵径 (10.6±2.4)mm,椎弓根横径 (14.0±2.4)mm;椎板高度(18.2±2.6) mm,椎板厚度 (5.7±1.2)mm。脊椎指数：1：4.35; 81.4%（48例）发生椎体增生,未发现峡部裂。 结论　腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎椎体各径线及椎弓根横径较正常L4椎体大,可选择直径稍大的椎弓根螺钉;峡部厚度较正常L4增加;峡部不存在发育薄弱和局部缺损。     

Ⅰ型腰骶移行椎与正常第5腰椎的形态学比较及其临床意义

目的　探讨Ⅰ型腰骶移行椎与正常第5腰椎椎体的形态学差异,为临床应用提供形态学依据。 方法　选取Ⅰ型腰骶移行椎和正常第5腰椎标本各60例,观测：椎体上下终板前后径、横径;椎体前缘高度、后缘高度及其前/后高比值;椎弓根纵、横径。统计学分析并进行t检验。 结果　I型移行椎与正常第5腰椎相比,椎体上、下终板前后径及横径差异均有显著意义（P<0.01）;椎体的上、下前后径大1~2 mm,上、下横径大2~3 mm,前高大0.7~1.2 mm,后高大0.8~1 mm,统计均有显著意义;椎体的前/后高度比值及椎弓根纵横径I型移行椎与正常第5腰椎之间差异均无显著意义。 结论　I型腰骶移行椎椎体各径线较正常第5腰椎椎体稍大, 但形态相近; I型移行椎椎体与正常第5腰椎椎体无明显区别,I型腰骶移行椎椎弓根螺钉进钉可按正常第5腰椎方法进行。     

胸腰段爆裂骨折中后突骨折块复位与影像学参数的关系

目的初步分析在胸腰段椎体爆裂骨折中与后突骨折块复位的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2009年1月~2013年12月因创伤导致的单个胸腰段椎体爆裂骨折患者的资料。在后路内固定撑开复位手术前使用CT进行扫描,测量椎体前、中、后的高度,正中椎管矢状径、横径,局部Cobb畸形角度,后突骨折块翻转角度、水平旋转角度,并计算椎管正中矢状径压缩比率,椎体前、中、后压缩比率。使用AO分类方法对骨折分型,ASIA分级对神经功能进行评估。Logistic回归分析上述因素与骨折块复位情况的相关性。结果总计有60名胸腰段爆裂骨折患者符合入组标准,术后CT显示后突骨折块均复位。术前椎体前缘压缩比率(26.9%±15.8)%,中间压缩比率(27.1%±12.3)%,后缘压缩比率(14.3%±11.8)%,正中椎管矢状径压缩比率(46.2%±22.4)%,后突骨折块翻转角度(38.3±10.8)°,水平旋转角度(6.3±17.5)°,局部Cobb角(11.7±4.2)°,正中椎管矢状径(8.9±3.9)mm,横径(24.1±8.8)mm。Logistic回归分析表明伤椎椎体前壁压缩比率(=0.027,OR=4.864)和椎管正中矢状径压缩比率(=0.025,OR=4.991)与后突骨折块复位明显相关。结论在胸腰段爆裂骨折中,椎体前壁压缩比率和伤椎椎管正中矢状径的压缩比率对术前判断骨折块能否复位有着明显的可预见性。     

枢椎解剖学测量及临床意义

作者对180例干燥枢椎骨标本进行了测量,重点测量了齿状突的后倾角和长度及宽度,椎板和棘突之高度及厚度,关节面外倾角和矢状径及横径,关节突高度,横突孔测量,并近似推测枢椎水平的横突孔(管)之椎动脉外倾角和后倾角等多组解剖学数据,并进行统计学处理.文内还就枢椎齿状突测量之临床意义以及椎动脉管外倾角和后倾角在诊断临床椎动脉疾患中的参考价值进行了讨论.     

腰椎间小关节螺旋CT三维测量、观察及临床意义

目的:观察腰椎间小关节关节面的三维解剖学形态,并探讨其临床意义.方法:60例螺旋CT扫描腰部阴性正常人,行三维重建后处理.在横轴面、冠状面及矢状面观察关节面形态.结果:关节突关节面的标准形态,横轴面,腰1/2节段上、下关节突关节面为曲度相同的"C"形;腰2/3、3/4、4/5节段上、下关节突关节面为曲度不相同的"C"形,下关节突关节面曲度较小,上关节突关节面曲度较大;腰5/骶1节段男性下关节突关节面"l"形,上关节突关节面"C"形,女性上、下关节突关节面均为"l"形.冠状面,腰1/2、2/3节段为椭圆形.腰3/4节段男性为椭圆形;女性为长方形.腰4/5节段男性为椭圆形;女性为椭圆形或长方形.腰5/骶1节段男女均可为圆形;或男性为方形女性为长方形.矢状面,为"l"形.结论:腰椎间小关节关节面形态在诸节段及横轴面、冠状面及男、女间不尽相同.     

寰枢椎病变植入物内固定：口咽入路的优势

背景：经口咽入路是治疗寰枢椎病变的传统方法,一直以来都是脊柱外科研究的热点和难点。 目的：为经口咽入路到达颅颈交界区提供直观操作路径,并提供安全操作的解剖学数据。 方法：对尸体标本进行经口咽入路逐层外科解剖,观察解剖层次、组织结构以及相互之间的毗邻关系,以门齿为标志点测量各主要解剖结构与其之间的距离,并测量椎动脉与中线之间的距离以及寰枢椎的形态学结构。 结果与结论：经口咽前入路能直接显露从斜坡中下段至C3椎体上缘的范围,双侧椎动脉到中线的距离C1水平左侧为20.72-29.70 mm、右侧为20.36-28.98 mm,C2水平左侧为13.10-23.00 mm、右侧为13.85-24.02 mm。前结节、齿突前面、齿突后面、硬脊膜、脊髓以及C2椎体前缘和C3椎体前缘与门齿之间的距离分别为69.24-88.16 mm、74.95-96.27 mm、84.77-107.39 mm、87.65-111.45 mm、91.38-116.11 mm、76.21-92.77 mm和78.53-105.13 mm。寰椎长度为(19.8±2.3) mm,齿突高度为(15.9±1.9) mm,最大横径为(10.5±0.6) mm,最大矢状径为(11.5±1.9) mm;枢椎最大横径为(15.1±1.6) mm,最大矢状径为(17.7±1.3) mm,上关节面外缘到中线的距离为(26.1±1.7) mm,横突孔入口与上关节面之间的距离为(8.1±1.3) mm。颅颈交界区的解剖结构复杂,经口咽入路在解剖安全范围内处理颅颈交界区病变存在优势。     

合并腰骶移行椎时应用骶髂螺钉的临床解剖测量

目的　探讨合并腰骶移行椎时骶1、2椎弓根的形态学特点,为应用骶髂螺钉固定提供形态学基础。 方法　选取生前资料完整的标本共79例。对骶1、骶2椎体前后径、椎体高度、椎体横径、椎弓根前高、椎弓根后高、椎弓根宽度、进针深度、进针角度进行测量。 结果　正常骶1椎弓根前高(18.1± 　3.8)mm,后高(20.6±3.6)mm,宽度(27.7±3.1)mm;Ⅱ型骶1椎弓根前高(19.9±2.0)mm,后高(19.2±2.6)mm,宽度(29.9±2.2)mm;Ⅲ型骶1椎弓根前高(18.5±3.0)mm,后高(16.9±3.1)mm,宽度(27.8±2.2)mm。正常骶2椎弓根前高(12.4±2.3)mm,后高(14.34±2.9)mm,宽度(22.2±3.1)mm,Ⅱ型骶2椎弓根前高(10.4±1.5)mm,后高　(14.4±2.4)mm,宽度(19.5±2.7)mm;Ⅲ型骶2椎弓根前高(9.5±2.0)mm,后高(14.0±3.0)mm,宽度(18.6±3.4)　mm。Ⅱ型骶1椎弓根大于正常,Ⅲ型与正常接近。正常骶2椎弓根大于Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型。 结论　合并腰骶移行椎时可应用骶髂螺钉固定,骶1椎弓根可容纳1~2枚螺钉,骶2椎弓根可容纳1枚螺钉。     

脊柱腰段的断层解剖及CT研究

目的：为临床提供上关节突、硬膜囊、后纵韧带、椎内静脉干、椎间盘的断层解剖及ＣＴ资料。方法：在２１具成人脊柱腰段标本和１００例青壮年ＣＴ片上对上关节突间径、硬膜囊横径、后纵韧带、椎内静脉干及椎间盘矢状切面进行了观测。结果：上关节突间径由Ｌ４～Ｓ１逐渐增大，而硬膜囊横径Ｌ４、Ｌ５断层几乎相等，Ｓ１断层明显减小；后纵韧带在椎间盘处变宽，随向椎体移行变窄；在硬膜囊与椎体、椎间盘之间，后纵韧带两侧各有１条粗大的静脉干，外径平均为３．７ｍｍ，ＣＴ片上口径为２．６ｍｍ；椎间盘在矢状面上的形态可分为５种。结论：当上关节突增生而压迫硬膜囊的可能性及程度由Ｌ４～Ｓ１而减小，椎管内手术时Ｘ结扎椎内静脉干可减少手术出血。     

枢椎交叉椎板螺钉置钉的应用解剖

目的:测量中国成年人枢椎椎板的相关解剖学参数,探讨枢椎交叉椎板螺钉置钉的可行性.方法:取60具成年人干燥枢椎标本,测量双侧椎板的厚度、高度、钉道长度以及椎板长轴和矢状面的夹角.结果:成年男性枢椎椎板的厚度、高度、钉道长度以及椎板长轴和矢状面的夹角分别为(5.93±1.54)mm、(10.98±1.47)mm、 (28.04±3.41)mm、 47.840±6.380,成年女性分别为(5.18±1.32)mm、 (9.97±1.64)mm、 (25.89±3.85)mm、 46.160±5.820,不同性别间的椎板厚度、高度、钉道长度差异有统计学意义,左、右侧之间差异无统计学意义.85.8%的椎板厚度大于或等于4 mm,78.3%大于或等于5 mm.结论:枢椎交叉椎板螺钉在解剖学上是可行的,能够在直视下操作,可准确估计钉道的长度以及进钉角度,避免椎动脉和神经根的损伤.     

寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉固定新定位标志透视参数的解剖研究

目的:探讨寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉固定新的定位标志及其X线透视中相关量化参数值.方法:在40例国人的干燥寰枢椎配对标本上确定新的定位标志并测量与X线透视相关的解剖数据.结果:新定位标志在枢椎椎弓根的轴向平分线外侧或恰在其上,枢椎上关节面出钉点透视参数:到外缘距左(7.1±0.9)mm,右(6.8±0.9)mm;到后缘距左(6.3±0.7)mm,右(6.5±0.7)mm;到内缘距左(15.2±1.2)mm,右(15.5±1.1)mm;骨性钉道总长左(36.7±2.8)mm,右(36.2±2.9)mm.结论:新定位标志为枢椎下关节突下缘正中点,解剖标志容易明确,螺钉固定术中透视参数容易把握,钉道长,固定可靠.     

Photoperiodicity and the function of the hypophysis and the adrenal cortex

Summary The ACTH content of the hypophysis of rats rises from a minimum in the morning to a maximum in the evening hours. These fluctuations are associated with the diurnal rhythm of light and darkness, and are abolished under conditions of continual light or darkness for 30 days. Rhythmic fluctuations of the ascorbic acid content of the adrenals are also found, with maximum values in the evening, and these are likewise abolished by maintenance under conditions of constant illumination.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Organization and distribution of the upper and lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord of the rat

The upper cervical esophagus is exerted on swallowing and peristalsis by somatic and visceral motoneurons, whereas the lower esophagus is exerted on only peristalsis by visceral motoneurons. We examined the origin of the esophageal motoneurons and whether there were any differences between the distributions of the upper and the lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord using cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) as the retrograde tracer. Following injection of CTb into the cervical esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons in the nucleus ambiguus including the compact (AmC), semicompact (AmS) and loose (AmL) formations, and the medial column of lamina IX at the C1-C5 levels of the cervical spinal cord corresponding to the spinal accessory nucleus. A few labeled neurons were found in the inferior salivatory nucleus, the rostral division of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), the accessory facial nucleus and the lateral column of lamina IX at the C2 and C3 levels. All these labeled neurons showed ChAT immunoreactivity. When CTb was injected into the cut end of the unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve, many labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral AmC, the AmL, and the bilateral medial column at the C1 and C2 levels. Following injection of CTb into the subdiaphragmatic esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons only in the AmC and the DMX. When CTb was injected into the sternomastoid muscle, many labeled neurons were found in the medullary reticular formation, the facial nucleus, the medial column at the C1-C3, C5 and C6 levels, and the lateral column at the C2, C3, C5 and C6 levels. Injections of a Fluoro-Gold into the cervical esophagus and a CTb into the sternomastoid muscle or the subdiaphragmatic esophagus in the same animal showed many double labeled neurons in the medial column of the accessory nucleus at the C1 and C2 levels, but no double labeled neurons in the AmC. These results indicated that the upper cervical esophagus is innervated by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons as well as the somatic spinal accessory motoneurons. The lower esophagus is innervated only by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。