无花果叶水溶性成分的提取及其急性毒性试验

报道了无花果叶中水溶性成分的提取及其急性毒性试验，取干燥的无花果３００ｇ，用８９００ｇ蒸馏水分４次重复提取，得提取液７７３９ｇ，浓缩后得到浓缩液２８０ｇ，经测定其相对密度为１．１４３，质量浓度为３２４．６ｇ／Ｌ，干态物质总产量为７９．５ｇ。     

金—钼酸盐—丁基罗丹明B体系显色反应研究

研究了在高氯酸和聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）存在下，金与钼酸盐和丁基罗丹明Ｂ（ＢＲＢ）的显色反应。其适宜条件ＣＨＣｌＯ４＝１．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＣＭｏＯ２－４＝９．１×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＣＢＲＢ＝３．８×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ及０．０８％ＰＶＡ。金钼杂多酸—丁基罗丹明Ｂ离子缔合物的最大吸收位于５７０ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为３．３６×１０６Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，金量在０～４０μｇ／Ｌ范围内服从比尔定律，测定极限（Ｓ／Ｎ＝３）０．９０μｇ／Ｌ（ｎ＝１０），对于２８μｇＡｕ（Ⅲ）／Ｌ测定的相对标准偏差２．１％（ｎ＝７）。缔合物至少可稳定５ｈ，摩尔比Ａｕ∶ＢＲＢ＝１∶３。考察了４４种共存离子的影响，大多数常见离子不干扰，用活性炭分离富集金，对砂矿和炭粉中金的测定，结果满意。     

聚乙烯醇存在下耐尔蓝－铈钼、钪钼杂多酸体系连续光度测定铈和钪

在聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）存在下，耐尔蓝（ＮＢ）与铈钼、钪钼杂多酸络阴离子形成离子缔合物，其最大吸收均位于５８５ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光度分别为εｃｗ＝３．５２×１０６和εＳｃ＝３．５９×１０＿５Ｌ·ｍｏｌˉ１·ｃｍˉ１，铈和钪服从比耳定律的浓度范围分别为０～０．８μｇ／２５ｍｌ和０～２．０μｇ／２５ｍｌ，测定极限分别为１．３ｎｇＣｅ／ｍｌ（ｎ＝１０）和３．０ｎｇＳｃ／ｍｌ（ｎ＝７），对于０．０２μｇＣｅ／ｍｌ或０．０４μｇＳｃ／ｍｌ测定的相对标准偏差分别为２．７％（ｎ＝９）和２．８％（ｎ＝１０），离子缔合物的摩尔比分别为Ｃｅ：Ｍｏ：ＮＢ＝１：６：４和Ｓｃ：Ｍｏ：ＮＢ＝１：１２：３。本法用于地质标样分析，结果满意。     

5，10，15，20－四（4－羟基－3－磺酸苯基）卟啉光度法测定水中痕量铜的研究

在ｐＨ４．０时，铜与标题试判形成１：１的配合物．作工曲线回归方程为Ｙ＝３．０５×１０（－３）＋０．２３１Ｘ，相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９１，其最大吸收波长在４１２ｕｍ处，摩尔吸光系数ε＝２．０３×１０５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ（－１）·ｃｍ（－１）．用含量在０～２．０μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合朗伯比耳定律．     

两段氨法尾气回收工艺二段母液组分及进塔气SO2浓度对回收率的影响

经过两段氨法尾气吸收的生产性试验，选择二段母液总亚盐量为１５０～１６０９／Ｌ、其中（ＮＨ_４）_２ＳＯ_３含量５０ｇ／Ｌ作为生产控制指标，虽然氨耗增加３ｋｇ／ｔ（产品），但回收率可提高４％，经济上合理；当一塔进口气的ＳＯ２浓度从０．２１％提高到０．３６％时，回收率可提高１％；且成品中（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４含量每减少１０ｇ／Ｌ，氨耗可降低２ｋｇ／ｔ（产品）。     

固定化黄色短杆菌生产L－苹果酸新工艺及动力学研究

研究了固定化黄色短杆菌ＭＡ－３在富马酸盐体系中转化生成Ｌ－苹果酸的新工艺，研究结果表明当富马酸铵盐浓度为１．８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，体系ｐＨ为７．０～８．０，反应温度为３７℃时，Ｌ－苹果酸的得率达２１６ｇ／Ｌ。对固定化黄色短杆菌的动力学研究结果为Ｖｍａｘ＝７６ｍｍｏｌ／［Ｌ·ｈ·ｇ（固定化湿细胞）］，Ｋｍ＝４．７６×１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｃｐｍ＝１．６９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

影响中间相沥青电解加氢反应因素的研究

在隔离式电解槽中,用泡沫铅（ＳＰｂ）作阴极,铂（Ｐｔ）作阳极,饮和甘汞电极（ＳＣＥ）作参考电极,以ＣＨ３ＣＮ＋Ｃ２Ｈ５ＯＨ＋Ｈ２Ｏ＿Ｂｕ４ＮＢｒ为电解体系,对由煤沥青为原料制得的中国相沥青（ＭＰ）进行电解加氢研究,当ｃ（ＣＨ３ＣＮ）：ｃ（Ｃ２ＨＯＨ）：ｃ（Ｈ２Ｏ）＝０．４：０．１：１（浓度比）,ｃ（Ｂｕ４ＮＢ４）＝０．３１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,ｔ＝３０Ｃ,ｐ（ＭＰ）＝５０ｇ／Ｌ,阴极电解电位为－２．４Ｖ时,     

人体皮肤洗脱液中氟嗪酸的HPLC法研究

建立了高效液相色谱测定人体皮肤洗脱液中氟嗪酸含量的方法,色谱体系流动相：柠檬酸（０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）－醋酸铵（０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）－乙腈－１％磷酸水溶液（７５：１：２６：２．Ｖ／Ｖ）,工作曲线性范围０．５μｍＬ￣１６μｍ／Ｌ,相关系数０．９９９４,方法最低检测浓度为０．４μｇ／ｍＬ（Ｓ／Ｎ＝３）,该法回收率高（９７．３０％￣１０２．５％）,重现性好（ＲＳＤ〈３．２％）,可不经分离直接用于测定人体皮肤     

ICP-MS同时测定聚合氯化铝中的Al2O3及5种元素含量的研究

研究结果表明：用ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ可以同时测定聚合氯化铝中的Ａｌ２Ｏ３及Ａｓ,Ｍｎ,Ｈｇ,Ｐｂ,Ｃｄ５种元素的含量。测试样品（１００倍稀释固体聚合氯化铝）中Ａｌ２Ｏ３,Ａｓ,Ｍｎ,Ｈｇ,Ｐｂ,Ｃｄ的测定结果分别为：０．３０％,１．８７μｇ／Ｌ,９５．４μｇ／Ｌ,４６．０ｎｇ／Ｌ,２３．３μｇ／Ｌ．５７４ｎｇ／Ｌ;测定的准确度分别为９３．０％,１０９％．９４．４％,８８．３％,９８．０％,８８．６％。     

固定化细胞生产L－苹果酸新工艺及动力学研究

对产氨短杆菌ＭＡ－２固定化细胞在富马酸铵体系中转化生成Ｌ－苹果酸的优化工艺条件做了探讨，结果表明，富马酸铵浓度为１．８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｐＨ７．０～８．０，反应温度为３７℃时，Ｌ－苹果酸得率达２００ｇ／Ｌ左右。同时，对固定化细胞的动力学进行了研究，结果为：ｒ（ｍａｘ）＝５８ｍｍｏｌ／（Ｌ·ｈ·ｇ固定化湿细胞）），Ｋｍ＝６．２５×１Ｏ￣（－２）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＿ｍ＝１．５６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ     

Effects of rate and timing of nitrogen dressings on grain yield formation of winter wheat (T. aestivum L.)

A field experiment with the winter wheat cultivar Donata was carried out on a fine-textured river clay soil in 1978. The rates of nitrogen dressing ranged from 0 to 160 kg N per ha and were split over from one up to three application times: autumn, early spring and late spring.Total above-ground dry matter and grain dry-weight yields ranged from 9.1 to 13.7 tons per ha and from 4.17 to 6.35 tons per ha, respectively. Late top-dressings increased the harvest-index, whereas an autumn dressing had the opposite effect. Number of culms per m², grain weight (mg) and grain number per m² increased from 350 to 430, from 35.5 to 36.8 and from 11 680 to 16 980, respectively, as the nitrogen dosage was raised from 0 to 160 kg N per ha.The linear rate of grain growth ranged from 111 to 172 kg dry matter per ha per day with nitrogen doses from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. Differences in rate of grain growth per unit area were mainly related to number of grains per m². The association between grain number and grain yield was reflected by a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (n = 32). A higher level of nitrogen dressing enhanced the leaf area index and leaf area duration. However, we could not derive an effect of nitrogen on the duration of grain growth.Total nitrogen yield ranged from 71 to 166 kg N per ha and grain nitrogen yield from 54 to 122 kg N per ha with nitrogen dosages of 0 and 160 kg N per ha, respectively. The nitrogen concentration of the grains varied between 1.3 and 2.0 N.An autumn dressing of 40 kg N per ha generally showed only minor effects on yield and yield components. Top dressings during spring resulted in a higher recovery and efficiency of the applied nitrogen. Therefore, it may be concluded from this experiment and literature that on fertile soils an autumn dressing of nitrogen will not be economical, but split-dressings in spring are very beneficial. In particular, a late nitrogen application during the boot stage increased grain number, harvest-index and grain yield as well as protein concentration of the grain.     

无花果浸膏研制

本文在无花果浸膏的生产工艺、经济效益、毒性试验、应用效果等方面进行了详细的研究,结果表明:采用无花果干果片,用酒精萃取4次计7小时,浸膏得率高、质量佳、成本低,应用效果好。     

杀扑磷微囊悬浮剂的毒性与应用研究

350g/L杀扑磷微囊悬浮剂对雌、雄大鼠急性经口毒性为369mg/kg、430mg/kg;急性经皮毒性均大于2000mg/kg,属中等毒性的杀虫剂。中等用量下,对蚧壳虫药后3d和14d的防效均在75%左右,与同剂量乳油的速效性相当,持效性优于乳油。试验剂量下对柑橘树无药害,对主要害虫天敌无不良影响。与乳油相比,减少了有机溶剂的使用,降低了毒性,缓解了环境压力,值得在大面积生产上推广使用。     

Influence of pretreatment conditions on composition of liquid hydrolysate and subsequent enzymatic saccharification of remaining solids

In the present work, the effect of dilute acid pretreatment was studied on the composition of liquid hydrolysate obtained after pretreatment by employing different combinations of process variables (temperature, time and acid concentration). The effect of pretreatment was also studied on subsequent enzymatic saccharification of remaining solids to obtain maximum yield of sugars. The efficiency of pretreatment was measured in terms of high‐xylose and low‐glucose yields, which was found most suitable at pretreatment conditions of 120°C, 120 min and 2% (v/v) acid concentration. With increased severity of pretreatment, xylose yield decreased with concomitant increase in glucose yield. The decrease in xylose yield was attributed to conversion into degradation products such as 5‐hydroxylmethyl furfural (HMF) and acetic acid. The percentage of enzymatic saccharification increased with increased pretreatment severity. Saccharification of biomass pretreated at 180°C, 7 min and 0.5% (v/v) acid concentration produced the maximum glucose yield of saccharification of 352 g/kg dry matter, compared to just 97 g glucose/kg dry matter in the case of untreated biomass. The same pretreatment conditions resulted in maximum total sugar yield of pretreatment and saccharification of 459 g/kg dry matter, which was more than 67% of the total potential sugars in biomass. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Application of cross-flow microfiltration to semi-hard cheese production from milk retentates

In the cheese industry, the concentration of milk using ultrafiltration for continuous soft and fresh cheese production is standard technology. The object of the work presented here was to produce a semi-hard cheese of quality and composition comparable to that of traditionally made cheese from highly concentrated microfiltered milk retentate. Two different membrane systems were tested for the production of high viscous milk retentate with high dry matter content. For milk containing 3.2% fat and skim milk, a concentration factor of 6.6 and 9.1 respectively was obtained using the MF/UF/UF pilot plant fitted with cassette modules. Milk containing 3.2% fat was concentrated in batches by a factor of 5.7 in the pilot plant using a ceramic membrane. Using minimal curd separation, a semi-hard one day old cheese with a dry matter of 533 g/kg, moisture on a fat-free basis (MFFB) of 626 g/kg and fat on a dry basis (FDB) value of 478 g/kg was made from the milk retentate produced with the ceramic module. The ripened cheese fulfilled the legal requirements of a traditionally produced semi-hard cheese with superb sensory qualities. Using the MF/UF/UF plant, a dry matter of 495 g/kg (MFFB 669 g/kg, FDB 493 g/kg) was achieved in a semi-hard cheese made from skim milk retentate. Our results suggest that by using a larger spacer distance in the last loop of the MF/UF/UF plant, combined with new hybrid technologies, semi-hard cheese production from full concentrate milk will soon become possible.     

Growth,yield components and micronutrient nutrition of field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization and plant density

Growth and yield components in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) were enhanced by nitrogen fertilization ranging from 50 to 200 kg N ha^–1. Ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio, number of ears plant^–1, plant height and dry matter production increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 100 or 150 kg N ha^–1. Tasselling in maize was hastened by N fertilization. Increasing plant density from 25000 to 75000 plants ha^–1 increased plant height, dry matter production and delayed tasseling but reduced ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio and number of ears plant^–1. Increased N supply and plant density had no influence on the concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in ear leaf; except that Mn concentration increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 150 kg N ha^–1. Nitrogen × plant density interactions on the concentrations of the micronutrients in maize ear leaf were not significant.     

焦粉吸附-微波催化-芬顿试剂氧化法深度处理煤焦油加工废水的研究

以焦粉吸附-微波催化-芬顿试剂氧化法深度处理生物系统处理之后的煤焦油加工废水,研究了废水pH值、焦粉用量、FeSO_4加入量、H_2O_2加入量、微波功率、微波辐射时间对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:在废水pH值为5、焦粉加入量为20 g、FeSO_4加入量为300 mg/L、H_2O_2加入量为1 500 mg/L、微波功率为600 W、微波辐射时间为40 min的工艺条件下,废水色度去除率为93.45%,COD去除率为86.74%。净化出水色度为19.65倍,COD为42.43 mg/L,满足GB16171-2012炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准中的要求。并实现了焦粉的合理利用。     

Obtention of a protein concentrate of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) by ultrafiltration]

A protein concentrate was obtained from chick-pea (Cicer arietinum) flour aqueous extract. The factor involved in the recovery of protein were the flour: water ratio, and the pH. The best aqueous extract was subjected to infiltration in a Romicon HF1/2SSS unit equipped with hollow fiber membranes cartridges with a nominal molecular-weight cut-off point of 50,000 daltons. The concentrate was spray-dried and the product obtained had the following composition, expressed in g/100 g: 67.8 protein with 4.9 g/16 g N of reactive lysine; 17.3 fat, 10.0 carbohydrates, and 4.9 ash (dry basis). The nitrogen solubility index was 93 and the color, by Hunter, was L = 86.8.     

pH对过硫酸氢钾复合盐强化剩余污泥产酸的影响

为提高污泥厌氧发酵的短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）产量,在温度(30±1)℃,过硫酸氢钾复合盐（PMS）投加量为0.08g/g TSS的条件下,通过对SCFAs浓度及有机质减少率的测定,研究不同初始pH（pH=9～12）对PMS强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程的影响。结果表明：在初始pH 9～11时,SCFAs的浓度随初始pH增加均有所提高。初始pH 12时,SCFAs 浓度稍低于初始pH 11。有机质减少率按从大到小排列为PMS+pH 11>PMS+pH 12>PMS+pH 10>PMS+pH 9。在pH=11,PMS投加量为0.08g/g TSS的条件下,发酵5天时SCFAs产量达到最高（2225.02mg COD/L）,约为空白、只投PMS和只调节pH 11的4.76倍、3.23倍和1.13倍,有机质的减少率为38.98%。三维荧光光谱分析表明PMS+pH 11能有效促进污泥中溶解性微生物和腐殖酸的溶出,提高酪氨酸的降解。机理研究表明PMS+pH11促进了溶解、水解和酸化过程,同时抑制产甲烷过程,有利于SCFAs的积累。     

Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediments from Sicilian Coastal Area (Scoglitti) using Automated Soxhlet,GC-MS,and Principal Component Analysis

A methodology for the PAHs and PCBs congener determination in sediment samples has been revised. We determined the distributions of PAHs and PCBs in the superficial sediments of the Scoglitti (Italy) coastal area to provide data for comparison with other marine systems and to hypothesize the sources. Extraction yield, for PCB, was never less than 60% in most cases, while for PAHs, utilizing perdeuterated surrogate standard (benz[a]anthracene-d₁₂ and anthracene-d₁₀) was never less than 72%. The total concentration of the 16 PAHs investigated, expressed as the sum of concentrations, ∑PAHs, varied from 1–5087 μg/kg of dry matrix, while the ∑ PCBs ranged from detection limit to 36 μg/kg of dry matrix. Linear relationships were found between PAHs concentration and organic matter percentages (R² = 0.60) and water content and organic matter percentages (R² = 0.87). Isomeric ratios were used for discriminating between pyrolitic and petroleum origin. The principal component analysis (PCA) has been conduced to discriminate the different sampling sites in internal or external harbor area.