含毒性药材马钱子的妇健阴道泡腾片Beagle犬阴道给药毒代动力学

目的研究含毒性药材马钱子的妇健阴道泡腾片阴道给药,在Beagle犬体内的代谢动力学特征及其在体内的蓄积。方法妇健阴道泡腾片25.47,84.90和169.80 mg·kg~(-1)Beagle犬阴道给药1个月,分别于首次给药和末次给药0.25,0.5,1,2,4,6,8,10,12和24 h采血,并用API 5500型串联质谱仪检测血浆中士的宁浓度。结果妇健阴道泡腾片25.47,84.90和169.80 mg·kg~(-1)组Beagle犬首次给药后,平均AUC0-t值分别为2.44±0.98,7.30±0.50和(5.54±2.71)μg·L~(-1)·h;平均Cmax值分别为0.58±0.22,1.79±0.41和(1.22±0.80)μg·L~(-1);平均t1/2值分别为2.53±0.38,2.26±0.54和(2.69±1.07)h。末次给药后,妇健阴道泡腾片3个剂量组Beagle犬平均AUC0-t值分别为3.10±0.60,6.91±2.44和(9.15±4.47)μg·L~(-1)·h;平均Cmax值分别为0.80±0.14,1.68±0.60和(1.63±0.77)μg·L~(-1);平均t1/2值分别为2.26±0.47,2.36±0.30和(4.05±0.75)h。结论含毒性药材马钱子妇健阴道泡腾片连续给药1个月,随给药时间延长,在Beagle犬体内士的宁的暴露量随剂量增加不呈线性动力学关系,并可能有饱和吸收趋势,给药期内均无药物蓄积。     

2种国产盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究健康受试者单剂量口服2种国产盐酸二甲双胍(降糖药)肠溶胶囊的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 采用开放、双周期随机交叉给药方案,22名健康男性受试者单剂量口服2种盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊1 000 mg,用HPLC法测定血浆中二甲双胍浓度,计算其主要药代动力学参数.结果 单剂量口服盐酸二甲双胍肠溶胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:AUC_(0-tn) 分别为(9.08±3.59)和(9.09±3.28)μg·h·mL~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(9.72±3.67)和(9.88±3.62)μg·h·mL~(-1);C_(max)分别为(1.76±0.69)和(1.80±0.63)μg·mL~(-1);t_(max)分别为(3.70±1.08)和(3.77±0.81)h;t_(1/2)分别为(3.03±0.49)和(3.08±0.52)h;F为(103.6±36.9)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸氨基葡萄糖颗粒在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究盐酸氨基葡萄糖(预防与治疗骨关节炎药)在健康人体内药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法18名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服盐酸氨基葡萄糖受试制剂和参比制剂各480 mg,用液相色谱串联质谱法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数。结果盐酸氨基葡萄糖受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数:t_(1/2)分别为(1.57±0.67)、(1.40±0.46)h;t_(max)分别为(2.75±0.43)、(2.86±0.48)h;C_(max)分别为(1.17±0.97)、(1.27±1.07)μg·mL~(-1);AUC_(0→t)分别为(3.28±2.05)、(3.38±1.94)μg·h·mL~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)分别为(3.48±2.06)、(3.56±1.93)μg·h·mL~(-1);受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.28±31.92)%。结论2制剂具有生物等效性。     

RP-HPLC法测定人血浆中厄多司坦浓度及其药代动力学研究

目的:建立厄多司坦血浓度反相高效液相色谱测定方法,进行其人体药代动力学研究。方法:采用单剂两周期交叉试验设计,20名健康男性志愿者随机单剂量口服厄多司坦分散片或胶囊600 mg,按设定时间采集肘静脉血,以 Luna C_(18)(2)(150mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)为固定相,甲醇-醋酸钠(冰醋酸调 pH 至6.8)(5:95)为流动相,流速0.7 mL·min~(-1),检测波长236 nm,测定厄多司坦血浓度,计算其药代动力学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果:本方法最低定量限为0.01μg·mL~(-1),在0.01～3μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9991)范围内线性关系良好,高、中、低浓度日内、日间 RSD 均小于5%。厄多司坦分散片和胶囊主要药代动力学参数 t_(1/2)分别为(2.478±1.206)h 和(2.603±1.282)h,T_(max)分别为(1.163±0.424)h 和(1.413±0.424)h,C_(max)分别为(1.419±0.385)μg·mL~(-1)和(1.594±0.558)μg·mL~(-1),AUC_(0～12)分别为(3.416±1.037)μg·mL~(-1)·h 和(3.433±0.910)μg·mL~(-1)·h,AUC_(0～∞)分别为(3.492±1.044)μg·mL~(-1)·h 和(3.523±0.912)μg·mL~(-1)·h。结论:测定方法准确、灵敏、快速,适用于厄多司坦人体药代动力学研究。厄多司坦两制剂主要药代动力学参数无显著性差异,为生物等效制剂。     

隐形盐酸阿霉素脂质体注射液药代动力学的实验研究

目的建立LC-MS/MS法,测定Beagle犬血浆中盐酸阿霉素脂质体注射液浓度并研究其药代动力学。方法Beagle犬6只,静脉滴注隐形盐酸阿霉素脂质体1mg·kg-1,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定盐酸阿霉素血药浓度,并计算其药代动力学参数。结果阿霉素线性范围为37.5~10000ng mL-1,定量下限为37.5ngmL-1;日内、日间均CV<9.0%。主要药代动力学参数:t1/2为(24.7±0.7)h,Cmax为(21.7±0.9)μg·mL-1,AUC0-120h,AUC0-∞和AUC120-∞分别为(698.1±100.1),(716.4±102.1),(18.2±2.8)μg·h·mL-1,MRT为(34.1±2.0)h,CL为(1.42±0.20)mL·(h·kg)-1,Vss为(48.4±6.5)mL·kg-1。结论该法操作简便、快速、灵敏,可用于测定犬血浆中阿霉素浓度和药代动力学研究。     

P91024在Beagle犬体内的药物代谢动力学

目的:建立测定 Beagle 犬血浆中 P91024浓度的 HPLC 法并进行 Beagle 犬体内的药物动力学研究。方法:取犬血浆0.5mL,加甲醇0.5 mL,涡旋1 min,加2 mol·L~(-1)碳酸钠溶液50 μL,涡旋1 min,加环己烷提取血浆样品,氮气流吹干后用甲醇溶解残渣,进行 HPLC 分析。色谱柱为 Shim-pack VP-ODS 分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),Shim-pack GVP-ODS 预柱(10mm×4.6 mm);流动相为甲醇-水(87∶13);流速:1 mL·min~(-1);柱温:30℃;测定波长:231 nm,外标法定量。6条 Beagle 犬灌胃给予 P91024,计算主要药动学参数。结果:在10.0～4000.0 ng·mL~(-1)范围内,P91024峰面积与浓度呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998),最低定量浓度为10 ng·mL~(-1),该法的提取回收率为90.4%～93.6%(n=5),方法回收率为98.2%～104.2%(n=5),日内精密度和日间精密度分别为4.0%～6.6%和6.1%～8.4%。Beagle 犬灌服 P91024 20 mg·mL~(-1)后,其主要药物动力学参数为 C_(max)=1493.5 ng·mL~(-1),T_(max)=3.33 h,t_(1/2β)=11.68 h,MRT=8.58 h,AUC_(0-∞)=9305.1 ng·h·mL~(-1)。结论:本法灵敏、准确,适用于 P91024的血药浓度测定及药物动力学研究。     

LC-MS/MS法测定Beagle犬血浆中阿戈美拉汀的质量浓度

目的建立LC-MS/MS的方法测定Beagle犬血浆中阿戈美拉汀的质量浓度,并应用此方法研究阿戈美拉汀片在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学行为及其相对生物利用度。方法采用:Agela C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm I.D),以乙腈-浓度5 mmol·L-1醋酸铵水溶液-甲酸(体积比为58.0∶42.0∶0.1)为流动相,采用沉淀蛋白法,以多反应离子监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)扫描方法进行检测,测定经口给予阿戈美拉汀片后Beagle犬血浆中阿戈美拉汀的质量浓度。结果 Beagle犬血浆中阿戈美拉汀在质量浓度0.50~100μg·L-1内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,相关系数r为0.999 0;日内和日间精密度RSD≤8.6%;阿戈美拉汀的平均提取回收率为90.2%~93.3%,基质效应为104.9%~106.8%;阿戈美拉汀在Beagle犬血浆中主要药动学参数t1/2为(4.2±1.5)h,ρmax为(149±85)μg·L-1,AUC0-24为(293±78)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞为(300±78)μg·h·L-1。结论该方法适用于阿戈美拉汀在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学及相对生物利用度的研究。     

不同给药方案时阿奇霉素在Beagle犬体内药物动力学

目的考察Beagle犬体内阿奇霉素药动学行为,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 Beagle犬分别按照不同给药方式给予阿奇霉素制剂:1日给药(750 mg每日给药2次,总剂量为1.5 g)和连续给药3日,(500 mg每日给药1次,总剂量为1.5 g),采用液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血浆中阿奇霉素的药物浓度。结果阿奇霉素的主要药动学参数如下:ρmax分别为(3.04±1.16)和(2.44±1.99)mg·L~(-1);tmax分别为(1.06±0.55)和(1.03±0.88)h;t1/2分别为(28.64±2.51)和(36.65±17.89)h;AUC0-t分别为(110.83±49.67)和(96.77±31.16)mg·h·L~(-1);AUC0-∞分别为(121.59±53.93)和(112.75±39.81)mg·h·L~(-1);以AUC0-t计算,阿奇霉素的相对生物利用度平均为(120.8±55.0)%。结论 2组间阿奇霉素的AUC、ρmax无统计学差异(P>0.05),可采用大剂量的给药方案。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中奥沙普秦的浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的建立人血浆中奥沙普秦浓度的HPLC测定方法,并评价奥沙普秦的药动学特征及2种奥沙普秦的生物等效性。方法 22名男性健康受试者分别单剂量交叉口服受试和参比制剂各0.4 g,采用HPLC法测定人血浆中奥沙普秦的药物浓度,利用Winnonlin 7.0计算药代动力学参数,并计算生物利用度。结果人血浆中奥沙普秦在0.5015～80.24μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,最低定量限可达0.5μg·mL~(-1);奥沙普秦平均提取回收率大于87.0%;高、中、低3种浓度的批内和批间精密度的RSD值均小于15.0%;受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(55.76±10.14)和(50.85±12.34)h,tmax分别为(7.773±9.35)和(6.091±2.599)h,Cmax分别为(59.24±12.07)和(56.05±11.85)μg·mL~(-1);AUC0～264 h分别为(3099±1393)和(3228±1078)h·μg·m L~(-1);受试制剂的相对生物利用度F0～264 h、F0～∞分别为(95.49±17.46)%、(96.12±18.10)%。结论该方法专属性强、简便、准确,适合于奥沙普秦血药浓度的测定。两种奥沙普秦肠溶胶囊生物等效。     

HPLC法测定维生素E烟酸酯血浓度及药代动力学研究

目的:建立人血浆中维生素 E 烟酸酯的 HPLC 测定方法,进行维生素 E 烟酸酯的人体药代动力学研究。方法:20名健康志愿者口服维生素 E 烟酸酯颗粒剂400 mg,取血浆经预处理后采用 HPLC 法测定维生素 E 烟酸酯经时血浓度,固定相为Phenomenex Luna C_(18)色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-乙腈(85:15),流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长264 nm,DAS 2.0软件计算相应药代动力学参数。结果:维生素 E 烟酸酯在0.025～1μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,日内、日间精密度均小于10%。健康志愿者维生素 E 烟酸酯主要药代动力学参数为:t_(1/2)=(6.52±2.16)h,T_(max)=(4.40±0.31)h,C_(max)=(0.46±0.08)μg·mL~(-1),AUC_(0-24)=(2.50±0.39)μg·mL~(-1)·h,AUC_(0-∞)=(2.74±0.42)μg·mL~(-1)·h,MRT_(0～24)=(8.35±0.44)h,CL/F=(2.31±0.43)L·h~(-1)·kg~(-1),V/F=(21.46±7.12)L·kg~(-1)。结论:本方法简单,灵敏度、专属性好。维生素E烟酸酯人体药代动力学过程符合二室模型,表观分布容积大,体内平均滞留时间长。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.