Climate variability and the Icelandic marine ecosystem

This paper describes the main features of the Icelandic marine ecosystem and its response to climate variations during the 20th century. The physical oceanographic character and faunal composition in the southern and western parts of the Icelandic marine ecosystem are different from those in the northern and the eastern areas. The former areas are more or less continuously bathed by warm and saline Atlantic water while the latter are more variable and influenced by Atlantic, Arctic and even Polar water masses to different degrees. Mean annual primary production is higher in the Atlantic water than in the more variable waters north and east of Iceland, and higher closer to land than farther offshore. Similarly, zooplankton production is generally higher in the Atlantic water than in the waters north and east of Iceland. The main spawning grounds of most of the exploited fish stocks are in the Atlantic water south of the country while nursery grounds are off the north coast. In the recent years the total catch of fish and invertebrates has been in the range of 1.6–2.4 million ton. Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is the most important pelagic stock and cod (Gadus morhua) is by far the most important demersal fish stock. Whales are an important component of the Icelandic marine ecosystem, and Icelandic waters are an important habitat for some of the largest seabird populations in the Northeast Atlantic.In the waters to the north and east of Iceland, available information suggests the existence of a simple bottom-up controlled food chain from phytoplankton through Calanus, capelin and to cod. Less is known about the structure of the more complex southern part of the ecosystem. The Icelandic marine ecosystem is highly sensitive to climate variations as demonstrated by abundance and distribution changes of many species during the warm period in the 1930s, the cold period in the late 1960s and warming observed during the recent years. Some of these are highlighted in the paper.     

海洋渔业对海洋生态系统的影响及其管理的探讨

海洋渔业对海洋生态系统的影响越来越受到人们的重视,考虑生态系统的管理已经成为海洋渔业管理的发展趋势.作者分析了海洋渔业对海洋生态系统产生的影响,包括捕捞活动对目标和非目标种产生的危害、渔业资源栖息地和环境破坏、生物多样性降低等;分析了国际上考虑生态系统的海洋渔业管理的法律框架、国际组织和有关国家的实践及其具体措施,指出了中国在此方面存在的问题:海洋生态系统的基础科学研究缺乏系统性和全面性;基于生态系统的海洋渔业管理的理论研究比较缺乏;相关的法律框架不够完善等.讨论了应用生态系统方法的海洋渔业管理与传统的海洋渔业管理间的关系,指出生态系统方法在其实践中将存在各种问题,认为生态系统方法应有选择地应用.对中国海洋渔业管理如何应用生态系统方法,建议:(1)加强海洋生态系统的基础科学研究;(2)开展基于生态系统的海洋渔业管理理论和方法研究;(3)逐步建立相关的法律和制度框架;(4)开展广泛的多部门合作和国际合作.     

海洋生态系统服务价值化研究

归纳了海洋生态系统及其服务功能的概念内涵,针对近海生态系统提供的功能进行了讨论。总结了关于海洋生态系统服务的价值评价方法并对其进行分类汇总,按照千年生态系统评估报告的分类标准,将生态系统功能分成四大类,分别为:供给功能、调节功能、文化功能和支持功能,在此基础上得出海洋生态系统综合评价的指标并将各类生态系统价值化,为以后的海洋生态价值评估工作提供科学依据和数据支持。     

海洋生态系统内在价值评估方法初探——以厦门湾为例

海洋和海岸带生态系统价值的科学评估对海洋与海岸带开发决策起着重要的支撑作用.目前盛行的生态系统服务价值评估是从生态系统对人类的效用的角度衡量生态系统的价值,而缺乏从生态系统自身的角度进行客观评估.首先分析了生态系统内在价值的内涵,提出基于能值和ecoexergy两种系统生态学方法的价值评估框架,建立了一套海洋生态系统内在价值较为有效的评估方法.该框架先通过能值计算将生态系统的生物成分、非生物成分及物种多样性转换为能值货币价值,再通过eco-exergy来体现生态系统的结构与功能过程,并转换为eco-exergy货币价值.最后将该评估框架应用于厦门湾海洋生态系统内在价值的评估.结果显示,2010年厦门湾海洋生态系统的本底内在价值为1.16×10^11CNY,全年创造内在价值为9.24×10^10CNY,总计2.09×10^11CNY,远高于生态系统服务价值7.27×10^9CNY和厦门海洋产业GDP 2.47×10^10CNY.     

福建近岸海洋生态系统服务面临的挑战与调控对策

本文分析了福建近岸海湾资源开发利用现状、发展趋势和存在的主要生态问题，认为生态系统服务是可持续发展目标实现的基本保证．文中着重指出了随着沿海港口建设和港口工业的快速发展，福建近岸海洋生态系统服务面临着严峻挑战；并提出了合理港口功能布局、建立染事污故应急联动处置机制、加大城市排海污水治理力度、实施入海污染物总量控制、对滨海湿地实施法制化管理和加强对赤潮的监控等维护海洋生态系统服务的调控对策．     

海洋生态系统服务的内涵和损失评估的进展及争议

为实现充分补偿污染事故造成的海洋生态环境损害的目的,应当合理地评估生态环境损害的程度并将损失货币化.其中,海洋生态系统服务价值的损失评估是至关重要的组成部分.本文首先回顾了国内外学者对海洋生态系统服务的定义、分类指标体系和价值的研究进展,然后提出目前评估海洋生态系统服务的损害程度和货币化损害方法中存在的争议和问题,包括...     

海洋生态系统动力学模型的稳定性和Hopf分岔研究

海洋生态系统动力学模型的可预测性是模型应用的重要限制因子之一,而模型稳定性则是模型可预测性的前提。本文提出了一个基于降维理论的方法,用于研究质量守恒的营养盐-浮游植物-浮游动物-碎屑(NPZD)这类海洋生态系统动力学模型的稳定性和Hopf分岔。研究结果显示,NPZD模型的非奇异平衡点是稳定的,而当模型参数在临界值附近变动时可能会发生Hopf分岔。同时,本文采用数值模拟的方法对该理论分析结果进行了实例验证。本文提出的基于降维理论的方法能够从理论上有效分析质量守恒系统的稳定性问题和Hopf分岔。     

我国海水鱼类核型及染色体显带研究进展

综述了我国已研究的77种海水鱼类核型,包括鲈形目51种、鲉形目8种、鲽形目6种、鲀形目5种、鳗鲡目3种、鲱形目2种和鲻形目2种。分析了海水鱼类染色体显带、限制性内切酶显带、二价体及多重带显带的研究进展,并对海水鱼类细胞遗传学研究的前景作了展望。     

海洋声层析的基本原理和应用

从射线声学和简正波声学的角度，概述了海洋声层析的基本理论，包括射线走时反演、简正波走时反演、简正波相位反演和简正波水平折射层析。海洋声层析以反演海水温度和流速为基础。还总结了声层析在海洋学研究中的应用。     

基于生态适宜性评价的海洋生态系统管理——以温州市洞头区为例

海洋为人类生存和社会经济发展提供了重要的资源和环境条件,海洋生态适宜性研究能够评定海域的固有属性对生态保护和开发利用的适宜等级和潜力-限制因素.本研究以典型的海岛区洞头为例,构建了海洋生态适宜性评价的空间分析模型,计算得到其空间分布,进而开展了生态适宜度的功能分区;据此划分了洞头区的生态管控空间,判断了未来海域资源保护和开发利用管理的主导方向,提出了各管控区发展的资源优势及限制性因素.结果表明,洞头海域按照生态适宜度值的高低可以清晰地划分为重点保护区、一般保护区、适度开发区和优化开发区等4类功能区,分别占区域总面积的23%、50%、18%和9%;前两者为生态保护及恢复的重要区域,后两者是未来海洋资源开发利用的主要区域; 4类区域可以归并为生态保护、农渔业养殖、城镇开发3类管控功能区.本研究对开展海洋生态功能区划、协调海洋资源开发与区域生态保护的关系、构建基于生态系统的海洋综合管理模式具有重要意义.     

Spatial characterisation of the Benguela ecosystem for ecosystem-based management

The three countries of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME), namely Angola, Namibia and South Africa, have committed to implementing ecosystem-based management (EBM) including an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) in the region, to put in practice the principles of sustainable development in ocean-related matters. There is also recognition of the need for marine spatial planning (MSP) as a process for informing EBM with regard to the allocation and siting of ocean uses so that ecosystem health is ensured and trade-offs between ecosystem services are appropriately dealt with. Marine spatial planning is both an integrated and an area-based process, and this paper produces a spatial characterisation of the BCLME for achieving a common basis for MSP in the region, focusing on the oceanography, biology and fisheries. Recognising spatial variation in physical driving forces, primary and secondary production, trophic structures and species richness, four different subsystems are characterised: (1) north of the Angola–Benguela Front, (2) from the Angola–Benguela Front to Lüderitz, (3) from Lüderitz to Cape Agulhas, and (4) from Cape Agulhas to Port Alfred on the south-east coast of South Africa. Research and monitoring requirements of relevance for MSP and EBM in the region are identified, focusing on understanding variability and change, including with regard to the boundary areas identified for the system. To this end, 14 cross-shelf monitoring transects are proposed (including seven that are already being monitored) to estimate fluxes of biota, energy and materials within and between the subsystems. The usefulness of models for understanding ecosystem variability and changes is recognised and the need for fine-scale resolution of both sampling and modelling for adequate MSP as input to EBM for the often-conflicting interests of conserving biodiversity, and managing fisheries, recreation, offshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation, offshore mining and shipping routes, is emphasised.     

珊瑚礁生态系统功能产生机制及评价方法

生态系统功能是指生态系统维持自身或其他生态系统健康,并直接或间接为人类提供产品和服务的能力。客观评价珊瑚礁生态系统功能对实现珊瑚礁资源有效保护和可持续利用有重要意义。本研究梳理归纳了生态系统功能的概念内涵,分析了珊瑚礁生态系统功能的产生机制;初步构建了基于珊瑚礁生态系统功能指数(coral reef ecosystem function index, CREFI)的珊瑚礁生态系统功能评价方法;并以徐闻国家级珊瑚礁自然保护区为例,利用2006年和2016年调查数据对珊瑚礁生态系统功能进行定量评价。结果显示,徐闻国家级珊瑚礁自然保护区2016年的CREFI高于2006年,主要是由于珊瑚礁的死亡率有所降低和食草性鱼类种数明显增加;CREFI具有清晰的应用目标和理论框架,评价结果能清晰地反映珊瑚礁生态系统功能的时空差异,较好地评价珊瑚礁生态系统的功能稳定性和健康状况,可作为一种珊瑚礁生态系统功能定量评价模型,为珊瑚礁生态系统管理和决策提供参考。     

典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究进展与展望

近年来,海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估研究日益受到关注.本文梳理了国内外在红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床、盐沼湿地等四类典型海洋生态系统生态修复成效评估指标和评估方法方面的研究进展.结果 表明,典型海洋生态系统在进行生态修复成效评估时,基于修复目标和修复方法,评估指标选取虽各有侧重,但主要包括生物和生境状况两个方面.多数生态修复...     

海洋养殖鱼类仔稚鱼摄食和营养研究的进展

海洋鱼类人工育苗常出现仔稚鱼死亡率高的情况，它涉及到亲鱼培育、卵子质量、仔稚鱼营养需求、生物饵料供应和配合饲料取代等问题.本文就海洋鱼类仔稚鱼培育的饵料系列、亲鱼和早期发育中的脂类代谢和氨基酸作用、生物饵料的营养强化以及微粒、微囊饲料等研究进展作了概述.     

五种海水鱼视网膜结构的比较

本文比较和分析了黄鳍鲷，普通鲻鱼，赤点石斑鱼，蓝圆Ｓｈｅｎ，金色小沙丁鱼的视网膜形态特点，生理机能及其与生活环境的关系。指出这五种鱼视膜均为混合型网膜。按主要形态特点划分，这五种鱼视网膜可归纳为三类。这五种鱼的视锥，视杆和色素上皮细胞黑色素均参与视网膜运动反应。这五种鱼视网膜上都存在着单锥和两个内段染色反应相同的孪生双锥。     

Communicating research on the economic valuation of coastal and marine ecosystem services

Quantifying the monetary value of ecosystem services (ES) provided by coastal and marine resources can help policy makers assess the trade-offs and synergies inherent in ecosystem-based management of marine and coastal environments, thus increasing the social efficiency of decision-making processes. As shown by the valuation literature, the number of coastal and marine management settings where valuation researchers have attempted to make a contribution is rising fast. However, this rise in research activity has not been matched by the increase in the use of economic valuation (EV) in the actual management of coastal and marine resources. This raises an interesting question: is EV responding to the needs of policy makers? This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the knowledge base regarding the economic values for coastal and marine ecosystems. It then discusses how to improve the uptake of ES valuation research by focussing on two core issues which are thought to be essential for more effective communication with the policy community.