酪蛋白降解对牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味的影响

针对牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味缺陷,分别以小牛皱胃酶、微生物凝乳酶和木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪为研究对象,利用尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白的降解程度,且对成熟过程中的牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味进行感官评价,探究牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白降解对其苦味的影响。结果表明：牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间酪蛋白发生了明显的降解,且αs-酪蛋白均比β-酪蛋白降解速率快。经尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离后,发现木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白在Pre-αs-酪蛋白区域有较强的蛋白带。木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪pH 4.6水不溶性酪蛋白中αs-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白降解程度均显著或极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,木瓜蛋白酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值极显著高于微生物凝乳酶和小牛皱胃酶制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值（P＜0.01）,通过主成分分析得出3 种凝乳酶制作牦牛乳硬质干酪的苦味值和未降解β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白含量成极显著负相关。这为控制牦牛乳硬质干酪品质提供了理论参考。     

凝乳酶对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白降解的影响

以新鲜牦牛乳为原料,采用小牛皱胃酶、木瓜蛋白酶和微生物凝乳酶制作硬质干酪,探讨凝乳酶种类对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解的影响。结果表明:三种凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中,不同凝乳酶牦牛乳硬质干酪在成熟期间蛋白质降解能力存在较大差异,总氮(TN)、p H4.6水溶性氮(p H4.6-SN/TN)、12%的三氯乙酸氮(12%TCA-N/TN)、5%磷钨酸氮(5%PTA-N/TN)含量、游离氨基酸均随成熟时间延长不同程度的增加,蛋白氮和酪蛋白氮逐渐降低,多肽氮呈先升高后下降趋势,且微生物凝乳酶降解牦牛乳硬质干酪蛋白能力显著(p0.05)高于木瓜蛋白酶和小牛皱胃酶。     

地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响

利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作切达干酪和切达干酪类似物,分析干酪成熟过程中各蛋白水解指标的变化规律,以揭示地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟过程中蛋白水解的影响。结果表明,CDF组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶所制切达干酪）、CD3组（添加地衣芽孢杆菌D3.11凝乳酶但未添加发酵剂制成的干酪类似物）和CCF组（添加商品凝乳酶所制切达干酪）干酪蛋白含量、pH 4.6-可溶性氮、12%三氯乙酸-可溶性氮、5%磷钨酸-可溶性氮、总游离氨基酸含量均随着成熟时间延长呈显著增加趋势,并且成熟期间CDF组干酪均显著高于CCF组干酪（P＜0.05）;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳分析表明,CDF组干酪α-酪蛋白水解程度较大;pH 4.6-可溶性肽段分析表明,随着干酪的成熟,总肽含量呈先增加后下降趋势,但疏水性肽与亲水性肽的比值呈持续下降趋势,在成熟第6个月时,CDF组、CD3组和CCF组干酪疏水性肽与亲水性肽比值分别为2.668、2.822、3.788。主成分分析表明,3 组干酪的蛋白水解程度与成熟度呈正相关,与疏水性肽和亲水性肽的比值呈负相关。以上结果表明,利用地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶制作的干酪蛋白水解度更高,但其疏水性肽比例较小,研究结果可为地衣芽孢杆菌凝乳酶在干酪生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

木瓜蛋白酶对Mozzarella干酪成熟过程中品质特性的影响

为研究木瓜蛋白酶对Mozzarella干酪成熟过程中品质特性的影响,对两组Mozzarella干酪在成熟过程中的质构、蛋白降解、融化性、油脂析出性、色度、风味物质等进行测定。结果表明:添加木瓜蛋白酶Mozzarella干酪的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性均显著低于对照组Mozzarella干酪(P0.05),p H 4.6 SN/TN、12%TCA SN/TN、融化性在成熟24天后显著高于对照组Mozzarella干酪(P0.05),挥发性风味化合物的种类、部分挥发性物质的含量都较对照组Mozzarella干酪少。     

微胶囊化蛋白酶在干酪制备中的应用及干酪成熟过程中电泳分析

将采用冷冻干燥工艺得到的明胶-阿拉伯胶-凝乳酶微胶囊用于干酪制备过程中,在排乳清之后向干酪中添加5.00 g微胶囊化蛋白酶,以促进干酪的成熟。在干酪成熟过程中通过三羟甲基氨基甘氨酸-尿素-十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳以及毛细管电泳分析监测干酪中pH 4.6不溶性氮部分的变化情况。结果表明：干酪在成熟初期,αs1-酪蛋白较β-酪蛋白先水解,生成αs1-酪蛋白（f 102～199）和αs1-I-酪蛋白;干酪成熟21 d时,β-酪蛋白开始水解,αs1-酪蛋白继续保持水解,生成的大的水解产物同时也发生二次水解;干酪成熟90 d时干酪中β-酪蛋白比αs1-酪蛋白具有更广泛的水解程度,酪蛋白降解的同时,生成大量新的小分子肽。     

伯顿毕赤酵母菌对混合奶酪成熟期间蛋白质降解的影响

本文在两组黑豆乳-牛乳混合奶酪成熟期间,每隔5d测定蛋白质降解情况,研究添加伯顿毕赤酵母菌作为后熟菌对混合奶酪成熟期间蛋白质降解情况的影响。研究结果表明:添加了伯顿毕赤酵母菌的试验组混合奶酪在成熟期间,p H 4.6可溶性氮、12%TCA可溶性氮、游离氨基酸含量均呈逐渐上升的趋势,且其含量较对照组高;SDS-PAGE电泳图显示试验组混合奶酪的蛋白质降解程度较对照组高,且αs-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白的降解强度较κ-酪蛋白大。     

甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对马苏里拉干酪加工特性的影响

为了探究甲醇芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methanolicus）凝乳酶在马苏里拉干酪加工中的应用,分别以使用甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶、混合酶制剂（含质量分数10%甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶和90%商品凝乳酶）制作的马苏里拉干酪作为实验组,以商品凝乳酶干酪作为对照组,测定不同组别干酪成熟期间的蛋白水解特性、质构、风味和微观结构变化,研究甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶对马苏里拉干酪加工特性的影响。结果表明,实验组干酪在成熟过程中pH值（4.6～5.3）、微生物数量（8.80～9.68（lg（CFU/g）））与对照组无显著差异（P＞0.05）;实验组干酪水分质量分数（混合酶干酪为（43.21±1.17）%、甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪为（46.15±0.94）%）均显著高于对照组（（41.08±1.04）%）,得率（混合酶干酪为（9.27±0.17）%、甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪为（9.46±0.16）%）也显著高于对照组（（8.98±0.13）%）（P＜0.05）;且实验组干酪的蛋白水解特性（pH 4.6时可溶性蛋白、酪蛋白水解程度和游离氨基酸质量分数）以及风味物质种类和相对含量等指标也优于对照组干酪。但是实验组中甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶干酪保形性相对欠佳,感官评定得分偏低,混合酶干酪与对照组质构及感官基本得分一致,因此甲醇芽孢杆菌凝乳酶可以作为商品酶的部分代替品应用于干酪的生产中。     

不同凝乳酶对切达干酪成熟的影响研究

本文比较了米黑毛霉凝乳酶、小牛皱胃酶和木瓜蛋白酶制备的切达干酪成熟期间的感官品质和理化性质。结果表明,小牛皱胃酶和米黑毛霉凝乳酶制作的干酪在成熟期60d和90d时,感官评价值达到最大,在90d成熟期内,木瓜蛋白酶干酪的感官评分值始终低于小牛皱胃酶和米黑毛霉凝乳酶;在干酪成熟期间,三种干酪在水分含量、pH、总氮、pH 4.6-SN以及12%TCA-SN含量的变化趋势一致;在成熟期0-90d内,三种干酪蛋白降解程度是小牛皱胃酶干酪米黑毛霉凝乳酶木瓜蛋白酶;在成熟期0-30d时,小牛皱胃酶和米黑毛霉凝乳酶对总氮影响差异不显著(P0.05),成熟期0-30d和60-90d时,这两种酶对干酪pH 4.6-SN以及12%TCA-SN影响差异不显著(P0.05)。     

凝乳酶的添加量对半硬质干酪品质影响研宄

研究凝乳酶的添加量对半硬质干酪品质的影响,以确定其最佳添加量.采用单因素试验设计,凝乳酶的添加量分别为2、2.5、3、3.5、4(g/100 kg牛奶).在其他工艺条件相同的情况下,分别加工一批干酪,然后测定成熟干酪的性能指标.结果表明,随着凝乳酶添加量的增加,干酪的感官评定值先增加,然后逐渐减低;干酪的硬度、pH4.6可溶性氮含量、游离氨基酸总量和水分含量逐渐增加,而pH值变化不大.以感官评定值为主指标,结合其他性能指标,确定凝乳酶的最佳添加量为2-3(g/100 kg牛奶).     

干酪苦味肽及减少其积累的研究进展

干酪苦味的形成与其成熟过程中酪蛋白的不恰当降解所产生的苦味肽关系密切.干酪中苦味肽的积累超过一定阈值之后,干酪将产生苦味,影响消费者的接收与市场前景,因此,备受众多关注.就干酪苦味肽的形成、特点及其减少干酪苦味肽积累的方法进行综述,以期为全面了解干酪成熟过程中蛋白质降解和寻求抑制干酪苦味的方法提供参考.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press     

INFOPRINT 2014 was Successfully Held in Dongguan

Sponsored by Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China （PEIAC） and organized by Print China magazine, the Seventeenth Beijing International Printing Information Conference （INFOPRINT 2014） was successfully held on 11th Dec. 2014 at Dongguan Exhibition International Hotel.